O avanço da terapia intensiva na medicina veterinária vem permitindo a realização de um melhor suporte e monitorização dos animais com sepse grave. Esta é uma síndrome clínica caracterizada por alterações inflamatórias sistêmicas (SIRS) associadas a disfunções orgânicas, como, por exemplo, lesão pulmonar aguda (LPA) e síndrome do desconforto respiratório agudo (SARA). No homem, esta síndrome resulta em uma significante taxa de mortalidade, porém, na medicina veterinária ainda faltam estudos sobre este assunto. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a ocorrência de complicações respiratórias em animais com sepse grave submetidos à terapia intensiva. Neste estudo foram incluídos 14 animais com sepse grave secundária à piometra. Durante o período de tratamento intensivo os pacientes foram monitorados por meio de: freqüências cardíaca e respiratória, pressão arterial sistólica, débito urinário, pressão venosa central, lactato, saturação venosa central de oxigênio, hemogasometria arterial e radiografias torácicas. Todos os animias (100%) apresentaram alterações respiratórias, destes três cadelas vieram a óbito (21,42%) e 11 (78,57%) receberam alta do tratamento intensivo.Os animais submetidos à terapia intensiva devido ao desenvolvimento de sepse grave secundária à piometra, necessitam de um acompanhamento radiográfico torácico diário, a fim de se estabelecer medidas de suporte respiratório adequadas e, consequentemente, obter menores taxas de mortalidade. / The advances in intensive care has allowed to offer better support to animals with severe sepsis. This is a clinical syndrome characterized by systemic inflammatory response associated with organic dysfunction, such as acute pulmonary injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). In humans, this syndrome results in significant mortality, but, in veterinary medicine there are not many studies about this. The aim of this study was to evaluate the development the pulmonary complications in animals submitted to intensive care. In this study were included 14 animals with severe sepsis secondary to pyometra. During the period of intensive care the animals were evaluated: heart and respiratory rates, systolic blood pression, urine output, central venous pression lactate, lactate, central venous saturation, arterial hemogasometric and thoracic x-ray. All animals (100%) had abnormal breathing, three of these dogs eventually died (21.42%) and 11 (78.57%) out of intensive care. Animals with severe sepse secondary to pyometra underwent intensive therapy, requiring a chest radiographic daily in order to establish adequate respiratory support, and thus achieve lower mortality rates.

M.A. (Semitic Languages and Cultures) / Please refer to full text to view abstract

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / The Holy Qurʾān, like the Bible, is an acknowledged literary masterpiece. Its linguistic and aesthetic vivacity with an amalgam of religious beliefs, moral values, religious social orthodoxy and historical backgrounds pose a great challenge to any translator and make the task overwhelmingly arduous, if not unattainable. The study aims at examining the problems the Qurʾān translators encounter while translating near-synonyms from Arabic into English. It is based on the translations of two professional translators namely, Yusuf Ali and T.B. Irving. The translations provide an empirical basis for the discussion of the problems while translating Qurʾānnic texts into English. The corpus for the present study includes the translations of four near-synonymous pairs namely, ghayth and maṭar, al-ḥilf and al-qasm, bakhīl and shaḥīḥ and ʿāqir and ʿaqīm in their Qurʾānic context. The two translated texts are compared to determine to which extent the translations reflect the referential and the connotative meaning of the original Qurʾānic text as well as to which extent they maintain the textuality standards such as cohesion, coherence, informativity, situationality and acceptability, intentionality and intertextuality. In short, the study sets out to identify the roblematic areas in the translated Qurʾānic texts at the lexical and textual levels with a view to determining what makes one translation better than the other, or what brings one translation closer to the original text than the other.The study is an intersection between Qurʾānic exegeses (tafsīr) and applied linguistics. The researcher consults different books on translation theories as well as of Qurʾānic exegeses (tafsīr) to facilitate the process of analyzing the near-synonyms in their Qurʾānic context. The researcher opts for eclecticism, instead of confining to a particular rigid model or approach, which is a combination of text-analysis translation-oriented approaches of De Beaugrande & Dressler(1981); Neubert & Shreve(1992); Halliday (1994) and Hatim & Mason (1990). In addition, the study draws upon the multiple and theoretical implications of Nida's dynamic equivalence, Beekman & Callow's (1974) historical and dynamic fidelity and Gutt's (1991) relevance theory and the emphasis on communication as mainly context-dependent. These models are closely related and reliable in the process of analyzing and evaluating the problems encountered in Arabic-English translation of the Qurʾānic near-synonyms. Furthermore, the researcher suggests an outline approach for the process of analyzing the Qurʾānic near-synonyms translations in a systemic and organized way thereby ensuring maximum and effective communication of the Qurʾānic message. The study concludes that the Qurʾān translator, compared to other literary genres, faces many difficulties in translating the Qurʾānic ST message. The selected translations of the Holy Qurʾān have failed to measure up to the depth of the Qurʾānic message, its originality and the connotative shades of meanings of the original expression. The study attributes these problems to contextual, socio-cultural, theological and historical factors which create differences that lead to gaps or absence of lexicalization in the TT. Furthermore, the reliance on dictionary meaning rather than the meaning of the lexical item in context, the negligence of context culture as well as the context of situation (the reason for the revelation of the verses) affect the “periodicity” of the text as indicated by Martin & Rose (2007, p.187), that is, the information flow of the whole text. Accordingly, this affects maintaining the standards of textuality and the fidelity which a religious text should meet. The complexity of the Qurʾān as genre is a great challenge to the translator at both the lexical and Qurʾān textual levels, which dilutes the authenticity of the holy text and misrepresents its true message. The conclusion of the study which contains recommendations based on experience may prove helpful to the future novice and professional translators to improve the quality of translation in general and religious translation in particular. The study is a contribution towards a greater understanding of the subtle differences between the near-synonymous pairs in their Qurʾānic context through Arabic-English translation. It is a novel addition to the world of religious translation, Qurʾān translation, ḥadīth and in English. It also contributes to some extent to modern exegeses of the Qurʾān. It is hoped that the work will encourage further studies in the field of translation to employ a context-based linguistic approach to translating different genres and sacred texts in particular, integrating insights from applicable translation and linguistic approaches. / South Africa

The application of high resolution electron backscatter diffraction (HR-EBSD) techniques has been used in order to study the evolution of geometrically necessary dislocation (GND). The tested materials were taken from AZ31 magnesium sheet which had strong basal texture. Because of low symmetry of the magnesium crystal lattice, the von Mises criteria cannot be satisfied by the three independent, easily activated, basal slips. The strain along the c-axis of the crystal must be accommodated by either twinning and/or slip systems. HR-EBSD data was taken in order to investigate these phenomena. The HR-EBSD results were post processed in order to resolve total GND density onto the observed possible slip systems. The first chapter of the investigation focused on the correlation between resolved GNDs with tensile twin nucleation, and the subsequent propagation path in the microstructure. For this purpose, 2.5 % strain was applied in a uniaxial compression test along the transverse direction (TD). Several fine scan were done at the boundaries where twin formed. The results show that in order for a twin to nucleate spontaneously at the grain boundaries, two criteria should generally be met: high angle grain boundaries (35-45°) and pile ups of basal slip system in neighboring grain at the other side of the boundary. Furthermore, once nucleation has initiated, twin propagation can occur through low angle grain boundaries (15-25°); if a twin reaches a high angle boundary, it will generally terminate at the boundary at low strain levels. A twin may pass through high angle boundaries with further deformation. In the second chapter, deformation of the AZ31 magnesium alloy was study for different strain paths. For this purpose, compression and tension in-situ tests were done and the texture and GND evolutions were investigated. The results show that the load paths, compression and tension, evolve the microstructure in different ways. Massive twin fractions were formed in compression, and higher GND contents were observed in tension tests. It was observed that at higher strain levels GND contents are roughly independent of the initial texture but the activation of slip systems at low strain strongly depends on initial structure. If the samples were loaded along RD, GND density increased sharply at low strain. In contrast, for the samples loaded along TD, GND increased moderately. A small amount of repetition is apparent in the two parts of the thesis due to them being formatted for individual publication as journal papers.

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Since the early days of 1979, the Islamic Revolution of Iran has been seen as a phenomenon unique in history, one which must be viewed as somehow separate from other political Islamic movements in the 20th century. In chapter 1, this thesis problematizes this interpretation of the Revolution by analyzing it through the lens of an earlier ideological movement, pan-Islamism, and applying methods from the study of conceptual history to draw linkages between this movement and the Islamic Revolution, rooting it more deeply in the region’s political and intellectual history, and casting light on the poorly-understood pan-Islamic aspects of Iran’s Revolutionary ideology. In chapter 2, it applies methodological innovations from the digital humanities, more specifically corpus linguistics, in carrying out a series of five case studies to examine the transformation of Iranian ideology over time, by analyzing a set of five text corpora comprised of individual leaders’ writings and speeches. It further illustrates how theoretical advances in discourse analysis and history seem to be moving towards the same point, and how the application of corpus linguistic methods advances these bodies of theory. Chapters 3 through 7 comprise the case studies, which are, in order: Ruhollah Khomeini and Ali Khamenei, the two Supreme Leaders; Ali Akbar Hashemi Rasfanjani, Mohammad Khatami, and Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, the three Presidents since 1989. These chapters illustrate through analysis of the textual data how each political leader has adapted the received political discourse to the exigencies of their times, and how pan-Islamism itself has remained a consistent, albeit dynamic, linking thread running through the period 1979-2009. By studying pan-Islamism in the Iranian context, we can explain several features of Iranian political discourse which otherwise seem incomprehensible, and better situate the Islamic Republic within the political and discursive transformations taking place at the regional level of the Middle East, and the global level of the Muslim umma.

Cette thèse étudie du trafic des esclaves au départ de l’Afrique orientale (Mozambique) vers les Comores où des planteurs étrangers venaient les acheter comme engagés libres. Le sultanat de Saïd Ali né en 1883, a bénéficié de la protection de de la France en 1886. Malgré ce protectorat, l’esclavage n’est aboli qu’en 1904. Pour maintenir la main-d’œuvre coloniale, l’État protecteur a retardé cette abolition. Face aux hésitations, le sultanat est rattaché à Magascar en 1908, le sultan abdique en 1910, avant que la Grande Comore devienne colonie française en 1912. / This Thesis studies the slaves trade starting from East Africa to Comoros where foreign growers came to buy them as free Endentured servant. The Sultanat of Saïd Ali born in 1883 benefited of French protection in 1886. Even thought this protectorate, the slavery is abolished in 1904. To maintain the colonialworkforce, The Protecting State has delayed this abolition. In front of theses hesitations, the Sultan is attached to Madagascar in 1908, the sultan abdicated in 1910, before that the Great Comoro become a French colony in 1912.

La thèse présente étudie de façon exclusive quelques aspects fondamentaux des liens entre la musique classique persane et la musique classique turco-ottomane. Le premier chapitre est une esquisse des liens historiques des musiciens persans avec le milieu culturel ottoman, et l'influence qu'ils ont eue sur la musique classique de cet empire. Le second chapitre dégage des liens entre certains aspects du répertoire instrumental attribué aux compositeurs persans des XVIe et XVIIe siècles dans les manuscrits ottomans d’Ufki et de Cantemir avec ceux du répertoire classique persan le plus ancien transmis jusqu'à nos jours ; le répertoire qâjâr. Sous l’angle des convergences et divergences des écoles classiques persane et turque contemporaines, le troisième chapitre se focalise sur le concept fondamental de mode et entreprend de comparer les particularités de cinq éléments constitutifs modaux dans les pratiques turque et persane actuelles. Le quatrième chapitre, en vue d'une démonstration concrète des théories modales développées dans le chapitre précédant, analyse des affinités et des divergences de cinq maqâms turcs actuels d’une même famille modale, Ushshak, Beyati, Huseyni, Muhayyer, Arazbâr, dont la substance est comparable dans la tradition persane actuelle, soit Shur, Abu ‘atâ, Hoseyni/Bayât-e Kord/Hejâz/Dashti, Owj, et Shahnâz. Le dernier chapitre est une approche anthropologique destiné à présenter une tentative concrète de revivification du répertoire des « ‘Ajamlar » dans les milieux des musiciens iraniens contemporains, et à étudier les réactions de ces derniers faces à ce répertoire inconnu en Iran tiré des sources ottomanes. / This thesis studies exclusively some fundamental aspects of the links between the Persian classical music and the Turkish-Ottoman classical music. The first chapter is an outline of historical connections of Persian musicians with the Ottoman cultural environment, and the influence which they have had on the classical music of this empire. The second chapter identifies the links between some aspects of the instrumental repertory attributed to Persians composers of 16th and 17th centuries in Ufki and Cantemir’s Ottoman manuscripts and those of the oldest Persian classical music transmitted to our days; the qâjâr repertory. From the angle of convergences and divergences between contemporary the Persian and the Turkish classical schools, the third chapter focuses on the fundamental concept of mode and undertakes to compare the particularities of five modal constituent elements in the current Turkish and Persian practices. The fourth chapter, with a view to concrete demonstration of modal theories developed in the previous chapter, analyzes the affinities and differences of five current Turkish maqâms of a same modal family, Ushshak, Beyati, Huseyni, Muhayyer, Arazbâr, whose substance is comparable in the current Persian tradition, with Shur, Abu ‘atâ, Hoseyni/Bayât-e Kord/Hejâz/Dashti, Owj, et Shahnâz. The last chapter is an anthropological approach intended to present a concrete attempt to revivification of the “‘Ajamlar” repertory in contemporary Iranian musicians’ circles, and to study the reactions of these latter facing this unknown repertory in Iran taken from the Ottoman sources.