This thesis presents an original long poem, followed by a short study of two other poems: "Abt Vogler" by Robert Browning, and "Transcription of Organ Music" by Allen Ginsberg.

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La tension analysée par Leo Marx dans son essai The Machine in the Garden: Technology and the Pastoral ideal in America (1964), entre l’Arcadie américaine comme terre de pureté naturelle et le trope de la menace mécanique, sous-tend les œuvres des deux poètes du XXe siècle que nous nous proposons ici d’étudier, William Carlos Williams (1883-1963) et Allen Ginsberg (1926-1997). Leur abondante correspondance est la trace d’une relation poétique mais aussi filiale : Pater-Son, pour jouer sur le titre du long poème de Williams. Cet échange épistolaire vient également remettre en question la périodisation des mouvements littéraires trop souvent conçue comme une série de ruptures. L’état du New Jersey, Garden State, dont ils sont tous deux originaires, jardin dévasté par la révolution industrielle, apparaît comme un terrain fertile au surgissement d’une langue unique et autochtone. Cet espace commun et métamorphique offrira également une échappatoire à l’impasse de la classification des œuvres : du modernisme à la Beat Generation. Il faudra donc revenir sur les délinéaments des tracés cartographiques pour mieux dessiner à notre tour la carte poétique de leur relation littéraire et personnelle. Au gré des passions humaines, extases et tribulations, les poètes arpentent les sillons du vers qu’ils creusent à même le sol de leur New Jersey natal, pour faire sourdre le flot autochtone d’une poésie résolument américaine. / The tensions analyzed by Leo Marx in his 1964 essay The Machine in the Garden: Technology and the pastoral ideal in America, between the American Arcadia as a land of original purity and the trope of industrial threat is ghostly present throughout the works of both poets at stake in this dissertation: William Carlos Williams (1883-1963) and Allen Ginsberg (1926-1997). In this research I intend to analyze the processes by which the poets manage to claim ownership of their land in spite of the lurking mechanic apocalypse. Writing, each in his own time, both poets endeavor to reclaim the original historical and spatial meaning of their continent, by devising an autochthonous language that would provide a new “point of view” and a new “point of voice”, as means to prophesy a collective future for the nation from their personal “local” anchorage in their natal New Jersey. Striving to “make a start out of particulars” they intend to escape the vastness of the continent by focusing on the minute details surrounding them in their own garden state. The correspondence between the two poets also questions the periodization of literary movements, too often conceived as a series of breaks and schisms. The Garden State, metamorphic space covered with the remnants of industrialization provides us with a way to break free from the shackles of such categorization : from modernism to the Beat Generation.

Submitted by Neusa Fagundes (neusa.fagundes@unioeste.br) on 2017-09-14T18:59:12Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Samir_Carvalho2017.pdf: 1168334 bytes, checksum: c557cbab9c0e473faea9ae923a224291 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-14T18:59:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Samir_Carvalho2017.pdf: 1168334 bytes, checksum: c557cbab9c0e473faea9ae923a224291 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-20 / The objective of this work is to analyze the aesthetic ideals of two writers of the Beat Generation: Jack Kerouac and Allen Ginsberg. With such an objective in mind, their two main works, On the Road and Howl, respectively, were studied comparatively. Through this study, we tried to delineate the interpretation that each author gives to these ideals they share, showing the divergences of understanding and materialization of such ideals in these two works. Besides, there is a historical trajectory. Firstly, building a strong base for the work, we analyze the historical period in America during the moment of formation of the generation. The historical focus then shifts to the private lives of each author, their cultural and linguistic influences, their intellectual itineraries. From that knowledge, it is also possible to understand the process of formation of the ideals themselves, central theme of this dissertation. We also tried to show how the next generations got hold of the ideals studied here, how the readers interpreted those artistic works in an individual way. From that, the authors’ reaction to this reinterpretation is reflected upon. In other words, this work is a deep survey of the aesthetic ideals of two artists, their formation and perpetuation. The main documents and texts used in the development of the analysis described above were: private journals to trace in time the transition of thoughts on their own artistic practices, letters exchanged between the two artists to demonstrate how their thoughts communicated and diverged in certain aspects, articles from newspapers and magazines to show the reception they had at the time and what others thought of the texts we studied, and biographies to base the text with history fundamentals. / O objetivo do presente trabalho é o de fazer uma análise dos ideais estéticos de dois autores da Beat Generation: Jack Kerouac e Allen Ginsberg. Para tal, empreendeu-se um estudo comparativo das principais obras de cada autor, a saber, On the Road (1957) e “Howl” (1956), respectivamente. Através de tal estudo, pretende-se delinear a interpretação que cada autor dá aos ideais que os dois compartilham, demonstrar as divergências de compreensão e a efetivação dos ideais nessas duas obras. Além do mais, uma trajetória histórica é traçada em alguns sentidos. Primeiramente, com o objetivo de oferecer base para o trabalho, mostra-se o momento histórico vivido nos Estados Unidos durante o período de formação da geração da qual fazer parte os autores. Também é foco de análise histórica a vida particular de cada autor, suas influências culturais e linguísticas, sua trajetória intelectual. A partir de tal conhecimento, é possível compreender também o processo de formação dos ideais estéticos, tema central dessa dissertação. Também se busca demonstrar a apropriação dos ideais estudados pela geração seguinte à dos escritores analisados: a geração leitora que interpretou as obras de maneira particular. A partir disso deseja-se investigar a reação de cada um dos autores para tal reinterpretação. Em outras palavras, trata-se de uma sondagem profunda dos ideais estéticos de dois artistas, sua formação e sua perpetuação. Os principais documentos e textos utilizados para o desenvolvimento da análise acima descrita foram: diários particulares para delinear no tempo as nuances de pensamento sobre suas próprias práticas artísticas, correspondências trocadas entre os autores para demonstrar como os pensamentos dos dois dialogavam e confrontavam um com o outro, artigos de jornais e revistas da época para desvelar a recepção que os autores tiveram e elucubrações diversas sobre os textos estudados, além de biografias para embasar os demais estudos com fundamentação histórica.

This dissertation investigates Allen Ginsberg's Beat poetry within the framework of twentieth-century literary developments, from modernism to postmodernism. It is argued that Beat writing is founded on a rejection of the detached, intellectual and formal nature of the high modernism which came to be institutionalised in the American literary practice of the 1950s. Beat poetry rejects this tradition in favour of an eclectic assemblage of ideas which may, either through direct influence or through parallel development, be linked to certain avant-garde modernist movements. All of these movements share assumptions which support and echo the personal and spiritual vision of Beat aesthetics, as well as its formal experimentation. This eclectic assemblage also involves the assimilation of the ideas of modernist movements often held to be in conflict, embodying opposing strains of modernism. This dynamic is illustrated by analysing the influence of two such opposing modernist influences on Ginsberg's Beat poetry, namely imagism and surrealism. Finally, it is argued that this double gesture of a rejection of the institutionalised form of high modernism and a simultaneous re-assessment of the avant-garde constitutes a crucial step in the development towards postmodernism. Together with the surfacing of postmodernist characteristics in Ginsberg's Beat poetry, this forms the basis for the conclusion that Ginsberg's Beat poetry may be regarded as playing a transitional and initiating role in the literary evolution from modernism to postmodernism. / Thesis (MA)--PU for CHE, 1999.

This dissertation investigates Allen Ginsberg's Beat poetry within the framework of twentieth-century literary developments, from modernism to postmodernism. It is argued that Beat writing is founded on a rejection of the detached, intellectual and formal nature of the high modernism which came to be institutionalised in the American literary practice of the 1950s. Beat poetry rejects this tradition in favour of an eclectic assemblage of ideas which may, either through direct influence or through parallel development, be linked to certain avant-garde modernist movements. All of these movements share assumptions which support and echo the personal and spiritual vision of Beat aesthetics, as well as its formal experimentation. This eclectic assemblage also involves the assimilation of the ideas of modernist movements often held to be in conflict, embodying opposing strains of modernism. This dynamic is illustrated by analysing the influence of two such opposing modernist influences on Ginsberg's Beat poetry, namely imagism and surrealism. Finally, it is argued that this double gesture of a rejection of the institutionalised form of high modernism and a simultaneous re-assessment of the avant-garde constitutes a crucial step in the development towards postmodernism. Together with the surfacing of postmodernist characteristics in Ginsberg's Beat poetry, this forms the basis for the conclusion that Ginsberg's Beat poetry may be regarded as playing a transitional and initiating role in the literary evolution from modernism to postmodernism. / Thesis (MA)--PU for CHE, 1999.

This dissertation is an exploration of the strain of Buddhist thought and practice running through American Modernism and American Modernist Poetry. I examine the works, both poetic and critical, of two authors, Allen Ginsberg and Norman Fischer. I explore Allen Ginsberg's relationship with Buddhism, as it changed throughout his life, looking at key poems in his early career, such as "Sakyamuni Coming Out of the Mountain," and "The Change: Kyoto to Tokyo Express." I also examine "Howl" in light of Ginsberg's early experiences with Buddhism and other spiritual forms. I consider some of the poetics and politics of "Howl" as an example of the both the poetic space and the mind Ginsberg prepared for his later spiritual and poetic life. I also theorize the connections between the Buddhist attitude that Ginsberg cultivates and the modernism of Ezra Pound, who eschewed Buddhist ideas and terms in his re-working of Ernest Fenollosa's well-known essay, "The Chinese Written Character as a Medium for Poetry." I examine the way Ginsberg considered Pound's Cantos as a model of a mind, in the act of the real work of thinking. I end my treatment of Ginsberg's work with a reading of "Father Death Blues" which Ginsberg considered the "culmination" of his Buddhist training. Looking at Norman Fischer, I focus closely on the Zen aspects of his writing, spending special attention on notions of the koan, as well as things he says (in his Zen lectures and elsewhere) about intersections between Zen mind perception models and models of mind that come via the practices of psychoanalysis. I work to explain how Fischer situates in terms of the L=A=N=G=U=A=G=E poets and other avant-garde poetic movements. I explore how Fischer's innovative style(s) work within his poetic practices in "Praise," an extended journal/diary poem from Precisely The Point Being Made and the Cage/MacLow practices of releasing of ego and agency in writing methods. I also look at how such journal/diary poems compare to other poetic "mind models" within American Modernism. My chapters on Fischer culminate in a discussion, with significant close readings, of his book Success.

My thesis explores the role of religion and spirituality in the work of the Beat Generation, a mid-twentieth century American literary movement. I focus on four major Beat authors: William S. Burroughs, Allen Ginsberg, Jack Kerouac, and Gregory Corso. Through a close reading of their work, I identify the major religious and spiritual attitudes that shape their texts. All four authors’ religious and spiritual beliefs form a challenge to the Modern Western worldview of rationality, embracing systems of belief which allow for experiences that cannot be empirically explained. They also assert the primacy of the individual—a major American value—in a society which the authors believed to encroach upon individual agency. Ginsberg, Kerouac, and Corso are also strongly influenced by established religious traditions: an aspect of their work that is currently overlooked in Beat criticism. Burroughs’ belief in a magical universe shapes his work. Ginsberg is heavily influenced by the Jewish exegetical tradition. Kerouac and Corso’s work contains Catholic themes. My study rectifies some tendencies in current criticism which I find problematic: a dismissal of the Beats as a countercultural phenomenon rather than a literary movement, a tendency to frame Beat religion and spirituality in vague language, and a tendency to focus solely on Buddhism within the movement. My study illustrates that the Beat authors’ work contains serious religious and spiritual content, that they take part in American religious and literary traditions, and that the authors engage with major social issues of the post-war period.

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L'Inde a constitué un lieu de voyage pour beaucoup d`écrivains occidentaux, en particulier, pendant les années 60-70, pour cinq intelllectuels éuropéens et americains, qui ont voyagé et écrit différents textes. Pasolini, Moravia, Paz, Ginsberg et Duras ont parlé de l'Inde en utilisant différents languages pour décrire leur réncontre avec l'Autre au délà des catégories binaires occidentales. / India in the 60 and 70 has been the destination of the journey of five European and American writers who have stayed and wrote about it. Pasolini, Moravia, Ginsberg, Paz and Duras wrote of India using different languages from the travel documents, to the notes, to the essay, to the diaries up to the cinematic language. They described their encounter with the Other trying to go over the exotic stereotypes of western discourse into a space opaque and fragmented. / L’India ha costituito negli anni sessanta e settanta la destinazione dela viaggio di cinque scrittori europei e american che vi hanno soggiornato e ne hanno scritto. Pasolini, Moravia, Ginsberg, Paz e Duras hanno scritto dell’India e sull’India usando linguaggi diversi che vanno dal racconto di viaggio agli appunti al diario al saggio fino ad arrivare al linguaggio cinematografico. Attraverso questi multiformi linguaggi essi descrivono il loro incontro con l’Altro andando al di là dello stereotipo e delle categorie binarie del pensiero occidentale, captando l’Altro attraverso un discorso che diventa opaco e frammentario.