The government land development corporation model works at ‘arm’s length’ from the public sector to manage development of public land assets. With the potential to create uplift in value and shape the built environment to achieve City objectives, many municipalities have established this model, yet there is a lack of study on their impact to the municipal planning and development process. This research presents a case study, including key informant interviews, of the Calgary Municipal Land Corporation’s (CMLC) management of the redevelopment of the East Village to identify lessons that may be application in other development projects. A list of themes for success and weakness informs discussion on how a government land development model can impact municipal planning policy, development process and standards. Half way into the project timeline, CMLC has achieved many of its objectives through a coordinated approach grounded in a strong vision set in a Master Plan. Active marketing and infrastructure upgrades that focused on connections established a renewed sense of place to a blighted neighborhood. CMLC benefits from being able to act in a nimble manner outside of the often-extended municipal decision-making structure. A broad mandate, control over budget decision, land ownership and authority to manage phasing provides efficiency in operations and confidence to investors, however public accountability remains a concern. CMLC introduces new avenues of collaboration and brings multiple disciplines together for risk sharing facilitating innovation in planning policy, practice and standards, that otherwise may have been lost in negotiation. Positioned at the interface between public and private, CMLC has found success in balancing interests and tensions through combining the strengths of each sector. / February 2017

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Taiwan’s Indigenous Peoples, Austronesian speakers with cultural ties to other Pacific Islanders, have encountered waves of outside political, cultural and economic forces. While their political situation has markedly improved with Taiwan’s democratization, their social and economic marginalization remains an issue. Reflecting recent shifts in Taiwan towards more human-centered, post-modern development policies, Atayal People of Jianshi Township have started a movement promoting community values and the transition to organic farming. This paper explores this transition and the work of the Jianshi “Farmers’ Academy.” Their aims are to collectivize organic agricultural production, transportation and marketing, promote and share traditional crops and knowledge as well as connect spread-out villages through shared culture, education and development. Situated in the broader contexts of Alternative Food Networks and Alternative Economic Spaces, which are typically explored in Western contexts, and Alternative Development (typically explored in the developing world), this qualitative research examines these marginalized communities’ efforts to formulate a grassroots model of culturally and environmentally sustainable development. The findings suggest that the people in the research area are choosing organic farming for various economic and non-material factors as many of their livelihood goals are culturally bound, outside the purview of conventional macroeconomic theories and critical of mainstream capitalist practices, thus supporting a more locally informed, pluralistic concept of economic development.

摘要 司馬庫斯村，一個位於新竹縣山區的偏僻村莊，在過去幾年來為自己建立了一 個口盃，不僅成為著名的觀光景點，也是台灣在地生態旅遊的榜樣。而在漫長 的觀光發展過程中，仍然能夠保有其主體性則是其獨有的特色。本研究旨在論 證司馬庫斯族人，如何在眾多利害關係方的糾葛下，依舊能維持其對生態旅遊 的堅持。本文將針對三個不同的，分別由總體層面(非政府組織 (NGOs)、政府 機關、觀光客、私人投資者，以及學者）與個體層面 (村落長老、家庭以及教 會)，闡述司馬庫斯與各個外部利害關係人間的互動及其影響。本文主要立基於 二手文獻，但也包含了部份原始資料，例如訪談記錄及報章文獻。本文透過個 體及總體層面闡明各個利害關係方間的衝擊、變化及發展。在研究過程中有數 個重大的發現，首先，社群的凝聚–包括在地教會的支持，以及一位深具個人魅 力的村落長老–對文化及傳統的關注、對自決的重視、許多不同面向上的賦權 (empowerment)及對觀光發展過程的掌控，是司馬庫斯村民們能夠維持其對生態 旅遊的堅持的主要原因。其次，本案體現了透過對挑戰的克服，及對信仰與傳 統的信心，成功實現了替代發展。 / Abstract Smangus Village, a remote community in the mountains of Hsinchu County, has made a name for itself in the last few years. It has become a famous tourist destination and role model for successful indigenous ecotourism business in Taiwan. The power to maintain subjectivity during a long process of tourism development is its trademark. This study will demonstrate how the people of Smangus could maintain their way of tourism business even though they had to tangle with various stakeholders. To illustrate the influence and interaction of various external stakeholders with the village, this thesis will investigate from the macro level (Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs), government agencies, private investors, tourists, and scholars) and the micro level (the village leader, families and the church) across three different time periods. The research is mainly based on secondary literature however it also includes primary sources such as interviews and articles from Taiwanese newspapers. The thesis illuminates impact, change, and development in terms of each stakeholder at both micro and macro levels. This examination made important discoveries about the successful implementation of indigenous ecotourism. The research concludes, firstly, that (a.) coherence in the community which includes a supportive church and a charismatic village chief, (b.) the focus on culture and traditions, (c.) emphasis on self-determination, (d.) the empowerment in various dimensions, and (e.) the ability to exercise power over the tourism development process are the main reasons why the people of Smangus can maintain their way of tourism business. Secondly, it exemplifies a case which was able to achieve alternative development through overcoming challenges and faith in their beliefs and traditions.

Cultural diversity in a global community demands our tolerant understanding of one another. Participatory art projects can be instrumental in facilitating equal-footing en­counters and creative communication between people from different cultures that transcend language barriers. Used as a methodology for synergistic exchange and exploration, they represent a useful tool for the study and advancement of alternative solutions to development-related themes, particularly where non-verbal communication is either essential or advantageous.This report considers an independent arts-based project, “How to Talk to Dragons”, which was carried out in Phnom Penh, Cambodia by cultural workers from Berlin. The inter-cultural project chose the art form of shadow puppetry to explore the country’s culture and the experiences of its people, and to exchange ideas and perspectives in an engaging and socially just forum. The question guiding this cultural voyage of discovery was how the symbolic dragon, a mythical creature with a global resonance but subject to different perceptions in Europe and Asia, might be used as an agent for opening the way to revealing insights into human nature.The report also explores the links between How to Talk to Dragons and ComDev practices and, by incorporating an auto-ethnographic approach, considers how this method can serve to provide a better understanding of practice and add value to project analysis from a practitioner's perspective.It finds that open concept projects offer an exceptional flexibility to adapt to local and cultural conditions and makes the case for the Cambodian shadow theatre known as Sbek Touch (literal meaning: small leather) as a valuable emancipatory tool for promoting communication across social, economic and cultural borders. It recommends further studies into its potential for raising and identifying sometimes controversial issues in a humorous manner and for uncovering collective solutions, particularly among marginalized communities and classes. Ultimately, the report points to Hooks’ “Practice of Love” as an overarching concept that can inform and transform activities designed to engage with and embrace diversity.

The Chesapeake Bay, once one of the worlds most productive estuaries, has been severely impacted by human activity in the water and on the lands around it. Viewed as an ecosystem, the Bay is no longer able to support the variety and abundance of biota that it was historically able to. Several decades of research on the Chesapeake have pointed to human activities as being the principle reason for this decline. Of these detrimental activities, elevated inputs of Nitrogen and Phosphorus to the Bay were singled out as being the greatest cause of water quality deterioration. The state of Virginia is trying to reduce its annual load of Nitrogen, to the Potomac River, to 60% of what the load was estimated to be in 1985. Virginia would like to accomplish this goal at the lowest cost to its citizens. Therefore the state needs to determine the combination of nitrogen control efforts which will achieve the goal at the lowest cost. The state would also like to be able to maintain nitrogen loads at or below this cap level, indefinitely into the future. This study was undertaken with three primary objectives. The first was to project the level of annual nitrogen inputs to the Potomac River, from the state of Virginia, over the next 15 years. The second was to estimate the minimum annual costs necessary to achieve and maintain a 40% reduction in total nitrogen inputs, using the Virginia's estimated 1985 inputs as a baseline. The final objective was to assess the potential cost savings that may result from using one of two alternative development patterns within the rapidly urbanizing Northern Virginia portion of the Potomac Watershed. The first alternative is prohibiting low-density development within the Northern Virginia region, and the second is to restrict all new development to be within 5 miles of an existing urban area. Study results suggest that there has been no significant progress toward meeting the nitrogen reduction goal, due to the increase in population within the watershed, over the past 13 years. To attain the goal in 1998, a minimum of $27 million, above what is currently being spent annually, would be required. Under the current land use trend within Virginia's Potomac Basin, the annual cost for maintaining the goal is estimated to rise to $38 million annually, in 1998 dollars, by the year 2013. This is a 40% increase in cost. If the first alternative development pattern is adhered to over this 15-year period, then the annual cost will be $33 million, for an annual cost saving of approximately $5 million in 2013. The second alternative could achieve similar results if implemented, costing roughly $5 million less in 2013 than the annual cost per year under the current trend. These findings suggest that the use of alternative development patterns can help slow but not prevent the annual cost, of maintaining the cap, from rising. The study indicates that the reason for the continuous rise in annual cost, over this fifteen-year period, is due primarily to an increase in nitrogen loading to the Potomac that will result from the wastewater disposal needs of the growing population within the Basin. Furthermore, the state will eventually exhaust its lower cost options for reducing Nitrogen loadings, and at that point the annual cost for maintaining the Nitrogen Cap will begin to rise exponentially. Under current land use trends this rapid rise in cost is unlikely to occur within the next 15 years, and is more apt to occur sometime within the next 20 to 40 years. Once annual expenditures begin to rise exponentially it is unlikely that the state of Virginia would be able to maintain its 40% reduction goal. / Master of Science

This dissertation is an exploratory study of the ideas put forward by theorists of post-Development. This current of thought emerged as a radical critique of the Development discourse, proclaiming that no reformulation could change the essential character of it, that being the "Westernisation" of the world. As post-Development's definitions rely on their opposition to what Development represents, from a theoretical point of view as well as in the myriad of behaviours resulting from it, the starting point of the thesis is an analytical account of Development discourse through the various theories that have shaped it during the second half of the 20th century. Other theories that can be considered outside mainstream Development are also analysed as well as those conventionally classified as alternative Development. A whole chapter is then dedicated to thoroughly review the historical unfolding of the Development discourse. The following chapter deals with the ideas put forward by post-Development. It relies on a series of publications identified with this current of thought as well as with information provided by one of its most prominent authors, Dr. Wolfgang Sachs, in an interview conducted by the author of this thesis. It also uses an unpublished manuscript given to the author by Gustavo Esteva, also prominent in the constitution and dissemination of the ideas of post-Development. In an effort to identify whether post-Development has remained at the level of theoretical formulation or if it has informed practices on the ground, research about the activities and underlying beliefs of the Global Barter Network (in Uruguay and in Argentina) and the World Social Forum was undertaken. The field-study, which is presented in the 4th chapter of the thesis, aimed at researching these particular initiatives and draw conclusions with respect to the existence of coincidences with the ideas of post-Development. The dissertation concludes then with an analysis of post-Development's major contributions to the Development debate, of its relationship with already existing practices, of its distinctiveness from alternative Development. It analyses the originality of the post-Development discourse and makes proposals for further research. / Development Studies / D.Litt. et Phil.

Le développement axé sur le transport en commun (transit-oriented development ou TOD) est un concept urbanistique souvent proposé comme solution aux problèmes associés à l’étalement urbain. La majorité des recherches sur ce concept sont descriptives ; rares sont les études qui examinent l’impact des projets de TOD sur les comportements en transport. Certains chercheurs proposent d’étudier les raisons qui expliquent la rareté de véritables TOD en Amérique du Nord. Cette approche s’appuie sur l’hypothèse que ce manque d’exemples est le résultat d’une faible demande, ou d’une multiplicité de barrières, quelles soient financière, réglementaire, politique, organisationnelle ou structurelle. Notre étude s’inscrit dans ce courant, afin d’examiner le développement de TOD dans la région métropolitaine de Montréal. L’étude empirique se concentre sur la perspective des promoteurs immobiliers quant à l’ampleur de la demande et des barrières à l’offre de TOD. La méthodologie de notre étude consiste en des entrevues avec les promoteurs immobiliers travaillant dans la banlieue montréalaise. Les résultats montrent que la demande est en croissance pour les produits ayant certaines caractéristiques de TOD, mais que la demande pour des TOD reste faible. Deux barrières principales ressortent de cette étude, soit le manque de terrains et l’offre insuffisante de service de transport en commun. On peut identifier d’autres obstacles majeurs dont le manque d’une définition commune du TOD et une structure de l’industrie de l’industrie mal adaptée à ces formes de développement. L’étude conclue que la réalisation de TOD dans le contexte montréalais requiert que les acteurs gouvernementaux assument un rôle plus proactif et visionnaire. / Transit-oriented development or TOD is an urban planning concept that is often proposed as a solution to the problems associated with suburban sprawl. The majority of research on this concept is descriptive; some authors examined the effect of TOD pro-jects on travel behaviour. A new research approach proposes to investigate the rarity of examples of veritable TOD in North America. This approach proposes that the lack of examples is either the result of a weak demand, or of a variety of supply barriers catego-rized as financial, regulatory, political, organizational or pertaining to the physical con-text of the city. Our study applies this research approach in order to examine the development of TOD in the Montreal metropolitan region. The empirical study focuses on the perspec-tive of real estate developers regarding the degree of demand and the supply barriers to TOD. The methodology consists of interviews with a diverse group of real estate devel-opers working in the Montreal suburbs. The results demonstrate that the demand is growing for products having certain characteristics of TOD, but that this does not reveal a demand specifically for TOD. We also determine that the two principal supply barriers are the lack of land and the insufficient supply of public transit service. Other major obstacles include lack of a common definition of TOD and the structure of the land de-velopment industry which is not well adapted to this form of development. The study concludes that the realization of TOD in the Montreal context requires that provincial and municipal government actors assume a more proactive and visionary role.

Le développement axé sur le transport en commun (transit-oriented development ou TOD) est un concept urbanistique souvent proposé comme solution aux problèmes associés à l’étalement urbain. La majorité des recherches sur ce concept sont descriptives ; rares sont les études qui examinent l’impact des projets de TOD sur les comportements en transport. Certains chercheurs proposent d’étudier les raisons qui expliquent la rareté de véritables TOD en Amérique du Nord. Cette approche s’appuie sur l’hypothèse que ce manque d’exemples est le résultat d’une faible demande, ou d’une multiplicité de barrières, quelles soient financière, réglementaire, politique, organisationnelle ou structurelle. Notre étude s’inscrit dans ce courant, afin d’examiner le développement de TOD dans la région métropolitaine de Montréal. L’étude empirique se concentre sur la perspective des promoteurs immobiliers quant à l’ampleur de la demande et des barrières à l’offre de TOD. La méthodologie de notre étude consiste en des entrevues avec les promoteurs immobiliers travaillant dans la banlieue montréalaise. Les résultats montrent que la demande est en croissance pour les produits ayant certaines caractéristiques de TOD, mais que la demande pour des TOD reste faible. Deux barrières principales ressortent de cette étude, soit le manque de terrains et l’offre insuffisante de service de transport en commun. On peut identifier d’autres obstacles majeurs dont le manque d’une définition commune du TOD et une structure de l’industrie de l’industrie mal adaptée à ces formes de développement. L’étude conclue que la réalisation de TOD dans le contexte montréalais requiert que les acteurs gouvernementaux assument un rôle plus proactif et visionnaire. / Transit-oriented development or TOD is an urban planning concept that is often proposed as a solution to the problems associated with suburban sprawl. The majority of research on this concept is descriptive; some authors examined the effect of TOD pro-jects on travel behaviour. A new research approach proposes to investigate the rarity of examples of veritable TOD in North America. This approach proposes that the lack of examples is either the result of a weak demand, or of a variety of supply barriers catego-rized as financial, regulatory, political, organizational or pertaining to the physical con-text of the city. Our study applies this research approach in order to examine the development of TOD in the Montreal metropolitan region. The empirical study focuses on the perspec-tive of real estate developers regarding the degree of demand and the supply barriers to TOD. The methodology consists of interviews with a diverse group of real estate devel-opers working in the Montreal suburbs. The results demonstrate that the demand is growing for products having certain characteristics of TOD, but that this does not reveal a demand specifically for TOD. We also determine that the two principal supply barriers are the lack of land and the insufficient supply of public transit service. Other major obstacles include lack of a common definition of TOD and the structure of the land de-velopment industry which is not well adapted to this form of development. The study concludes that the realization of TOD in the Montreal context requires that provincial and municipal government actors assume a more proactive and visionary role.

This dissertation is an exploratory study of the ideas put forward by theorists of post-Development. This current of thought emerged as a radical critique of the Development discourse, proclaiming that no reformulation could change the essential character of it, that being the "Westernisation" of the world. As post-Development's definitions rely on their opposition to what Development represents, from a theoretical point of view as well as in the myriad of behaviours resulting from it, the starting point of the thesis is an analytical account of Development discourse through the various theories that have shaped it during the second half of the 20th century. Other theories that can be considered outside mainstream Development are also analysed as well as those conventionally classified as alternative Development. A whole chapter is then dedicated to thoroughly review the historical unfolding of the Development discourse. The following chapter deals with the ideas put forward by post-Development. It relies on a series of publications identified with this current of thought as well as with information provided by one of its most prominent authors, Dr. Wolfgang Sachs, in an interview conducted by the author of this thesis. It also uses an unpublished manuscript given to the author by Gustavo Esteva, also prominent in the constitution and dissemination of the ideas of post-Development. In an effort to identify whether post-Development has remained at the level of theoretical formulation or if it has informed practices on the ground, research about the activities and underlying beliefs of the Global Barter Network (in Uruguay and in Argentina) and the World Social Forum was undertaken. The field-study, which is presented in the 4th chapter of the thesis, aimed at researching these particular initiatives and draw conclusions with respect to the existence of coincidences with the ideas of post-Development. The dissertation concludes then with an analysis of post-Development's major contributions to the Development debate, of its relationship with already existing practices, of its distinctiveness from alternative Development. It analyses the originality of the post-Development discourse and makes proposals for further research. / Development Studies / D.Litt. et Phil.