The prospects for enhanced Positron Emission Tomography imaging using liquid xenon (LXe) gamma ray detectors had been examined. Monte-Carlo simulations using GEANT4 were performed and the results were used to study the expected performance of a small animal PET scanner in comparison with a simulated conventional small animal scanner (LSO Focus 120). A NEMA-like cylinder phantom and an image contrast phantom were simulated with both scanners to compare performance characteristics. A Compton reconstruction algorithm was developed for the LXe scanner, and its performance and limitations studied. / Science, Faculty of / Physics and Astronomy, Department of / Graduate

In this thesis, I analyse how the rights of undocumented migrants are understood and represented by different actors, such as politicians, public sector representatives, and Finnish scholars, in Finnish newspapers between 2015-2019. I conduct an argumentation analysis of secondary source news articles, drawing on a theoretical framework of Differentiation Theory and Social Constructivist Approach. This study identifies some key factors, which have contributed to the construction of an unclear understanding of undocumented migrants' rights. My results show that the identified factors have inter alia, led to significant municipal differences in the provision of rights. I argue that due to various factors, the understanding and representation of the rights of undocumented migrants differ widely, thus creating ambiguity to the overall understanding. The findings contribute to earlier research made on the rights of undocumented migrants in Finland as it examines how the rights are understood and represented and could potentially be employed both in policy development and understanding the concept itself.

In 1929, Edmund Husserl held a series of lectures at Sorbonne. These lectures were later published as a book called Cartesian Meditations: An Introduction to Phenomenology (Méditations cartésiennes: Introduction à la phénoménologie). This book has engaged philosophers, but also psychologists, ethnologists and feminists among others. Still to this day, interpreters disagrees on what Husserl actually says. This is partly because his collected works are still being edited. But it is also because Husserl doesn’t really succeed in illustrating his efforts in a comprehensible way. That is why it’s possible to deduce ambiguities. This essay will focus on one of these ambiguities, namely, the relation of the ego-alter ego or my body and the body of the Other, in Husserls fifth Cartesian Meditation. Using the knowledge of philosophers as Dan Zahavi, Paul Ricoeur and Bernhard Waldenfels, we set out to reflect around this ambiguity in how the body is defined, how the Other body is defined, and in which way the Other is synonymous with the world. Thereafter, I consider whether Zahavi, Ricoeur or Waldenfels concepts of ambiguity exposes what I rather conceive as a mutuality. Consequently, the question at issue is; How can we understand the mutual relation between body and world in Husserls fifth Cartesian Meditation?

Name ambiguity of authors is a long-standing challenge in Digital Libraries. Simple string searches for authors often have unsatisfactory results: publications by the author in which their name is written differently cannot be found, and publications by other authors of the same name get included. The authors can be distinguished with the use of persistent identifers. This improves the search function and also contributes to the data linking process. But many catalogs of libraries are not fully disambiguated and it is not feasible for big libraries like the ZBW - Leibniz Information Centre for Economics to disambiguate the bibliographic records manually. The goal of this work is to help the ZBW with their disambiguation task. For this purpose I analysed the datasets of the ZBW and identifed the challenges that need to be overcome. I proposed an approach which uses already disambiguated records to assign persistent identifer to ambiguous author references. The approach could disambiguate ambiguous author references, though the quality of the method needs to be further evaluated.:List of Figures List of Tables Listings List of Algorithms 1 Introduction 1.1 Aim of the work 1.2 Structure of the thesis 2 Author disambiguation 2.1 Formal defnition 2.2 Types of disambiguation methods 2.3 Types of disambiguation features 2.4 Co-authorship as a disambiguation feature 3 The datasets of the ZBW 3.1 Methodology 3.2 Analysing the Econis data 3.3 Disambiguating names from other sources 4 Current approaches 4.1 Solving the common name problem 4.2 An incremental approach 4.3 Approaches in related fields 5 Proposal of an application-relevant approach 5.1 Disambiguation approach 5.2 Test datasets 5.3 Evaluation of the results 5.3.1 Partly disambiguated bibliographic records 5.3.2 Ambiguous bibliographic records with two or more authors 5.3.3 Ambiguous bibliograpic records with one author 6 Conclusion A Full figures B Extended tables C Full results of the tests of the proposed method C.1 Partly disambiguated bibliographic records C.2 Ambiguous bibliographic records Bibliography

An in-depth personality and intellectual evaluation of a group of hermaphroditic children residing in the state of Oklahoma was undertaken in this study. The following techniques were utilized in order to extensively study the impact of this anomaly on the families of these children: psychological tests, parental interviews by a social worker, and diagnostic play interviews conducted by the investigator. It was the purpose of this study to examine the psychological impact of sexual ambiguity on the child and his parents. There were no significant differences between the two groups on any of the tests given. This may be attributed to the small sample size. Certain trends seemed apparent but they could also have been effected by the limited sample. These trends were: The play activities and interests of the children appeared to be age appropriate in relation to their socio-economic background. There was, however, a tendency on the part of the older children to prefer activities which were more masculine than feminine in nature. Few close heterosexual relationships were mentioned by the subjects. Four of the children stated that they would like to make nursing a career. The three older children seemed more aware of their medical condition than the younger subjects and were aware that they were different in some ways from the normal population. The three older subjects seemed more affected by the anomaly than the younger ones and were more sensitive to it and to relationships with others. As a group there seemed to be nothing unusual in their typical daily routine except for the medication which had to be taken regularly. The children seemed to be self-conscious and reluctant in describing themselves to the investigator particularly as it pertained to their medical anomaly. An optimistic philosophy of life was expressed by the subjects in which emphasis was placed upon religious values, a desire to help others, and an ambition to live the golden rule. In the children's explanations of how they would like to be different, reference was made to their medical condition. In no case did the birth of a hermaphroditic child into a family inhibit future conceptions and subsequent births. All families but one felt that they needed greater medical understanding and guidance with regard to the anomaly as well as with proper management of the condition once it had been diagnosed. It was felt by four groups of parents that desirable sex change should occur in the child as early as possible, preferably before three years of age. All families tended to keep the sexual anomaly issue closed and limited to their immediate family. It appeared that socio-economic factors made little difference in the parents' general concern for their child and its adequate adjustment to the environment. Accessible and comprehensible medical information about hermaphroditism is almost unavailable to those desiring it because of the current infrequency of incidence and variations in condition.

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My thesis investigates Ivan Kramskoi's well-known work Unknown Woman (1883). In reviewing the criticism concerning Unknown Woman written in the wake of the eleventh peredvizhniki exhibition in which it was first shown, Kramskoi's painting attracted praise, perplexity, and condemnation. One of the major interpretations (though not commonly discussed) was that this work was meant to allude to female sexuality or prostitution in Russian society. The purpose of my thesis is to reinstate the pertinence of this reading, one which has been obfuscated or ignored in the majority of ensuing twentieth and twenty-first century scholarship. The second purpose of this work is to explore some of the ambiguities and complexities inherent in this work in order to better understand some of the complexities facing modernizing Russian society. It is perhaps impossible to state Kramskoi's motivations for painting this work or his attitude towards his subject concretely, but as I will suggest, he experienced both attraction toward and apprehension of the sexuality of his subject. However, this anxiety was also combined with a desire to invoke recognition if not empathy for the plight of the individual prostitute, a desire which can be found in other artistic productions of the age. In addition to Kramskoi's motivations in creating this work, I look at the way this work indicates the social issues of late nineteenth-century Russia. This was a time where ideas of national identity, class, and gender roles were in flux due to the developments of modernity. Unknown Woman encapsulates the complexity of this social milieu, and I examine the largely overlooked elements of the woman's gaze, wardrobe and physical location in order to better understand the questions and persuasions that existed in this period of late nineteenth-century Russian modernity.

Job stress is a multidimensional phenomenon. The researcher sought to examine variables that cause vocational teachers to experience stress in their teaching occupations and to evaluate the effects of these related stressors. This research evaluated the relationships between school systems and vocational teacher stress, teacher internal characteristics and vocational teacher stress, and students and vocational teacher stress. It also analyzed vocational teacher stress using a proposed causal model that was developed using the literature on teacher stress as a conceptual framework. The model attempted to examine the linkages that exist among vocational teacher stress, school systems, teacher internal characteristics, and students. Role ambiguity, role conflict, school stress, task stress, supervisory support, nonparticipation, peer support, role overload, and management style were the areas identified in the literature that could be used as indicators of the school systems category. Role preparedness, job satisfaction, life satisfaction, illness symptoms, locus of control, and self esteem were the concepts identified in the literature that could be used as the variables associated with teacher internal characteristics. Class size, student learning, and student behavior were the three areas identified in the literature as student related variables. This study measured vocational teacher stress using the Tennessee Stress Scale-R. It measured the identified stressors using four other instruments: 1) Teacher Stress Measure; 2) Personal Behavior Inventory; 3) Self Esteem Scale; and 4) Classroom Environment Scale. In addition to these measures, demographic information was collected from the respondents. The study was limited to two separate samples of vocational teachers employed in Virginia. The first sample consisted of vocational teachers teaching in five targeted school systems. The second sample of vocational teachers used in this study were randomly selected from state supplied lists. An overall response rate of 65 percent was obtained. Multiple regression and LISREL were used to evaluate the effects of the identified stressors on vocational teacher stress. The three regression models were found to be significant at the .05 level. The LISREL model was found to be successful in explaining approximately 72 percent of the variance in the stress experienced by vocational teachers. Two-sample t-tests were used to compare the two samples of teachers represented in the study. Non-respondent follow-up analyses also were conducted. No significant differences were found. / Ph. D.

I feel uncertain about my place in the world and it is necessary for me to discover how I am perceived by myself and by the world by exploring interior spaces. Interior spaces are both spaces of comfort, security, and permanence as well as vulnerability, uncertainty, and transcendence. My childhood home is an important drive in my work. It has caused me to think more about space and how the places we inhabit become more than just places we live in. They are places that hide our secrets, make their mark on us, and continue to live on with us after we leave them. Interiority of the body and interiority of the space are two different things that interact and connect with each other. The body’s own interior space and the interior space that the body exists in allows me to understand how I exist in this world. Elina Brotherus says that gaining perspective of oneself is facilitated by another presence within the space and when one “projects [oneself] onto it.” In my art, I repeat my engagement with the space around me by photographing myself and becoming one within it. Being a woman, and because of cultural stereotypes and pressures forced upon women, I am aware of my body and its vulnerability. I am conscious of its vulnerability to the other objects within the space and the exposure of revealing myself to the camera. I struggle between fully showing my body and hiding my identity. I manipulate the space through my body, the objects used, and the amount of negative space shown in the photograph. I believe that my work undulates between spaces, meanings, and exists in a state of ambiguity.

The purpose of this thesis is to examine the relationship between personality and performance under changing circumstances. Specifically, this paper analyzes how the personality trait of optimism, and a moderator of ambiguity tolerance, affects performance under changes in an Air-Traffic Control Simulation. Previous studies have not examined the effect that optimism has on performance under change. Results indicated that personality does not correlate significantly with performance. This study was completed due to interest in a positive attitude and how it may relate to performing in the workplace