Lack of clarity about professional roles and responsibilities of school counselors has resulted in role ambiguity and role diffusion among this group of professionals. Role ambiguity and role diffusion contribute to job dissatisfaction. The purpose of this quantitative correlational study was to examine whether role ambiguity and role diffusion predicted school counselor job satisfaction after controlling for years of experience as a school counselor, and to examine whether role ambiguity, role diffusion, and job satisfaction differed for school counselors at the elementary, middle, and high school levels. The theoretical framework was role theory, which conceptualizes how job roles within organizations serve as boundaries between individuals and organizations. Survey data were collected from 86 school counselors at the elementary, middle, and high school levels. Results of linear regression analysis indicated that role ambiguity and role diffusion were significant predictors of job satisfaction after controlling for years of school counselor work experience. Results of discriminant analysis indicated no significant differences in school counselor role ambiguity, role diffusion, and job satisfaction based on school level. Findings may be used to advocate for aligning school counselors' duties and responsibilities with the training and education they receive, which may enable school counselors to be more satisfied in their jobs. The social change implication is that school counselors who are satisfied with their jobs could more effectively serve the children, schools, and communities in which they are assigned.

The current research aimed to develop a deeper understanding of the antecedents of job insecurity, and specifically focused on the perceived job insecurity; importance and probability of events likely to affect one’s total job. The aim of the current study was to explore relationships between the perceptions of perceived organisational support (POS), perceived employability, role ambiguity and role overload, and job insecurity. A questionnaire made up of seven separate scales investigated the perceptions of 100 employees from several different organisations experiencing change (e.g. recently been through a change process, currently going through a change process, about to go through a change process in the near future). Results confirmed three of the main hypotheses of the current study, suggesting negative relationships between POS, perceived employability, role overload and the dependent variable job insecurity (probability). Further analyses indicate that POS is a significant predictor of job insecurity (probability), and role overload and employability are significant predictors of job insecurity (importance). Overall, this paper provides support for the relationship between the antecedents highlighted in this study and job insecurity. Practical implications and directions for further research are discussed.

Job stress is a multidimensional phenomenon. The researcher sought to examine variables that cause vocational teachers to experience stress in their teaching occupations and to evaluate the effects of these related stressors. This research evaluated the relationships between school systems and vocational teacher stress, teacher internal characteristics and vocational teacher stress, and students and vocational teacher stress. It also analyzed vocational teacher stress using a proposed causal model that was developed using the literature on teacher stress as a conceptual framework. The model attempted to examine the linkages that exist among vocational teacher stress, school systems, teacher internal characteristics, and students. Role ambiguity, role conflict, school stress, task stress, supervisory support, nonparticipation, peer support, role overload, and management style were the areas identified in the literature that could be used as indicators of the school systems category. Role preparedness, job satisfaction, life satisfaction, illness symptoms, locus of control, and self esteem were the concepts identified in the literature that could be used as the variables associated with teacher internal characteristics. Class size, student learning, and student behavior were the three areas identified in the literature as student related variables. This study measured vocational teacher stress using the Tennessee Stress Scale-R. It measured the identified stressors using four other instruments: 1) Teacher Stress Measure; 2) Personal Behavior Inventory; 3) Self Esteem Scale; and 4) Classroom Environment Scale. In addition to these measures, demographic information was collected from the respondents. The study was limited to two separate samples of vocational teachers employed in Virginia. The first sample consisted of vocational teachers teaching in five targeted school systems. The second sample of vocational teachers used in this study were randomly selected from state supplied lists. An overall response rate of 65 percent was obtained. Multiple regression and LISREL were used to evaluate the effects of the identified stressors on vocational teacher stress. The three regression models were found to be significant at the .05 level. The LISREL model was found to be successful in explaining approximately 72 percent of the variance in the stress experienced by vocational teachers. Two-sample t-tests were used to compare the two samples of teachers represented in the study. Non-respondent follow-up analyses also were conducted. No significant differences were found. / Ph. D.

This study investigates influence of relative dominance in human resource management (HRM) of dispatched enterprises and user enterprises on dispatched worker¡¦s cognition of employer liability. Hopefully, this study could serve as basis for management in dispatched enterprise and user enterprises.Questionnaires were administered to Taiwanese dispatched workers to study relationships among and influence of individual variables (as control variable), HRM in user enterprises and dispatched enterprises (recruitment, training, compensation and benefits and performance appraisal as independent variable) and employees¡¦ cognition of employer liability (as dependent variable). Results show that relative dominance in HRM of user enterprises and dispatched enterprises dictate employees¡¦ cognition of employer liability. Dispatched workers have higher cognition of employer liability for dispatched firms when dispatched enterprises are of high dominance in HRM. On the other hand, dispatched workers have higher cognition of employer liability for user enterprises when user enterprises are of high dominance in HRM. In addition to relative dominance in HRM, positions that dispatched workers occupy also significantly influence cognition of employer liability: dispatched workers who hold professional jobs have higher cognition of employer liability toward dispatched enterprises.

ABSTRACT Employee is important human resource in the organization, It plays the important role among organizational development and product performance, So organizational behavior of employee must be emphasized, To probe on survivor¡¦s employee job stress for privatization of government enterprise is still worth researching. Data analysis on software package of SPSS 9.0 for window used personal computer in this study. Method of analysis has description analysis, factor, correlation analysis, multi-regression, hierarchy multi-regression and ANOVA analysis. The important discoveries of this research is described as follow: 1. There are significant positive correlation between stressor and job stress, It is more influential for job stress that focus on business performance after privatization, role conflict and role ambiguity. 2. The lowest job stress that below junior high school than others, the highest job stress that investment and development department than others. 3. Higher job stress that type A than type B and external control than internal control. 4. The interaction of role conflict with locus of control has effect of moderation to job stress. 5. Difference of stressor due to different personal variables. (1)There are single, less than fifty years old, product staff, less than fifteen years service, below high school degree, Hualien staff , Who consider that stressor due to physical environment. (2)There are male, engineer, investment and development department, Hsinchu staff, Who consider that stressor due to work load. (3)There are engineer, less than forty years old, below junior college degree, Who consider that stressor due to business performance after privatization. (4)There are less than forty years old, general staff, Who consider that stressor due to role ambiguity. (5)There are investment and development department, Hsinchu staff, Who consider that stressor due to role conflict. According to conclusion of study ,The related suggestion to employee and enterprise could be give the benefit of stress management for employee and it also improve work environment that would decrease bad environment factor which induced job stress.

Relatively few empirical studies in the professional burnout literature have examined mental health providers (MHPs). Research on other professional groups has demonstrated that certain emotion regulation strategies, known as emotional labor (i.e., deep acting and surface acting), are common responses to perceived display rules (i.e., professional guidelines for emotional expression), and are differentially associated with burnout. The present study aimed to fill a gap in the literature by evaluating the empirical links between work stressors (i.e., role conflict, role ambiguity, and lack of autonomy), personality (i.e., extraversion), emotional labor (i.e., surface acting and deep acting), and burnout in a sample of MHPs. Additional variables (i.e., perceived emotional display rules, client characteristics, etc.) were also explored. Data from an online survey of 188 MHPs working in Florida was analyzed using multivariate and univariate regressions. The results of this study supported several of the hypothesized relationships between predictor variables and burnout. Most notably, extraversion, role conflict, role ambiguity, autonomy, and surface acting were significantly associated with one or more dimensions of burnout. Support was not found for extraversion as a moderator of the relationships between work stressors and burnout or between work stressors and emotional labor strategies. The effects of emotional labor strategies as mediators of the relationships between work stressors and burnout were not statistically significant. Implications and limitations of the findings, as well as suggestions for future research, are discussed.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-12T20:32:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissertacaoJaneCorona1.pdf: 532184 bytes, checksum: a53b4267cd73d65206ffcddc3f08fe64 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-11-14 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The purpose of this research is to analyze financial services salespeople work at retail bank branches regarding marketing and sales practices, and their perception of their jobs. We search for aspects of alienation at work and for role conflict and role ambiguity. Research was made at private banking institutions aiming to identify the main marketing practices utilized to sell products and services. Besides that, we made a research among sales contact workers of different banks trying to identify the categories under analysis. We chose the exploratory and descriptive methods under a qualitative approach that deepens the comprehension of the phenomena, instead of quantifying it. The results were obtained trough primary and secondary sources, open interviews and questionnaires. We based our research on literature and specialized publications. The results were classified before being analyzed and interpreted. The scenery of challenges in financial markets such as: globalization, technology, changes in government regulations and in consumer profile, forced organizations to adapt their strategies. Company s efforts to control performance and commitment of its employees show the subjective aspects of the work. Customer contact employees are particularly vulnerable to short term pressure from management to meet sales quotas. As a result, they may be tempted to ignore the best interest of their customers and focus on immediate results to maintain their jobs. In the process of searching for new clients and accounts and at the same time increase revenues, they are susceptible to tension and stress. The development of studies concerning the negative aspects of job on workers is related to changes in the working management and process occurred in the last decade. Pressure on meeting sales goals and on reducing costs puts service and quality of working life on a second plan. Some aspects of the theory of alienation such as powerlessness and normlessness were identified and the results also showed characteristics of ambiguity and role conflict related to the job. Uncertainty about stability and sense of precariousness dominates the scenery mainly at service sector and banks. Customer dissatisfaction with financials services is greater than in any other sector, except perhaps for public health care, telephone companies or public security. / O presente estudo objetiva analisar o trabalho dos gerentes encarregados do contato com clientes em agências bancárias sob o aspecto das práticas de marketing e vendas e a percepção dos mesmos sobre o exercício de sua função. Busca identificar aspectos de alienação no trabalho e de conflito e ambigüidade de papel. Foram aplicadas pesquisas em instituições bancárias privadas nacionais e estrangeiras para levantamento das principais práticas adotadas para venda e divulgação de produtos e serviços. Também foram feitos levantamentos entre os gerentes de diferentes instituições para identificar os aspectos estudados. Optou-se pela pesquisa exploratória e descritiva, na forma qualitativa cujo objetivo principal é aprofundar a compreensão dos fenômenos mais que sua quantificação. Os dados foram obtidos através de fontes primárias e secundárias, por meio de entrevistas abertas e questionários fechados. Contou-se com apoio de material teórico e publicações especializadas. Para o tratamento dos dados procedeu-se ao ordenamento de forma qualitativa, através de análise e interpretação de modo estruturado e quantitativo. Foram utilizadas estatísticas descritivas para análise exploratória, resumir e exibir os dados colhidos. O cenário de desafios no setor financeiro: globalização, tecnologia, alterações na legislação, mudança no perfil do consumidor, obrigou as instituições a adaptar sua estratégia. O esforço da administração em controlar o desempenho e envolver o funcionário no comprometimento com a organização, cada vez mais mostra o aspecto de subjetividade que se oculta no trabalho. Os funcionários de contato com clientes estão particularmente vulneráveis a pressões para vendas e resultados imediatos e, em conseqüência, tendem a ignorar o interesse imediato de seus clientes e se concentrar em gerar receitas para manter seus empregos. Ao buscar novos clientes, abrir contas e aumentar as receitas, estão sujeitos à tensão e estresse. O avanço nas questões concernentes aos efeitos negativos do trabalho sobre os indivíduos relaciona-se às mudanças ocorridas nos processos de trabalho e de gestão ocorridas na ultima década. A pressão pelo cumprimento de metas e por redução de custos coloca o serviço e a qualidade de vida no trabalho em segundo plano. Aspectos de alienação como impotência e ausência de normas foram identificados assim como ambigüidade no exercício da função e conflito de papel. A incerteza quanto à permanência e o sentido de precariedade dominam a cena no setor de serviços, principalmente bancário. A insatisfação dos clientes com os serviços do setor se destaca em relação a qualquer outro, com exceção talvez dos hospitais públicos, empresas de telefonia e segurança pública.

This study attempted to relate service orientation discrepancy between employees and managers to employees’ affective reactions in the restaurant industry. To fulfill this purpose, this study developed a new model and tested it by conducting an empirical analysis of restaurant employees. Specifically, this study examined the relationships among service orientation discrepancy (SOD), service employees’ role conflict (RC), role ambiguity (RA), job satisfaction (JS), and organizational commitment (OC). In addition, using path analysis, this study further scrutinized the causal relationships among the above variables. The key findings of this study indicate that there is an SOD between managers and employees. Employees saw themselves as more enthusiastic and less bureaucratic than managers and this SOD was correlated with employee outcomes such as RC, RA, JS, and OC. When the proposed model of the study was tested, the results indicated that SOD had a positive, direct effect on RC and direct, negative effects on JS and OC. SOD also had negative, indirect effects on JS and OC through RC and RA. RC had a negative, direct effect on JS and a negative, indirect effect on OC. RA had a negative, direct effect on JS. Finally, JS had a negative, direct effect on OC. The contribution of this study lies in attempting to explore the possibility of synthesizing service management and organizational behavior literature in the restaurant industry setting. By introducing the concept of SOD, this study showed the relationship between SOD and its impact on affective reactions of restaurant employees. Further, this study contributed to the existing literature by demonstrating the causal relationships among the variables examined. With these efforts, this study also laid the foundation for future empirical research. From the industry point of view, the findings of this study will provide substantive information that restaurant chains can use to design training, communication, and motivational programs and other human resource management programs for their employees. The study holds promise for reducing employee turnover and for improving customer service in the hospitality industry. / Ph. D.

Workplace stress has been found to be a causal agent of psychological distress consequences in employees. Chronic stressors have been well researched, in particular, role conflict, role ambiguity, and work overload have been extensively studied. A meta-analysis was conducted in order to aggregate past research to gain a better understanding of the impact these stressors have on the psychological distress consequences of depression, tension/anxiety, somatic complaints, and generalized feelings of stress. Only role ambiguity was found to be a significant contributor to psychological distress, in particular to feelings of depression and stress. In general, however, effect sizes for all three stressors were moderate to large. While chronic stressors have been well researched, acute stressors have been widely overlooked. Since research in this area is limited, the Daily Work Hassles Survey was developed and validated in order to analyze the role daily hassles play in the workplace. The survey yielded two factors, Interpersonal Hassles and Task Hassles. The former of which was found to be significantly related to the distress consequences of depression, tension/anxiety, somatic complaints, and general feelings of stress. The ultimate goal of this project was to compare chronic and acute stressors. Results from the daily hassles study were contrasted to the results of the aforementioned meta-analysis. It was found that the chronic stressors of role ambiguity, role conflict, and overload are significantly greater predictors of selected distress consequences than the acute factors of Interpersonal Hassles and Task Hassles. However, when somatic complaints was employed as the dependent variable, no significant differences were found between chronic and acute stressors.

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