In information security, the success of security policies is critically dependent on their implementation in organizations. This thesis explores the gap between formal definitions and the actual implementation of security policies, focusing on roles within a Swedish defense company. Using a qualitative research approach, this study employs semi-structured interviews to gather in-depth insights from individuals directly involved in security management, with the aim of uncovering the real-world complexities and challenges faced in policy implementation. This study identifies several core issues that affect policy implementation: ambiguity in role definitions, inconsistencies in policy communication at different organizational levels, and the frequent need for individuals to adapt policies to practical and situational needs. These factors contribute to the risk of security breaches by creating conditions in which policies are misunderstood or incorrectly applied. The findings highlight a significant discrepancy between how policies are intended to function and how they are implemented in daily operations, revealing a critical vulnerability in organizational security frameworks. This thesis contributes to the existing body of knowledge by mapping the landscape of security policy implementation within the context of the highly regulated defense industry. The results provide empirical evidence that improves the understanding of the interaction between policy, practice and the human element in security regimes with the aim of improving clarity and reducing the incidence of human error in security practices.

Organisations and job content will continually change irrespective of the employee or job context. The ability to understand, initiate and manage change is therefore, an essential skill for any change agent. The general aim of this research was to investigate the impact of change management on role conflict, role ambiguity and job satisfaction. "Change management", "role conflict", "role ambiguity" and "job satisfaction" were conceptualised. This change process was described and the effect of change management on role conflict, role ambiguity and job satisfaction was determined. Instruments for measuring these concepts were administered among 116 employees who have been subjected to extensive organisational change within a large transport organisation. It was found that change management has a significant impact on role conflict, role ambiguity and job satisfaction. The change management process used in this research potentially enables Human Resources managers and change agents to reduce role conflict, role ambiguity and job satisfaction during large scale organisation change. / Industrial and Organisational Psychology / M.Comm. (Industrial Psychology)

The factors associated with employees' work related attitudes and cognitions were examined. A sample of employees from Community Living Trust (CLT), an organisation within the disability support worker industry, completed a questionnaire that included several measures: supervisor and colleague support, role conflict, role ambiguity and role overload, time-based, strain-based and behaviour-based work-to-family/family-to-work conflict, organisational commitment, job satisfaction and turnover intentions. The purpose of this study was to explore the extent to which supervisor and colleague support contributed to a reduction in role conflict, role ambiguity and role overload. In addition, the relationship between support and work-to-family/family-to-work conflict were also explored. Finally, the organisational outcomes, in particular organisational commitment, job satisfaction and turnover intentions, were examined. It was found that supervisor and colleague support did, in some cases, moderated the relationship between role stressors, conflict and job satisfaction / organisational commitment. It was also found that job satisfaction and affective commitment mediated the relationship between the role stressors, WF strain-based conflict and turnover intentions. The major implications from this research are that human resource initiatives should be developed that aims to identify the support needs employees may have, in order to increase levels of job satisfaction and organisational commitment and decrease levels of turnover intentions. The final chapter of this research explored the practical implications to the organisation, employees and the need for future research.

<p>I en föränderlig värld är det viktigt att snabbt möta skiftande krav och</p><p>att medarbetare är initiativrika, menar både företagare och forskare.</p><p>Medarbetare som gör mer än plikten kräver och tar egna initiativ,</p><p>uppvisar Innovative Work Behaviour (IWB). Syftet med studien var</p><p>att undersöka om organisationsfaktorerna autonomi, öppet klimat och</p><p>rolltvetydighet kan förklara variationer i IWB, med hänsyn taget till</p><p>en individuell faktor. Samtliga variabler mättes genom ett</p><p>frågeformulär online i ett stickprov om 119 personer.</p><p>Korrelationsberäkningar visar att samtliga organisationsfaktorer har</p><p>signifikanta samband med IWB. En regressionsanalys visar att det är</p><p>individfaktorn som har störst prediktionskraft, följt av öppet klimat,</p><p>autonomi och bakgrundsvariabeln personalansvar. Studien visar att</p><p>både personlighet och villkor i arbetet har betydelse för IWB.</p>

I en föränderlig värld är det viktigt att snabbt möta skiftande krav och att medarbetare är initiativrika, menar både företagare och forskare. Medarbetare som gör mer än plikten kräver och tar egna initiativ, uppvisar Innovative Work Behaviour (IWB). Syftet med studien var att undersöka om organisationsfaktorerna autonomi, öppet klimat och rolltvetydighet kan förklara variationer i IWB, med hänsyn taget till en individuell faktor. Samtliga variabler mättes genom ett frågeformulär online i ett stickprov om 119 personer. Korrelationsberäkningar visar att samtliga organisationsfaktorer har signifikanta samband med IWB. En regressionsanalys visar att det är individfaktorn som har störst prediktionskraft, följt av öppet klimat, autonomi och bakgrundsvariabeln personalansvar. Studien visar att både personlighet och villkor i arbetet har betydelse för IWB.

Lazarus and Folkman's (1984) transactional stress-strain-coping theory provides the theoretical background for the present thesis. This theory proposes that strain (i.e., burnout) occurs when demands (i.e., work stressors) exceed coping resources (e.g., social support). The current thesis explores the influence of social support on the stress-burnout relationship in nurses. A sample of Australian nurses working across three public hospitals in Brisbane's metropolitan district were recruited to investigate the nature and level of burnout experienced by nurses. Burnout is characterised by emotional exhaustion, depersonalisation and reduced personal accomplishment. The present research addresses gaps in the empirical literature by investigating the key work stressors experienced by Australian nurses and by establishing nurses' referent levels of work stress, social support, and burnout. In addition, the research explores the complex relationships between work stress, social support and burnout. The majority of nursing studies have failed to consider how support from within the nurses' work environment mitigates burnout. The present research builds upon previous nursing literature by examining the "main&qout; and "buffering" effect hypotheses. Studies have consistently found support for the main effect model, however the hypothesis that social support buffers the negative effects of stress has resulted in highly conflicting findings. Some theorists (Cohen & Wills, 1985; Cutrona & Russell, 1990) propose that the buffering effects of social support will only be found if there is an adequate match between the needs elicited by the stressful event and the type of support an individual receives. The present study extends the stress or support matching theory by exploring the matching between specific types of stressors to specific types (i.e., emotional and instrumental) and sources (i.e.,supervisor and coworkers) of support. Cutrona (1990) suggests that the controllability of a stressor is the primary dimension in determining an appropriate match between stressors and types of support. Cutrona proposes that controllable stressful events elicit needs for instrumental support and uncontrollable events elicit needs for emotional support. Heeding Cutrona's advice, independent raters classified nurses' work stressors as controllable or uncontrollable stressful events prior to investigating the stressor-support matching theory. Three sequential studies were undertaken to explore the variables of interest to this research program. In Study 1, focus groups were conducted with 68 nurses (11 males, 34 females) from two public hospitals. The qualitative data was subjected to content analysis. The findings revealed that Australian nurses are exposed to a range of job-specific stressors (i.e., Job Conditions, Job Uncertainty, Interpersonal Conflict and a Lack of Professional Recognition and Support) and generic role stressors (i.e., Role Overload, Role Conflict and Role Ambiguity). The findings prompted the research to utilise Wolfgang's (1988) Health Professions Stress Inventory to measure nurses' job-specific stressors and Osipow and Spokane's (1987) Occupational Roles Questionnaire to measure nurses' role stressors in Study 2. The findings from Study 1 also confirmed that the way nurses perceive work support is consistent with current social support literature. Nurses indicated that their two main sources of support were their coworkers and their supervisor. Furthermore, nurses discussed social support from a multidimensional perspective, recognising different types of support that were broadly classified as emotional and instrumental support. Based on these findings, the researcher developed a work support measure specifically for the purpose of this research. Items were taken from established social support scales and were slightly modified to ensure that they were contextually relevant to nurses. In Study 2, 273 nurses (38 males, 235 females) completed a multi-measure questionnaire. While there was sufficient research evidence to indicate that the Occupational Roles Questionnaire (Osipow & Spokane, 1987) and the Maslach Burnout Inventory (Maslach, Jackson, & Leiter, 1996) possess adequate levels of reliability and validity, less was known about Wolfgang's Health Professions Stress Inventory and the work support scales designed for this research program. Factor analysis of the Health Professions Stress Inventory revealed a four-factor solution: Lack of Professional Recognition and Support, Patient Care Uncertainty, Job Conditions, and Interpersonal Conflict. Cronbach's coefficient alphas ranged from .62 to .83. Factor analysis of the Coworker Support Scale revealed a two-factor solution, representing emotional and instrumental support. Cronbach's coefficient alphas for the Emotional Coworker Support and Instrumental Coworker Support were .92 and .88 respectively. Contrary to expectations, factor analysis of the Supervisor Support Scale revealed a one-factor solution. It was therefore deemed appropriate to examine Supervisor Support as a unidimensional construct in subsequent analyses. Cronbach's coefficient alpha for the Supervisor Support scale was .96. Overall, the results from Study 2 provided supporting evidence to suggest that the measures used in the current research program were psychometrically sound. In Study 3, the data collected in Study 2 was subjected to further statistical analysis. The findings from Study 3 indicated that overall, the sample of Australian nurses reported low to moderate levels of work stress, moderate levels of work support and moderately high levels of burnout. For Emotional Exhaustion, predictor variables accounted for 42.2% of the total variance. Sociodemographic factors explained a small but significant proportion of the variance (2.7%). Work stressors however, were the main predictors of Emotional Exhaustion, explaining 41.5% of the total variance. Role Overload, Job Conditions and Role Conflict were the main determinants of Emotional Exhaustion, with Role Overload explaining most of the variance. For Depersonalisation, the predictor variables accounted for 34.2% of the total variance. Sociodemographic factors (11.5%) and work stressors (33.6%) both explained a significant proportion of the variance. Role Conflict and Patient Care Uncertainty were the main determinants of Depersonalisation, with Role Conflict explaining most of the variance. For Personal Accomplishment, Role Conflict and Role Ambiguity explained 20.5% of the total variance, with Role Conflict explaining most of the variance. Sociodemographic factors and job-specific stressors were not significant Predictors of Personal Accomplishment. Evidence for main effects of work support on burnout were limited. There was no evidence to suggest that work support had significant main effects on Emotional Exhaustion. Supervisor Support had a small, but significant main effect on Depersonalisation (â = -.15, p < .05) and Personal Accomplishment (â = -.24, p < .01). There was no evidence of main effects for Emotional and Instrumental Coworker Support. Furthermore, the present research found no significant evidence to support the buffering effect of work support on burnout. Theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.

Le manque d’accountability qui est reproché au marketing est un alignement insuffisant sur les objectifs stratégiques. La plupart des recherches préconisent généralement de renforcer l’accountability du marketing en développant des instruments de mesure de performance. Se différenciant de ces approches, cette recherche choisit de traiter le praticien du marketing comme unité d’analyse. Nous mettons en évidence une identité professionnelle propre aux praticiens et distinguons deux formes d’accountability ressentie : l’accountability ressentie lors d’une prise de décision (ASR) et l’accountability ressentie dans l’organisation (AOR). L’autodétermination, composante de l’identité professionnelle des praticiens du marketing, influence positivement l’ASR mais limite la conformité. En rendant accountable des praticiens du marketing sur une décision, nous observons qu’ils cherchent à prendre la meilleure décision possible du point de vue des objectifs marketing même si ceux-Ci s’opposent aux objectifs stratégiques. En étudiant les comportements de managers, nous montrons que l’ambiguïté de rôle, caractéristique de la pratique marketing, diminue l’AOR. Les cultures organisationnelles qui favorisent l’accountability augmentent alors la probabilité de conflits de rôle préjudiciables à la performance. La probabilité de conflits de rôle est néanmoins modérée sous réserve que la culture soit perçue comme encourageant la collaboration et la prise d’initiative. Ce type de culture correspond à l’identité professionnelle des praticiens du marketing contribuant à leur performance. En conclusion, nous proposons un modèle d’accountability adapté à la pratique du marketing dans l’organisation. / Marketing has been criticized for its lack of accountability, which is qualified by a misalignment with strategic objectives. Most of the researches propose that marketing accountability must be reinforced with more performance measures. In this doctoral thesis, we employ a different approach in treating the marketer as unit of analysis. We identify a marketers’ professional identity and make a distinction between two types of felt accountability: an accountability felt in a decision-Making situation (ASR) and an accountability felt within an organization (AOR). ASR is positively influenced by self-Determination that is a component of marketers’ professional identity, where self-Determination reduces conformity. In making marketers accountable, we show that that they seek to make the best decision according to marketing objectives even if they are conflicting with strategic objectives. In studying managers’ behavior, we show that role ambiguity, which is consistent with marketing practice, reduces AOR. Organizational cultures that promote accountability increase the likelihood of role conflicts detrimental to performance. However, the likelihood of role conflict is moderated by organizational cultures provided they encourage collaboration and initiatives. This type of culture is consistent with marketers’ professional identity therefore contributing to performance. Finally, we propose an accountability model tailored to marketing practice within the organization.

Organisations and job content will continually change irrespective of the employee or job context. The ability to understand, initiate and manage change is therefore, an essential skill for any change agent. The general aim of this research was to investigate the impact of change management on role conflict, role ambiguity and job satisfaction. "Change management", "role conflict", "role ambiguity" and "job satisfaction" were conceptualised. This change process was described and the effect of change management on role conflict, role ambiguity and job satisfaction was determined. Instruments for measuring these concepts were administered among 116 employees who have been subjected to extensive organisational change within a large transport organisation. It was found that change management has a significant impact on role conflict, role ambiguity and job satisfaction. The change management process used in this research potentially enables Human Resources managers and change agents to reduce role conflict, role ambiguity and job satisfaction during large scale organisation change. / Industrial and Organisational Psychology / M.Comm. (Industrial Psychology)

The aim of this study was to examine the impact of role stress (ambiguity and conflict) on job satisfaction through psychological empowerment in the workplace. Data was collected from 314 workers from southern Portugal (M = 35.39, SD =10.66; 69.75% women) age age Results indicated that role conflict had a direct effect on job satisfaction, while the impact of role ambiguity on job satisfaction was totally mediated by meaning and self-determination. Psychosocial interventions in companies should focus on prevention of role stress and pro­ motion of psychological empowerment in the workplace. / El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar el impacto del estrés de rol (ambigüedad y conflicto) sobre la satisfacción laboral a través del empowerment psicológico en el trabajo. Se obtuvieron datos de una muestra de 314 trabajadores del sur de Portugal (M = 35.59, DE = 10.66). edad edad El 69.75% de los participantes fueron mujeres. Los resultados mostraron que el efecto del conflicto de rol fue directo sobre la satisfacción laboral, mientras que el efecto de la ambi­ güedad fue mediado por las dimensiones autodeterminación y significado del empowerment psicológico. Las intervenciones en las empresas deben centrarse en la prevención del estrés de rol y en el aumento del empowerment psicológico. / O objetivo deste estudo é analisar o impacte do stresse de papel (ambiguidade e conflito) sobre a satisfação no trabalho através do empowerment psicológico no trabalho. Os dados foram obtidos através de uma amostra de 314 profissionais ativos do sul de Portugal (M = idade 35.59, DP = 10.66). 69.75% dos participantes eram mulheres. Os resultados mostraram idade que o efeito do conflito de papel sobre a satisfação no trabalho é direto, enquanto que o efeito da ambiguidade sobre a satisfação no trabalho é mediado pelas dimensões autodeter­ minação e significado do empowerment psicológico. As intervenções nas empresas devem centrar-se na prevenção do stresse de papel e no aumento do empowerment psicológico.

This study aimed to examine the mediating effect of job satisfaction in the relationship between role ambiguity and organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) according to the “HEalthy and Resilient Organization” model in two local corporations.. A multilevel analysis of mediation was employed to examine the relationship between these variables, controlling for the effect of employee division. The sample consisted of a total of 340 employees. The results indicate that job satisfaction exhibits a total mediation in the relationship between role ambiguity and OCB of public employees. These results indicate the importance of employees’ well-being to decrease negative effects of role ambiguity in publicemployees’ performance. / El objetivo del estudio era examinar el efecto mediador de la satisfacción laboral en la relación entre la ambigüedad de rol y la conducta de ciudadanía organizacional (CCO) en dos corporaciones locales basándonos en el modelo “HEalthy & Resilient Organization” (HERO; Salanova, Llorens, Cifre & Martínez, 2012). Se propuso un modelo de mediación multinivel entre estas variables, controlando el efecto de la pertenencia de los empleados a sus unidades. 340 empleados públicos participaron en la muestra. Los resultados confirman un efecto mediador total de la satisfacción laboral entre la ambigüedad de rol y la CCO. Este resultado tiene importantes implicaciones en el bienestar de los empleados, al reducir los efectos negativos de la ambigüedad de rol en el desempeño de los empleados públicos. / O objetivo do estudo foi examinar o efeito mediador da satisfação no trabalho na relação entre a ambiguidade do papel é o comportamento de cidadania organizacional (CCO) em duas empresas públicas locais, a proposta do estudo esteve baseada no modelo Healthy & Resilient Organization (HERO; Salanova, Llorens, Cifre & Martínez, 2012). Um modelo de mediação multinível entre essas variáveis foi proposto, controlando o efeito de pertencimento dos funcionários nas suas empresas. A amostra foi composta de 340 funcionários públicos. Os resultados confirmam um efeito mediador da satisfação no trabalho entre a ambiguidade de papel e o CCO. Este resultado tem importantes implicações para o bem-estar dos empregados, reduzindo os efeitos negativos da ambiguidade do papel no desempenho dos funcionários públicos.