Magister Artium (Development Studies) - MA (DVS) / A large number of people have found themselves in South Africa as economic refugees due to the economic decline that has been experienced in Zimbabwe over the years. A significant number are undocumented and therefore face different challenges compared to other groups. Little research has been done to look at this particular group. The research gives a background of the state of the economy and the political reasons that have acted as a push factor to the people. The research seeks to ascertain why and how a group of migrants viewed as especially vulnerable remit. In answering this question, the thesis addresses specific questions such as; the types of jobs and socioeconomic background of migrants, frequency and volumes of remitting and channels of remitting. These questions were guided by the International Theory Migration and an empirical review of motives for remitting.

The study describes the labour conditions for migrants in Sweden and aims at examining who is to benefit from increased labour migration. The qualitative method with a literature review is complemented with an interview in order to incorporate undocumented migrants’ perspective. Labour migration is discussed with the possible progress towards circular migration and thereafter incorporated in analyse with the dual labour market theory. The results show that it is foremost Swedes and migrants from inside the EU/EEA region that benefit from labour migration while migrants from outside the region will have to follow employers’ needs. This has lead to labour permits in low wage sectors were migrants supplement to structural inflation. The demand for cheap labour has also led to the exploitation of undocumented migrants who are paid starvation salaries. If these services are increasingly requested, serious employers might find it difficult to stand against decreasing minimum salaries and the welfare will decrease for more groups of employers. Meanwhile, changing demography is predicted to necessitate increased migration to sustain an economical growth in Sweden. This would also suggest that Sweden receives the main benefit from increased labour migration.

Abstract The purpose of this essay is to study how undocumented migrants situation is constructed inSwedish massmedia discourse. The purpose has also been to study how the compromisedhuman rights of undocumented migrants in Sweden are legitimated in massmedia discourseand how resistance is constructed. The following main questions have been processed in this essay: - How are undocumented migrants and their situation constructed in Swedish massmediadiscourse?- How is society’s part in the situation constructed? Following questions are related to the main questions:- How is the situation that undocumented migrants face in Sweden legitimated in discourse?-What social consequences do the constructions have for undocumented migrants and for theSwedish society? The questions have been answered through a discourse analysis on empirical materialconsisting of ten news clips from Swedish public service television SVT and ten articles fromthe online editions of the main national newspapers Dagens Nyheter, Svenska Dagbladet, Aftonbladet and Expressen. The analysis was done with analytic methods from discursivepsychology and with the sociological theories at hand in this essay. The conclusions drawn from the analysis are that the situation is constructed according todifferent interpretative repertoires drawing on humanitarian discourses and economicdiscourses, which lead to separate social consequences and ideological categorisations of ”usand them”. The rethoric constructions of the situation in massmedia contributes to thelegitimation of the marginalisation of undocumented migrants in Sweden through the focus onpolitical and financial aspects and the legal status of the migrant before human rights. / Sammanfattning Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur irreguljära migranter, eller ”papperslösa” flyktingars situation konstrueras diskursivt i svensk massmedia. Syftet är även att studera hur ”papperslösa” flyktingars villkorade mänskliga rättigheter i Sverige legitimeras diskursivt i massmedia och hur konstruktioner av motmakt görs. Följande frågeställningar behandlas i uppsatsen: - Hur konstrueras ”papperslösa” flyktingar och deras situation diskursivt i svensk massmedia?- Hur konstrueras samhällets roll i situationen? Följande underfrågor är relaterade till frågeställningarna:- Hur legitimeras situationen som ”papperslösa” ställs inför i Sverige diskursivt?- Vilka sociala konsekvenser kan konstruktionerna ha för ”papperslösa” och för samhället? Frågeställningarna besvaras genom en diskursanalys av ett empiriskt urval bestående av tio nyhetsinslag som sänts i Sverige Television och tio nyhetsartiklar från Dagens Nyheter, Svenska Dagbladet, Aftonbladet och Expressens Internetupplagor. Analysen genomförs med diskurspsykologiska analytiska verktyg utifrån de befintliga sociologiska teorierna. Resultatet visar att situationen konstrueras enligt skilda tolkningsrepertoarer som bygger på humanitära och ekonomiska diskurser som leder till olika sociala konsekvenser och ideologiska kategoriseringar av ”vi och dom”. Resultatet visar även att retoriska konstruktioner av situationen i massmedia bidrar till att legitimera att ”papperslösa” individer marginaliseras i Sverige genom att fokus i rapporteringen ligger på politiska och ekonomiska aspekter samt ”papperslösa” individers legala status framför mänskliga rättigheter.

In this thesis, I analyse how the rights of undocumented migrants are understood and represented by different actors, such as politicians, public sector representatives, and Finnish scholars, in Finnish newspapers between 2015-2019. I conduct an argumentation analysis of secondary source news articles, drawing on a theoretical framework of Differentiation Theory and Social Constructivist Approach. This study identifies some key factors, which have contributed to the construction of an unclear understanding of undocumented migrants' rights. My results show that the identified factors have inter alia, led to significant municipal differences in the provision of rights. I argue that due to various factors, the understanding and representation of the rights of undocumented migrants differ widely, thus creating ambiguity to the overall understanding. The findings contribute to earlier research made on the rights of undocumented migrants in Finland as it examines how the rights are understood and represented and could potentially be employed both in policy development and understanding the concept itself.

The aim of this study is to compare organisations that help victims from human trafficking and prostitution with a focus on undocumented migrants. Germany is one of the chosen countries in this study because of the legalised and regulated prostitution policy and will be compared with Sweden with the contrasting policy in which sex purchase is criminalised but not to sell sex. To answer the study’s research question ‘What are the differences and similarities between the German and Swedish organisations’ approach in providing beneficial needs for the victims such as medical and economic resources?’ a thematic analysis will be used to find similarities and differentiation of the organisations describing methods that is stated on their websites. The paper uses feminist theories through approaches from feminist Empiricism, feminist Standpoint Epistemology, feminist Liberalism, and feminist Marxism. It is mainly through the feminist Liberal theories that explains how organisation in Germany differentiate in their handling of helping undocumented migrants in prostitution combined with Germany’s laws regarding illegal migrants. Contrary to Sweden that has feminist Marxist point of view regarding the prostitution policy since Sweden recognises all prostitutes as victims. The paper also finds that, by using the feminist empiricism and Standpoint epistemology, the organisations describe their work in similar ways regarding creating awareness of human trafficking.

This thesis examines the concept of solidarity and how it can contribute to the understanding of the criminalisation of those who provide humanitarian assistance to undocumented migrants in Europe. It also looks at acts of resistance against such criminalisation. Alternative explanations are explored on the basis of theories of solidarity, previous research and collection of material from international and European institutions on the legal situation within the European Union. Particular attention is given to illustrative cases focusing primarily on the more or less publicly acceptable provision of healthcare and the less publicly acceptable provision of housing. Criminalisation can be understood in the light of exclusive solidarity only for those with citizenship or residence permit and as a part of immigration enforcement by deterring those who want to help and therefore discouraging irregular migrants from staying in the EU. Resistance against such criminalisation is built locally, on the basis of solidarity with undocumented migrants that are relatable and familiar, which also explains why solidarity is harder to achieve on a national and European level. Resistance against criminalisation is also built on faith, dignity and other grounds such as cost-benefit estimates for cities tackling issues such as social inclusion and public health.

This thesis explores the political struggles that followed after the appearance of irregular migrants in Sweden. The analysis starts from the assumption that the group’s precarious circumstances of living disrupted the understanding of Sweden as an inclusive society and shed light on the limits of the welfare state’s inclusionary ambitions. The overarching analytical point of entry is accordingly that the appearance of irregular migrants constitutes an opening for contestation of the demarcation of the welfare state. The analysis draws on two strands of theory to explore this opening. Citizenship theory, first, provides insights about the contradictory logics of the welfare state, i.e. the fact that it rests on norms of equality and inclusion at the same time as it is premised on a fundamental exclusion of non-members. Discourse theory, furthermore, is brought in to make sense of the potential for contestation. The study approaches these struggles over demarcation through an analysis of the debates and claims-making that took place in the Swedish parliament between 1999 and 2014. The focal point of the analysis is the efforts to make sense of and respond to the predicament of the group. The study shows that efforts to secure rights and inclusion for the group revolved around two demands. The first demand, regularisation, aimed to secure rights for irregular migrants through status, i.e. through the granting of residence permits, whereas the second demand, access to social rights, aimed to secure rights through turning the group into right-bearers in the welfare state. The thesis concludes that the debates and claims-making during the 2000s resulted in a small, but significant, shift in policy. In 2013, new legislation was adopted that granted irregular migrants access to schooling and health- and medical care. I argue that this was an effect of successful campaigning that managed to establish these particular rights as human rights, and as such, rights that should be provided to all residents regardless of legal status. Overall, however, I conclude that there has been an absence of more radical contestation of the citizenship order, and of accompanying notions of rights and entitlement, in the debates studied.

'Leaving no one behind' is the slogan for strategies and action plans. Goal 3 of the Agenda aims to "Ensure healthy lives and promote being for all at all ages" which includes sexual and reproductive health. However, it leads ther the policy frameworks are leading to the goal of 'leaving no one behind'. In order to answer the question, migrants' rights is one of them. The construction of the inequalities in the discourse will be

Bakgrund: Papperslösa och asylsökande räknas till samhällets mest utsatta och tillhör de grupper vilka FNs mänskliga rättigheter syftar till att skydda. Svensk lagstiftning är inte förenlig med dessa rättigheter. Papperslösa och asylsökande lider ofta av fysiska och psykiska problem och vägen till hälso- och sjukvård är kantad av hinder. Den svenska yrkesetiska koden för sjuksköterskor beskriver en professionell plikt att vårda alla på samma villkor. Omständigheter som hindrar sjuksköterskor att ge jämlik vård ställer dem inför problem och dilemman. Syfte: Syftet med studien är att beskriva sjuksköterskors erfarenheter av papperslösa och asylsökande i hälso- och sjukvården. Metod: Litteraturstudie med kvalitativ ansats. Tio vetenskapliga artiklar granskades och låg till grund för denna studie. Resultat: Studien fann fyra huvudteman, Att famla i blindo, Frustration, Kulturell kompetens och En känslomässig utmaning med åtta tillhörande subteman. Slutsats: Brist på/okunskap om riktlinjer var tydlig. Det är därför av stor vikt att författa och implementera riktlinjer i verksamheterna. Leiningers transkulturella omvårdnadsteori ska inspirera sjuksköterskor att utforma kulturanpassad omvårdnad. Den publicerade forskningen inom valt område var begränsad och talar för ett bristande forskningsintresse inom området. Klinisk betydelse: Genom att studera sjuksköterskors erfarenheter identifierades organisatoriska hinder som möjligen kan avlägsnas genom tydliga riktlinjer och ökad kunskap. Ett uppmärksammande av ämnet kan leda till strukturella förändringar och ett införlivande av rätten till lika vård. / Background: Undocumented migrants and asylum seekers are part of society’s most vulnerable groups which the UN Human Rights seeks to protect. Swedish legislation does not comply with these rights. Undocumented migrants and asylum seekers often suffer physical and psychological problems and the road to health care is paved with obstacles. The Swedish Ethical Code for nurses describes a professional duty to provide care for all under the same conditions. Factors that prevent nurses from providing equitable care, cause problems and dilemmas. Aim: The aim of this study is to describe nurses' experiences of undocumented migrants and asylum seekers in the health care system. Method: Literature review with qualitative approach. Ten articles were reviewed and formed the basis for this study. Result: The findings of this study revealed four major themes Flying blind, Frustration, Cultural competence and An emotional challenge with eight subthemes. Conclusion: The lack of / ignorance of guidelines were clear. The writing and implementation of guidelines is therefore essential. Leininger transcultural nursing theory can inspire nurses to develop cultural appropriate care. Published research in this subject was limited therefore suggesting a lack of interest in this area of research. Clinical significance: By studying nurses' experiences, organizational barriers were identified. These may possibly be eliminated by clear guidance and knowledge. Highlighting this problem can lead to structural changes, thereby helping to incorporate equitable health care for all.

Thesis (MPH.) -- University of Limpopo, 2020 / Background Health status and access to adequate healthcare are vulnerabilities that undocumented migrants face in the receiving country. The purpose of the study was to explore the experiences of undocumented Zimbabwean migrants on accessing public healthcare services in the Tshwane Metro, South Africa. Methods A qualitative, descriptive and exploratory research was conducted to explore the experiences of undocumented Zimbabwean migrants on accessing public healthcare services in Tshwane Metro, South Africa. A group of undocumented Zimbabwean migrants (n=20) were purposively sampled. Data were analysed using a grounded approach. Results The study has highlighted the challenges undocumented Zimbabwean migrants living in the Tshwane Metro, South Africa face when trying to access public healthcare services. The study also highlighted the alternative health-seeking strategies the migrants were using to access health services. The findings revealed that there were tensions between public health workers and undocumented migrants. These tensions were contrary to international compacts as well as the policy provisions of the South African government. Conclusion A human rights paradigm needs to be central to any dialogue regarding migrants, legal or illegal, as their health status was invariably entwined with that of the citizens of South Africa.