During the late 1970s, when oil exploration and extraction from the North Sea were at a peak, there was increasing concern about the number of episodes of unexplained confusion, loss of consciousness and deaths during dives. Previous field measurements on divers had demonstrated that divers became hypothermic with little or no sensation of cold, despite suit heating using tepid water pumped from the surface. This thesis describes laboratory experiments designed to document and to determine the cause of 'insidious' hypothermia. Initially, it was shown that uniform skin cooling in tepid water could produce subnormal body temperatures in all subjects tested, whether or not they had been acclimatised to cold. This symptomless fall in deep body temperature could be reversed by further chilling the hands and feet using a separate water circulation system, while the rest of the body remained in tepid water. The rise in deep body temperature was shown to be due to an increase in metabolic rate caused by shivering, with cold-acclimatised subjects shivering less. The main cause of 'insidious' hypothermia is therefore inadequate skin stimulation of thermoregulatory reflexes by lukewarm water, with previous cold water exposure further reducing responses. The next series of experiments was designed, to assess the impairment of memory and reasoning processes by oold, since most previous evidence find been inadequate or anecdotal. Psychological tests were administered during the unusual physiological circumstances on rewarming after oold immersion, where subjects felt warm and comfortable, but had a low or falling deep body temperature. The results clearly showed that the ability to form new memories was seriously impaired, even by mild falls in temperature, and that reasoning processes were greatly prolonged, although remaining accurate. The current work has therefore successfully determined the cause of the hypothermia which occurs in lukewarm water, and has shown that mental abilities are seriously affected early in the development of hypothermia.

The Institutional Reform of Land Development of Mainland China¡G A case study on urban regeneration of Putian City. The Peoples' Republic of China launched economic reforms and open-door policy in 1978.After that, China launched the compensatory transfer of land ownership system in which land could be sold in terms of money. China's real estate industry had kept a rapid growth momentum; Chinese government has taken real estates industry as a new drive for its economic growth. On the policy background of decentralization of powers among government level, the district governments owned strong financial autonomy and land approval rights, thus promoting district rent seeking behavior have become the key factors which attracted the district government to release land into the real estate market positively. After economic reform in China, central government relegated more authority to subordinate level of governments, make place bureaucrat enjoy power of measuring and decision, because the land development system is complicated and has local personalities again on the other hand, so this study proceeds from the investigation view of Taiwan trader invested in, with Putian City of Fujian Province, Field case was used to verify the Current Situation and Difficulties that Taiwan trader is facing while investigating real estate in the specific city of Mainland China, to supplement the investigation result which had been done by Jin¡¦s (2001) in land development system. The main conclusion of this study is as follows¡G 1. The comprehensive network relationship with relevant government department, and organizational operation, planning strategy and management performance is very important to land development project. 2. Expropriation compensation and the settle down procedure is more and more Institutionalize gradually. 3. The government manages efficiency low, and postpone redevelopment schedule painstakingly in high perplexity renewal area. 4. The coastal second level city, like Putian City, is indeed suitable for medium-size enterprise of Taiwan to develop real estate career.

This study is unique in investigating instances of Specific Learning Difficulties (Dyslexia) among mature students in British institutes of tertiary education. Despite growing awareness of this condition, it is only during the last thirty years that cases of dyslexia among adults have been distinguished from aphasia. Assessments were conducted using a structured questionnaire, psychometric tests, measures of attainment, vocational interest and personality. Test results provided support for the view that dyslexia is characterised by a discrepancy between language skills and intellectual ability accompanied by measurable cognitive differences. Significant differences were found on tests of short term memory, while spelling difficulties were the most enduring form of written language difficulty. Differences found on measures of personality, are thought to reflect an interaction between personality and coping strategies. Most subjects had felt constrained to take Jobs with a low interest level, ie. they had compromised their vocational interests and subsequently achieved lower socio-economic status than their fathers. The investigation into the provision made by British universities revealed that very few have any formal policy for dealing with dyslexic students. Most were unable to state what course support or examination concessions were available. In a study of factors related to modality, dyslexic students took longer to read material and remembered less than other groups. When using multi-modal material dyslexic subjects remembered more but must reconcile improving their recall ability with the expense of spending more time. In a second study of factors thought to influence the marking of scripts It was found that higher marks were not awarded to typewritten scripts free from spelling errors. Changes in format only influenced the focus of the tutors' comments. The conclusions are that dyslexia does not improve spontaneously, the dyslexic child is likely to become a dyslexic adult who will continue to experience difficulties with language skills, especially spelling, while the individuals educational, social and occupational ambitions are likely to be compromised because of their specific learning difficulties.

Due to the seriousness and prevalence of eating disorders, exploring the etiology of these disorders and identifying specific at-risk populations is crucial. One promising risk factor that has been linked to the development of eating disorders is competitiveness (Burckle, Ryckman, Gold, Thornton, & Audesse, 1999; Striegel-Moore, Silberstein, Grunberg, & Rodin, 1990). Additionally, specific populations of women have been shown to experience higher rates of eating disorders. Women in sororities are one such group identified with higher rates of disordered eating than their non-sorority counterparts (Basow, Foran, Bookwala, 2007; Crandall,1988; Schulken, Pinciaro, Sawyer, Jensen, & Hoban, 1997). Therefore this study will seek to understand more about how competitiveness may differentially impact this population of women and contribute to higher rates of eating disorder symptomatology. This project has several objectives. First, the prevalence of eating disorders, competition among women, and relational aggression among women in sororities will be addressed. In order to assess whether women in sororities differ from women who are not in sororities on measures of eating disorders symptomatology, a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) will be conducted. The constructs of competitiveness and relational aggression will be compared amongwomen in sororities and their non-sorority counterparts. A one-way multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) will be conducted to determine whether there are mean differences between women in sororities and those not on four constructs of competitiveness (hypercompetitiveness, personal development competitiveness, female competition for status competitiveness, and female competition for mates competitiveness). Finally, an ANOVA will be conducted to determine if there are mean differences between women in sororities and women not in sororities on a measure of relational aggression. The second focus of this project is to examine if different forms of competitiveness are better at predicting eating disorders. The constructs of competitiveness that have been individually demonstrated to predict eating disorder behavior will be included. Multiple regression will be used to examine how well knowing a participant’s type of competitive attitude will help explain eating disorder symptomatology. Lastly, because the literature has not yet explored how relational aggression relates to the development of eating disorders, the final purpose of this study will be to understand this relationship. In attempting to understand this relationship, a mediation model will be performed. Participants for this study will include 270 undergraduate women from the Educational Psychology subject pool. / text

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Competition for resources plays an important role in natural selection, creating winners and losers. Winners become socially dominant, obtain resources and so increase their fitness at the expense of losers. Provided they are heritable, phenotypic traits promoting competitive success will be inherited by subsequent generations. Thus, while resource dependent traits (e.g. growth) that rely on competitive outcomes are widely recognised as being under strong selection, this is also likely to be the case for those traits that determine competitive ability and social dominance. In addition, competition is expected to be an important source of stress, for example, harassment of subordinates by dominant individuals. Consequently individual fitness may depend not only on the ability to win resources, but also on the ability to cope with stress. This thesis proposes that social dominance is not just a simple consequence of body size or weaponry, but rather that the interplay between growth, repeatable behavioural characteristics (i.e. personality), and the ability to cope with social and environmental stressors are equally important factors. Thus the dynamic of dominance arises, a model that highlights the expectation of complex relationships between traits causal and consequent to social dominance. Here, empirical studies of Xiphophorus sp. are used to test each element in the model. First the concept of individual personality is explored, asking to what extent it is really stable over long periods of time (equivalent to lifespans). Next, the links between behaviour, physiological stress and contest outcome are considered and, using a repeated measures approach, the hypothesis that individuals differ in stress coping style is evaluated. Finally, using a quantitative genetic approach the additive genetic variance-covariance matrix (G) is estimated between behavioural and life history traits under experimentally manipulated levels of competition. In this way the contribution of genetic and environmental effects to the patterns of trait (co)variation that make up the dynamic of dominance is assessed.

The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the social and psychological implications created by unstable placements and trauma experienced by former foster youth. The participants of the study were recruited from college campuses via Extended Opportunity Program and Services liaisons as well as the Guardian Scholar Program liaisons. The sample included individuals that identified as former foster youth and individuals that identified as never being in foster care. The findings indicated the social and psychological differences among former foster youth that resided in unstable living arrangements as compared to youth that were not in foster care.