Os sistemas ópticos atuais, baseados em fibras monomodo, operam próximos ao limite teórico da capacidade. Sistemas ópticos baseados em multiplexação modal (Mode Division Multiplexing – MDM) possibilitam o aumento da capacidade do sistema por meio do uso de fibras de poucos modos. Nestes sistemas, a propriedade de ortogonalidade entre os modos propagantes permite que cada modo espacial carregue um sinal óptico específico. O amplificador à fibra dopada com érbio (Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier – EDFA) segue fundamental para assegurar a transmissão em longas distâncias. No entanto, devido às distintas distribuições de intensidade dos modos que compõem o sinal de entrada, cada modo experimenta diferentes valores de ganho. Desta forma, o objetivo principal no projeto de EDFAs de poucos modos (Few-Mode Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier – FM-EDFA) é determinar os melhores parâmetros opto-geométricos da fibra para produzir uma amplificação eficiente. A metodologia normalmente empregada é baseada na resolução das equações de taxa e de propagação. Nesta tese, é proposta uma metodologia alternativa de projeto de FM-EDFA, baseada em uma nova figura de mérito. Este parâmetro quantifica o nível de inversão da população dos íons na fibra a partir da integral de superposição (overlap integral), considerando tanto o perfil de dopagem da fibra dopada com érbio para poucos modos (Few-Mode Erbium-Doped Fiber – FM-EDF) quanto as distribuições de intensidade dos sinais de entrada e de bombeio. A aplicação desta metodologia permite reduzir, em cerca de 25-40 vezes, o número de resoluções das equações de taxa e de propagação e, consequentemente, diminuir o tempo de processamento e reduzir o esforço computacional. Como consequência da maior velocidade de processamento, torna-se possível a aplicação de métodos de otimização mais rigorosos, permitindo uma busca em um espaço irrestrito de soluções. Especificamente, a partir de uma metodologia baseada em algoritmos genéticos, obteve-se um perfil de dopagem otimizado. É também demonstrado que os perfis com geometria circular exibem melhores características, como excelente desempenho do FM-EDFA e maior facilidade de fabricação. Por meio da análise da figura de mérito, é mostrado que o desempenho do FM-EDFA é afetado pelas características do modo de bombeio. Finalmente, o desempenho de um sistema óptico MDM é avaliado, simulado por meio da integração entre as ferramentas MatLab® e VPItransmissionMakerTM, comprovando a necessidade do projeto de um amplificador específico para sistemas MDM. / Modern optical systems based on single-mode fiber, operate close to the theoretical capacity limit. By using few-mode fibers, optical systems based on modal division multiplexing (MDM) allows increased system capacity. In these systems, orthogonality between the propagating modes allows each spatial mode to carry a specific optical signal. The erbium doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) remains essential to ensure long distance transmission. However, due to the distinct intensity profile distributions of the modes which comprise the input signal, each mode experiences a different value of optical gain. Thus, the main objective in the few-mode EDFA design (FM-EDFA) is to determine the best opto-geometrical fiber parameters in order to produce an efficient amplification. The methodology normally used is based on the simultaneous resolution of the rate and propagation equations. In this thesis, we propose an alternative methodology for the FM-EDFA design, based on a new figure of merit which quantifies the level of population inversion for the Er ions in the fiber, by means of a overlap integral considering both the doping profile of the few-mode erbium doped fiber (FM-EDF) as well as the intensity distributions of the optical signals and pump beams. This methodology reduces, by a factor of 25-40, the number of resolutions of the rate and propagation equations, thereby decreasing processing time and computational effort. As a consequence of the improved processing speed, it becomes possible to apply more rigorous optimization methods in an unrestricted solution space. Specifically, by using a genetic algorithm technique, we obtained an optimized doping profile. It is also shown that profiles with circular geometry exhibit improved features, such as excellent FM-EDFA performance and ease of manufacturing. By analyzing the figure of merit, it is shown that the FM-EDFA performance is affected by the characteristics of the pump mode. Finally, the performance of an MDM optical system is evaluated, by integrating Matlab and VPI simulation tools, to demonstrate the need for specific amplifier designs in MDM systems.

Ces travaux de recherche visent à introduire et à généraliser l'utilisation des systèmes différentiels dans les applications RF et Micro-ondes. En particulier, dans la conception de dispositifs pour les fonctions d'amplification à faible bruit. Pour cela, il est indispensable de développer des outils fiables et rigoureux tels que le formalisme des modes mixtes introduit par Bockelman. C'est dans cet esprit que s'inscrit la première phase de l'étude. Le but étant de développer un outil pour l'analyse de la stabilité linéaire des systèmes différentiels à trois et quatre accès. Par ailleurs, les interfaces des circuits numériques ultra-rapides (CNA) sont de topologie différentielle. Ce qui augmente encore l'intérêt de disposer de méthodes rigoureuses pour la conception des systèmes différentiels. Dans la deuxième phase de l'étude la problématique de l'intégration système des CNAs dans les nouvelles générations des chaines de transmission RF des satellites de télécommunications est traitée. La conception d'un balun actif large bande capable d'assurer la conversion de la sortie analogique différentielle du CNA en sortie simple accès (Single-ended) référencée par rapport à la masse est détaillée. Afin de répondre aux contraintes d'intégration, une technologie BiCMOS SiGe 0.25 μm est utilisée pour son implémentation. Les performances obtenues par la mesure de la puce Silicium réalisée respectent les spécifications techniques initiales de l'application. Ce qui permet de valider la méthodologie de conception utilisée. L'objectif final est d'être capable d'intégrer sur un même substrat monolithique le CNA et le balun actif large bande de conversion de modes. / This research work aims to develop analytical tools for the analysis and design of differential systems. While the use of differential circuits in RF reception/transmission chains is increasingly growing, there is no accurate method to study their stability. First the common tools to study RF differential components are introduced. Then, the development of a CAD tool that can be rigorously used to investigate the extrinsic stability of linear differential systems is presented. Finally this tool is applied to study the stability of in a real case. The design addresses a three port component that aims to convert the differential output of digital to analog converter into a single-ended access for a spatial application purpose. This broadband active balun is designed using BiCMOS technology. Measurements are performed and the results are in good agreement with the simulation. All the initial specications are achieved, which validate the approach developed in this study.

This diploma thesis deals with design methods and optimization techniques of dynamic latched comparators. It compares latched and continuous comparators and describes their principle. Then it analyses three popular latched comparator structures with respect to offset, speed and kickback noise. It shows practical comparator design focused on offset precision.

This master’s thesis deals with half-wave and full-wave rectifiers and instrumentation amplifier design in CMOS technology, suitable for biomedical signal processing. Properties of optional solutions are analyzed and appropriate circuits are designed. Their functionality is verified with simulation. Designed circuits are then used to form a circuit converting differential input voltage into rectified output current.

The aim of this diploma thesis is to design active frequency filters based on passive RLC prototype. Three methods of the design of active filters and active functional blocks of electronic circuits working in current or mixed mode are used to this purpose. These blocks allow to process electrical signals with frequencies up to low tens of megahertz. In addition they feature for instance with high slew rate and low supply voltage power. Active high-pass and low-pass 2nd order filters are designed using simulation of inductor by active subcircuit method. Grounded and subsequently floating synthetic inductor is made with the current conveyors in the first case and with the current operational amplifiers with single input and differential output in the second case. This method advantage is relatively simple design and disadvantage is great quantity of active functional blocks. Active filters based on passive frequency ladder 3rd order filter while only one floating inductor is connected, are designed with circuit equation method. In the first design differential input / output current followers are used and in the second case current-differencing buffered amplifiers are used. This method benefits by smaller active blocks number and disadvantage is more complex design of the active filter. Active filter based on passive prototype of low-pass 3rd order filter with two floating inductors is designed with Bruton transformation method. Final active filter uses current operational amplifiers with single input and differential output which together with other passive elements replace frequency depending negative resistor, which arise after previous Bruton transform. This method usage is advantageous if the design consists of larger quantity of inductors and less number of capacitors. High-pass 2nd order filter is simulated by tolerance and parametrical analyses. Physical realisation utilising current feedback operational amplifier which substitute commercially hardly accessible current conveyors is subsequently made. Measurements of constructed active filter show that additional modifications, which allow better amplitude frequency characteristics conformity, are necessary.

The topic of this master’s thesis was a frequency filters and their realization using modern active elements like UVC, UCC, VFA, CFA and OTA. The base point of this thesis was designed frequency filters with these active elements, when the shape of the transfer function will be identical for all structures and compare the characteristics of active elements. The proposed frequency filters are second order with one or two active elements. In the first part of thesis are discussed basic properties of frequency filters, their properties and distribution. Next are described the general characteristics of active filters and their basic elements such as operational amplifier OTA, VFA and CFA, and recently more frequently used voltage and current conveyor. The second part is the frequency filters designed with these elements is the same transfer function. Subsequently, simulations are done all the filters and obtained the frequency response. Finally, these filters are experimentally made and made practical measurements.

This Master`s thesis deals with properties of current feedback operational amplifier. The main goal of this work is creation design process of current feedback operational amplifier by using CMOS technology AMIS 0,7 µm. Next goal of this work is attestation of funciton our design process. Last goal is creation the datasheet of our amplifier.

This master’s thesis is dealing with low frequency all valve stereo amplifier unit conception for an electric guitar. The amplifier contains two independent output stages with two power tubes EL34, working in AB class, with 40Watts of power. The apparatus is equipped with two channels, EQ correctors, parallel effects loop, output selection with lowered anode power supply, selection between silicon or tube rectifier. The preamplifier works in mono mode and the stereophony is reached by dividing the signal in an added effects system. This unusual solution differs from both monaural conceptions and binaural power amplifiers which contains no preamp. It offers the possibility of stereophony without the necessity of dividing the guitar signal before the amplifier’s input. The sound that comes from the speaker on one side is effected and on the other side is dry by using monaural effects apparatus. The sound from both speakers is effected by using binaural effect apparatus. The amplifier can be used as power amplifier stage only when the return of the effect loop is used as the amplifier input. Every available possible solution is discussed in case of each block and then the most suitable is chosen. The biggest attention is paid to a proposal and calculation of both power and output transformer, ergonomical lay-out of the stages in need of the best S/N separation. The stages were simulated in Micro-Cap 9.0 and Tonestack 1.3 computer programmes. The construction was carried out with the emphasis on proper shielding and grounding. The overall stability tests were performed after building the amplifier as well as frequency characteristics with the scope and distortion with the distortion meter.

This diploma thesis deals with digital audio amplifier with universal inputs and its design. The first part describes modulation and audio formats for audio electronics. The thesis contain design of a block diagram of the digital audio amplifier and describes the requirements for functional blocks. As a basic device for audio signal processing was choosen integrated circuit STA326. The thesis continue with circuits design for each blocks with a description of their principles. The next section describes the construction and firmware for microcontroller. The last part of this diploma thesis is targeted on the presentation of the measured parameters of the amplifier. The conclusion summarizes the results that have been achieved and advantages and disadvantages of the digital audio amplifier prototype.

This thesis deals with the fractional (1+)-order filters. The proposed filters operate in the current-mode. The derivation of the filters has been achieved using a third-order aproximation of the coresponding fractional-order transfer functions. It also describes active elements such as universal current conveyor, current follower and operational transconductance amplifier. In the end of this thesis some new circuit solutions of the fractional-order filter are proposed. Then the proposed filters are realized and experimentally measured.