Le chlore est largement utilisé pour ses propriétés bactéricides dans les piscines. Dans les eaux de piscine, le chlore réagit avec les matières azotées et carbonées générées par l’activité humaine (sueur, salive, urine, peau) pour former divers composés toxiques tels que la monochloramine (NH2Cl), la dichloramine (NHCl2), le trichlorure d'azote (NCl3), le chloroforme (CHCl3), etc… qui se retrouvent dans l’atmosphère. La détection et la quantification de ces composés volatils à des teneurs ppb (partie par milliard) est un réel besoin afin de contrôler la qualité de l’air des piscines. Cependant il n’existe pas à ce jour des appareils à la fois sensibles et peu coûteux.L’objectif de ce travail de thèse est d’élaborer des capteurs chimiques colorimétriques, sensibles, sélectifs et peu coûteux de la monochloramine, du trichlorure d’azote et du chloroforme. Dans ce but, nous avons mis au point des capteurs chimiques réalisés à partir de matrices nanoporeuses de silicate dopée des réactifs. Ainsi le capteur de NCl3 dopé de NaI et d’amylose permet de mesurer de faibles teneurs de NCl3 (5 ppb à 180 ppb) dans les atmosphères humides (50-80% HR) des piscines. Grâce au changement rapide de couleur, de transparent à rose-violet, visible à l’œil nu, le capteur de NCl3 permet de surveiller la qualité de l’air dans les piscines. Le capteur sélectif de NH2Cl est basé sur la réaction de Berthelot. La matrice de silicate nanoporeuse dopée de nitroprussiate de sodium et de phénol en milieu alcalin, initialement transparente, devient bleue lors d’une exposition à NH2Cl gazeux. Ce capteur permet de détecter NH2Cl dans la gamme de 60 à 250 ppb dans une atmosphère très humide (≈ 80%). Utilisé pour la sonder la qualité des eaux de piscine, il permet de mesurer NH2Cl dans l’eau avec une limite de détection de 0,1 µmol•L-1. Une étude préliminaire de la détection de CHCl3 a également été entreprise pour déterminer les molécules-sonde aptes à réagir avec le chloroforme en formant des produits colorés. Les réactifs de la réaction de Fujiwara ont été sélectionnés. L’étude de la réactivité de la 2,2’-bipyridine en solution en présence d’une base forte a permis de mettre en évidence la formation simultanée de deux composés colorés, dont la formation dépend de la nature de l’environnement réactionnel. / In swimming-pools, chlorine is used as a disinfectant to minimize the risk to users from microbial contaminants. In water, chlorine reacts with nitrogen compounds generated by human activity like saliva, sweat, urine and skin, leading to the formation of toxic compounds, such as monochloramine (NH2Cl), dichloramine (NHCl2), nitrogen trichloride (NCl3), chloroform (CHCl3), etc… The detection and the quantification of these volatile compounds at ppb level (part per billion) is an important and significant challenge to be able to monitor the air quality in swimming pool. Or, there is currently no commercially available and low-cost system which can instantaneously measure at ppb concentrations.The aim of this research is to develop a cheap, sensitive and selective chemical and colorimetric sensors of monochloramine, nitrogen trichloride and chloroform. For this purpose, we developed chemical sensors based on the use of nanoporous silicate matrices doped with probe-molecules. The NCl3 sensor doped with NaI and amylose can detect NCl3 at ppb level (5 ppb – 180 ppb) in humid atmospheres (from 50% to 80% relative humidity) at ambient pool temperatures. Due to the fast change of color, visible with naked eyes, these sensors can be used to detect peaks of pollution and to monitor the air quality of indoor pools. The NH2Cl selective sensor is based on the Berthelot reaction. The nanoporous silicate matrices doped with sodium nitroprusside and phenol in an alkaline medium, turn from transparent to blue upon exposure to gaseous NH2Cl. This sensor can detect NH2Cl in the range from 60 to 250 ppb in a very humid atmosphere (≈ 80%). Used to probe the quality of pool water, this sensor can detect NH2Cl in water with a detection limit of 0,1 µmol•L-1. A preliminary study of the CHCl3 detection was also conducted to identify probe-molecules capable of reacting with chloroform to form colored products. The reagents of the Fujiwara reaction were selected. The study of the 2,2’-bipyridine reactivity in solution in the presence of a strong base allowed highlighting the simultaneous formation of two colored compounds, whose formation depends on the nature of the reaction environment.

Afin d'étudier la diffusion et la libération de molécules de tailles inférieures dans un gel polymère, les coefficients d'auto-diffusion d'une série de polymères en étoile avec un noyau d'acide cholique et quatre branches de poly(éthylène glycol) (PEG) ont été déterminés par spectroscopie RMN à gradient de champ pulsé dans des solutions aqueuses et des gels de poly(alcool vinylique). Les coefficients de diffusion obtenus ont été comparés avec ceux des PEGs linéaires et dendritiques pour étudier l'effet de l'architecture des polymères. Les polymères en étoile amphiphiles ont des profils de diffusion en fonction de la concentration similaires à leurs homologues linéaires dans le régime dilué. Ils diffusent plus lentement dans le régime semi-dilué en raison de leur noyau hydrophobe. Leurs conformations en solution ont été étudiées par des mesures de temps de relaxation spin-réseau T1 du noyau et des branches. L'imagerie RMN a été utilisée pour étudier le gonflement des comprimés polymères et la diffusion dans la matrice polymère. Les comprimés étaient constitués d'amidon à haute teneur en amylose et chargés avec de l'acétaminophène (de 10 à 40% en poids). Le gonflement des comprimés, ainsi que l'absorption et la diffusion de l'eau, augmentent avec la teneur en médicament, tandis que le pourcentage de libération du médicament est similaire pour tous les comprimés. Le gonflement in vitro des comprimés d'un complexe polyélectrolyte à base d'amidon carboxyméthylé et de chitosane a également été étudié par imagerie RMN. Ces comprimés sont sensibles au pH : ils gonflent beaucoup plus dans les milieux acides que dans les milieux neutres en raison de la dissociation des deux composants et de la protonation des chaînes du chitosane. La comparaison des résultats avec ceux d'amidon à haute teneur en amylose indique que les deux matrices ont des gonflements et des profils de libération du médicament semblables dans les milieux neutres, alors que les comprimés complexes gonflent plus dans les milieux acides en raison de la dissociation du chitosane et de l'amidon. / In an effort to study the diffusion and release of small molecules in a polymeric system, the self-diffusion coefficients of a series of star polymers with a cholic acid core bearing four poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) arms in aqueous solutions and gels of poly(vinyl alcohol) were determined by pulsed gradient spin-echo NMR techniques. The results have been compared with those of linear and dendritic PEGs to elucidate the effect of the architecture of the polymers. The amphiphilic star polymers show similar concentration-dependent diffusion behaviors in the dilute regime to their linear homologues. They diffuse more slowly in the semi-dilute regime than the linear PEGs due to the presence of the hydrophobic core. The conformation of the star polymers in the solutions was studied by measuring the T1 values of the core and the arms of the diffusants. NMR imaging was used to study the swelling of polymeric tablets and diffusion in the polymer matrix. The tablets investigated were made of cross-linked high amylose starch (CHAS) and loaded with acetaminophen (10, 20 and 40 wt%). The swelling, water uptake and diffusion in the CHAS network are faster at higher drug loading levels, while the drug release rates are similar among all the tablets. The in vitro swelling of the tablets made of a polyelectrolyte complex based on chitosan and carboxymethylated starch has also been studied by NMR imaging. These tablets showed pH-sensitive behavior. They swelled much more in acidic media than in neutral media due to dissociation of the two components and the protonation of the amino groups in the chitosan residues. The comparison of the results with those obtained with the CHAS tablets indicates that the two matrices have similar swelling and drug release profile in neutral media, while the complex tablets showed a greater extent of swelling in acidic media due the dissociation of the chitosan from the complex.

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No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Aline Mendonça Pascoal - 2014.doc: 4428288 bytes, checksum: 759c80688c07f85efa0d5d3663f7dbec (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-28 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Goiás - FAPEG / This study was conducted to evaluate the chemical, physical-chemical, biochemical and rheological properties of starch from Solanum lycocarpum. The pulp from Solanum lycocarpum fruits was used as raw material for extraction of starch, resulting in a yield of 51%. The starch granules were heterogeneous in size, presenting a conical appearance, very similar to those from high-amylose cassava starch. The elemental analysis (CHNS) revealed 64.33% carbon, 7.16% hydrogen and 0.80% nitrogen. FT-IR spectroscopy showed the peaks characteristic of polysaccharides and NMR analysis confirmed the presence of the α-anomer of D-glucose. The S. lycocarpum starch was characterized by high value of intrinsic viscosity (3515 mPa s) and estimated molecular weight around 645.69 kDa. Furthermore, this starch was classified as a C-type and high amylose content starch, presenting 34.66% of amylose and 38% crystallinity. Endothermic transition temperatures (To = 61.25°C; Tp = 64.5°C; Tc = 67.5°C), gelatinization temperature (∆T = 6.3°C) and enthalpy changes (∆H= 13.21 J g−1) were accessed by DCS analysis. The thermogravimetric analysis of S. lycocarpum starch showed a typical three-step weight loss pattern. Microscopy revealed significant changes in the granule morphology after thermal treatment. Samples treated at 50°C for 10 min lost 52% of their crystallinity, which was partially recovered after storage for 7 days at 4°C. However, samples treated at 65°C for 10 min became were totally amorphous. This treatment was sufficient to completely disrupt the starch granule, as evidenced by the absence of an endothermic peak in the DSC thermogram. The RVA of S. lycocarpum starch revealed 4440.7 cP peak viscosity, 2660.5 cP breakdown viscosity, 2414.1 cP final viscosity, 834.3 cP setback viscosity, and a pasting temperature of 49.6°C. The low content of resistant starch (10.25%) and high content of digestible starch (89.78%) in S. lycocarpum suggest that this starch may be a good source for the production of hydrolysates, such as glucose syrup and its derivatives. These results make the S. lycocarpum fruit a very promising source of starch for biotechnological applications. / Este trabalho foi realizado para avaliar as propriedades químicas, físico- químicas, bioquímicas e reológicas do amido de Solanum lycocarpum. Polpas dos frutos de Solanum lycocarpum foram utilizadas como matéria-prima para a extração de amido, resultando em um rendimento de 51%. Os grânulos de amido apresentaram tamanho heterogêneo, com aparência cônica, muito semelhante ao amido de mandioca, com alto teor de amilose. A análise elementar (CHNS) revelou 64,33% de carbono, 7,16% de hidrogênio e 0,80% de nitrogênio. A espectroscopia FT-IR revelou picos característicos de polissacarídeos e a análise de RMN confirmou a presença do carbono αanomérico da D-glicose. O amido de S. lycocarpum apresentou elevada viscosidade intrínseca (3515 mPa s) e peso molecular estimado de 645,69 kDa. Além disso, este amido foi classificado como um amido do tipo C, apresentando 34,66% de amilose e 38% de cristalinidade. Através de análises por DCS determinou-se as temperaturas de transição endotérmica (To = 61,25°C; Tp = 64,5°C; Tc = 67,5°C), a variação da temperatura de gelatinização (∆T = 6,3°C) e a variação de entalpia (∆H = 13,21 J g-1). A análise termogravimétrica do amido de S. lycocarpum apresentou um padrão típico de perda de peso de três etapas. A microscopia revelou alterações significativas na morfologia dos grânulos após o tratamento térmico. As amostras tratadas a 50°C, durante 10 minutos, perderam 52% de sua cristalinidade, a qual foi parcialmente recuperada após armazenamento a 4°C, por 7 dias. No entanto, as amostras tratadas a 65°C, por 10 minutos, perderam totalmente sua cristalinidade, apresentando estrutura totalmente amorfa. Este tratamento foi suficiente para romper completamente o grânulo de amido, conforme evidenciado pela ausência do pico endotérmico na curva do DSC desta amostra. O RVA do amido de S. lycocarpum revelou um pico de viscosidade de 4440,7 cP, quebra de viscosidade 2660,5 cP, viscosidade final 2414,1 cP, tendência a retrogradação 834,3 cP e temperatura de pasta de 49,6°C. O baixo teor de amido resistente (10,25%) e o elevado teor de amido digerível (89,78%) sugerem que este amido pode ser uma boa fonte para a produção de hidrolisados, tais como xarope de glicose e seus derivados. Os resultados obtidos neste estudo fazem do fruto de S. lycocarpum uma fonte promissora de amido para aplicações biotecnológicas.

Regular starches contain two principal types of glucan polymers: amylopectin and amylose. The structure of amylopectin is characterized according to the unit chain length profile and the nature of the branching pattern, which determine the alignment of glucan chains during biosynthesis. The organization of glucan chains in amylopectin and their impact on the structure of starch are still open to debate. The location of amylose and its exact contribution to the assembly of crystalline lamellae in regular and high-amylose starch granules also remain unknown. The primary focus of this thesis is the organization and flexibility of glucan chains in crystalline lamellae. The organization and flexibility of glucan chains in native, annealed (ANN), and heat-moisture treated (HMT) normal, waxy, hylon V, hylon VII, and hylon VIII corn starches were examined. This study has shown for the first time that increased amounts of apparent amylose in B-type starches hinder the polymorphic transition (from B to A+B) during HMT. The research has also demonstrated that an iodine-glucan complex transformed the B-type polymorphic pattern of hylon starches into a V-type pattern. The differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) results showed that ANN- and HMT-induced changes were most pronounced in hylon starches. These findings suggest that the glucan tie chains influences the assembly of crystalline lamellae in high-amylose starches. The relationship between the internal unit chain composition of amylopectin, and the thermal properties and annealing of starches from four different structural types of amylopectin was investigated by DSC. The onset gelatinization temperature (To) correlated negatively with the number of building blocks in clusters (NBbl) and positively with the inter-block chain length (IB-CL). The enthalpy of gelatinization (∆H) correlated positively with the external chain length of amylopectin. Annealing results showed that starches with a short IB-CL were most susceptible to ANN, as evidenced by a greater increase in the To and Tm. The increase in enthalpy was greater in starches with long external chains and IB-CLs. These data suggest that the internal organization of glucan chains in amylopectin determines the alignment of chains within the crystalline lamellae and thereby the thermal properties and annealing of the starch granules.