The incidence of type 2 diabetes is considered an epidemic in Western countries, and its prevalence is more common in the Hispanic population than in non-Hispanic whites. Postprandial hyperglycemia has been associated with oxidative stress (OS), thus; reducing postprandial glycemia and/or OS through dietary consumption of resistant starch (RS) may be one approach to help modulate glucose and insulin responses. The purpose of this study was twofold: 1) to evaluate the physicochemical and sensory properties of cereal food products supplemented with RS. 2) to compare the effects of a single ingestion of granola bars with high (~18 grams of RS) and low (~0 grams of RS) RS compositions on the postprandial glucose and insulin responses (n=14) and oxidative stress parameters (cellular glutathione peroxidase, F2- isoprostanes, and oxygen radical absorbance capacity) in Hispanic women (n=9). Granola bars and cereals were developed to provide 2 levels (10% and 15%) of RS; isocaloric (0% RS) control samples were prepared with readily digestible (high amylopectin) starch. Samples were stored for up to 4 weeks at 20 °C. Mean composition of the high RS granola bars was 6% protein, 15% moisture, and 18% lipid. RS levels slightly increased from 14 to 16 g/serving after 4 weeks of storage, supporting published research that RS increases with storage due to retrogradation and crystallization of amylose chains. Color became lighter as the level of RS increased (p<0.001). Granola bars containing RS were less brittle (p=0.0043) than control granola bars. Sensory results indicated granola bars/cereals were acceptable. RS-supplemented granola bars were then used for the evaluation of RS ingestion in humans. There was no difference in postprandial glucose and insulin responses after a single ingestion of a RS-supplemented (18 g) granola bar. No differences were found in the oxidative stress parameters measured. In a subgroup of subjects (n=9), a lower glucose response 30 minutes after RS consumption was found (p=0.0496). Thus, RS consumption may lower fluctuations in blood glucose, which may help manage glucose levels in individuals at risk of type 2 diabetes. Further studies of short term RS consumption are warranted to elucidate its benefits in glucose management. / Ph. D.

Thèse numérisée par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal. / L'amylose réticulé (AR), obtenu suite à la reticulation de l'ami don à haute teneur en amylose par traitement à l'épichlorhydrine, a été introduit au début des années 1990 comme excipient pour la libération contrôlée de médicaments. Divers taux de reticulation de l'amylose peuvent être obtenus en variant le rapport épichlorhydrine / amylose. Les cinétiques de libération de médicaments à partir de comprimés d'AR, en fonction du taux de reticulation du polymère, de la force de compression et de la charge en principe actif ont été étudiés. L'analyse cinétique de la liberation ainsi que l'absence d'une transition polymérique de l'état vitreux à caoutchouteux suggéraient l'implication d'un mécanisme de libération autre que la seule diffusion du principe actif. Une hypothèse d'un mécanisme de libération reposant sur la pénétration de l'eau dans le comprimé provoquant le remplacement des liens amylose-amylose par de nouveaux liens eau-amylose capables de freiner la pénétration de l'eau et la diffusion du principe actif avait été émise. Ce travail constitue la suite logique du développement et de la caractérisation physico-chimique de l'AR utilisé comme excipient pour la préparation de formes à liberation contrôlée de médicaments. La libération de principes actifs peu solubles en milieu aqueux à partir d'une matrice d'AR peut parfois être trop lente et s'effectuer sur plusieurs jours. Pour ces médicaments, la vitesse de libération peut être accélérée en ajoutant une quantité déterminée d'a-amylase dans le mélange pulvérulent d'AR et de principe actif, avant d'effectuer la compression. Une augmentation du contenu en a-amylase dans les comprimés provoque une augmentation marquée de la vitesse de libération et une augmentation de la linéarité des profils de libération, alors que de fortes modifications de la concentration d'a-amylase dans le milieu de dissolution présentent moins d'effet. Pour des concentrations élevées d'a-amylase, l'hydrolyse enzymatique devient le processus prédominant du contrôle de la libération du principe actif. Les profils de libération témoignent de l'influence de deux mécanismes qui régissent le contrôle de libération: i) un gonflement du comprimé accompagné par une diffusion du principe actif et ii) une hydrolyse enzymatique provoquant une érosion du comprimé et une accélération du taux de libération. En-dehors de ses aptitudes pour contrôler la libération de principes actifs, l'AR possède des propriétés liantes et peut aussi devenir un agent de désagrégation. La dureté augmente avec le degré de reticulation jusqu'à un maximum de dureté pour le degré AR-15. Une plus grande proportion d'AR ainsi qu'une augmentation de la force de compression ont pour conséquence d'augmenter la dureté et de diminuer la friabilité des comprimés. La présence de 0.2 % de stéarate de magnésium dans les comprimés contenant de l'AR ne semble pas avoir d'effet sur la dureté et la friabilité. Une étude comparative des propriétés liantes de l'amylose réticulé (AR-8) et de l'amylopectine réticulée à 8 % semble démontrer qu'une augmentation de la teneur en amylose conduit directement à une augmentation de la dureté des comprimés. Les résultats des tests de désagrégation se sont révélés satisfaisants lorsque l'AR 15 est comparé à l'Avicel PH-102®. La vitesse d'absorption d'eau des comprimés augmente lorsque le taux de reticulation de l'amylose augmente suggérant que les propriétés de désagrégation de l'AR (taux de reticulation supérieur à 15 %) soient reliées à une pénétration rapide de l'eau dans les comprimés. La caractérisation de l'AR par analyse d'image a permis de démontrer qu'un gel se forme à la surface des comprimés à base d'amylose réticulé en moins de 10 minutes suivant l'immersion des comprimés dans l'eau. La formation du réseau de gel de la surface vers le centre du comprimé s'effectue progressivement pendant plusieurs heures jusqu'à ce qu'un équilibre de gonflement soit atteint (environ 72 heures). Quelque soit le taux de reticulation, les spectres RMN des comprimés d'amylose réticulé s'apparentent au spectre Va de l'amidon. Suivant l'immersion dans l'eau des comprimés à base d'amylose ayant un faible taux de reticulation, on assiste à la naissance progressive d'un spectre décrivant la forme cristalline de type B de l'amylose caractérisée par la formation de doubles hélices. La gélatinisation, la reticulation et le traitement de l'amidon à haute teneiu- en amylose modifient profondément l'organisation granulaire de l'amidon natif, comme en témoignent les profils de rayons X. Cette modification s'accentue avec l'augmentation du degré de reticulation suggérant que l'hélice simple de l'amylose subit une déformation tant et si bien que la structure devient complètement déformée pour des taux de reticulation très élevés. Les résultats obtenus en FT-IR sont en accord avec les résultats de diffraction de rayons X démontrant que pour les degrés faibles de reticulation, l'association intra- et inter-chaînes d'amylose est favorisée. L'ensemble des études de caractérisation par gonflement, par analyse d'image, par diffraction de rayons X, par FT-IR et par RMN démontrent que la propriété d'excipient pour la libération contrôlée vient, vraisemblablement,de l'habileté de l'amylose de former des gels compacts qui ne s'érodent pas. La gélification s'effectue suite à l'immersion des comprimés dans l'eau et à la transformation de la partie amorphe de l'amylose en une structure thermodynamiquement plus stable constituée d'hélices d'amylose aimelées et arrangées dans une superstructure de type B. La reticulation modérée de l'amidon à haute teneur en amylose implique aussi le greffage des molécules d'amylopectine au sein des longues sections de chaînes d'amylose permettant ainsi l'obtention d'un gel plus souple et élastique, tout en demeurant relativement résistant aux enzymes amylolytiques. L'augmentation excessive du taux de reticulation conduit à la déformation des hélices d'amylose, ce qui a comme conséquence l'inhibition de la réassociation de l'amylose se traduisant par l'augmentation des vitesses de libération des principes actifs. Les temps de libération sont maximaux pour les produits ayant un taux de reticulation modéré ; dans ce cas, les forces de réassociation des chaînes d'amylose seraient parfaitement équilibrées par la souplesse et élasticité du gel résultant de la reticulation impliquant les chaînes d'amylose et d'amylopectine.

Les amidons non modifiées et modifiés représentent un groupe d’excipients biodégradables et abondants particulièrement intéressant. Ils ont été largement utilisés en tant qu’excipients à des fins diverses dans des formulations de comprimés, tels que liants et/ou agents de délitement. Le carboxyméthylamidon sodique à haute teneur en amylose atomisé (SD HASCA) a été récemment proposé comme un excipient hydrophile à libération prolongée innovant dans les formes posologiques orales solides. Le carboxyméthylamidon sodique à haute teneur en amylose amorphe (HASCA) a d'abord été produit par l'éthérification de l'amidon de maïs à haute teneur en amylose avec le chloroacétate. HASCA a été par la suite séché par atomisation pour obtenir le SD HASCA. Ce nouvel excipient a montré des propriétés présentant certains avantages dans la production de formes galéniques à libération prolongée. Les comprimés matriciels produits à partir de SD HASCA sont peu coûteux, simples à formuler et faciles à produire par compression directe. Le principal objectif de cette recherche était de poursuivre le développement et l'optimisation des comprimés matriciels utilisant SD HASCA comme excipient pour des formulations orales à libération prolongée. A cet effet, des tests de dissolution simulant les conditions physiologiques du tractus gastro-intestinal les plus pertinentes, en tenant compte de la nature du polymère à l’étude, ont été utilisés pour évaluer les caractéristiques à libération prolongée et démontrer la performance des formulations SD HASCA. Une étude clinique exploratoire a également été réalisée pour évaluer les propriétés de libération prolongée de cette nouvelle forme galénique dans le tractus gastro-intestinal. Le premier article présenté dans cette thèse a évalué les propriétés de libération prolongée et l'intégrité physique de formulations contenant un mélange comprimé de principe actif, de chlorure de sodium et de SD HASCA, dans des milieux de dissolution biologiquement pertinentes. L'influence de différentes valeurs de pH acide et de temps de séjour dans le milieu acide a été étudiée. Le profil de libération prolongée du principe actif à partir d'une formulation de SD HASCA optimisée n'a pas été significativement affecté ni par la valeur de pH acide ni par le temps de séjour dans le milieu acide. Ces résultats suggèrent une influence limitée de la variabilité intra et interindividuelle du pH gastrique sur la cinétique de libération à partir de matrices de SD HASCA. De plus, la formulation optimisée a gardé son intégrité pendant toute la durée des tests de dissolution. L’étude in vivo exploratoire a démontré une absorption prolongée du principe actif après administration orale des comprimés matriciels de SD HASCA et a montré que les comprimés ne se sont pas désintégrés en passant par l'estomac et qu’ils ont résisté à l’hydrolyse par les α-amylases dans l'intestin. Le deuxième article présente le développement de comprimés SD HASCA pour une administration orale une fois par jour et deux fois par jour contenant du chlorhydrate de tramadol (100 mg et 200 mg). Ces formulations à libération prolongée ont présenté des valeurs de dureté élevées sans nécessiter l'ajout de liants, ce qui facilite la production et la manipulation des comprimés au niveau industriel. La force de compression appliquée pour produire les comprimés n'a pas d'incidence significative sur les profils de libération du principe actif. Le temps de libération totale à partir de comprimés SD HASCA a augmenté de manière significative avec le poids du comprimé et peut, de ce fait, être utilisé pour moduler le temps de libération à partir de ces formulations. Lorsque les comprimés ont été exposés à un gradient de pH et à un milieu à 40% d'éthanol, un gel très rigide s’est formé progressivement sur leur surface amenant à la libération prolongée du principe actif. Ces propriétés ont indiqué que SD HASCA est un excipient robuste pour la production de formes galéniques orales à libération prolongée, pouvant réduire la probabilité d’une libération massive de principe actif et, en conséquence, des effets secondaires, même dans le cas de co-administration avec une forte dose d'alcool. Le troisième article a étudié l'effet de α-amylase sur la libération de principe actif à partir de comprimés SD HASCA contenant de l’acétaminophène et du chlorhydrate de tramadol qui ont été développés dans les premières étapes de cette recherche (Acetaminophen SR et Tramadol SR). La modélisation mathématique a montré qu'une augmentation de la concentration d’α-amylase a entraîné une augmentation de l'érosion de polymère par rapport à la diffusion de principe actif comme étant le principal mécanisme contrôlant la libération de principe actif, pour les deux formulations et les deux temps de résidence en milieu acide. Cependant, même si le mécanisme de libération peut être affecté, des concentrations d’α-amylase allant de 0 UI/L à 20000 UI/L n'ont pas eu d'incidence significative sur les profils de libération prolongée à partir de comprimés SD HASCA, indépendamment de la durée de séjour en milieu acide, le principe actif utilisé, la teneur en polymère et la différente composition de chaque formulation. Le travail présenté dans cette thèse démontre clairement l'utilité de SD HASCA en tant qu'un excipient à libération prolongée efficace. / Unmodified and modified starches represent a particularly interesting group of biodegradable and abundant excipients. They have been widely used as excipients for various purposes in tablet formulations, such as binders and/or disintegrants. Spray-dried high-amylose sodium carboxymethyl starch (SD HASCA) was recently proposed as an innovating hydrophilic excipient for sustained-release (SR) in solid oral dosage forms. Amorphous high-amylose sodium carboxymethyl starch (HASCA) was first produced by the etherification of high-amylose corn starch with chloroacetate. HASCA was then spray dried to obtain SD HASCA. This new excipient has shown advantageous and effective properties in the production of SR delivery systems. SR matrix tablets prepared from SD HASCA are inexpensive, simple to formulate and easy to produce by direct compression. The main objective of the present research was to continue the development and optimization of matrix tablets using SD HASCA as the retarding excipient in view of their ultimate application as sustained drug-release delivery systems for oral administration. For this purpose, dissolution tests simulating some of the most relevant physiological conditions of the gastrointestinal tract, taking into account the nature of the polymer under investigation, were employed to evaluate the drug-release characteristics and demonstrate the performance of SD HASCA SR formulations. An exploratory clinical study was also carried out to evaluate the SR properties of this new drug delivery system in the gastrointestinal tract. The first article presented in this thesis evaluated the drug-release characteristics and the physical integrity of formulations containing a compressed blend of drug, sodium chloride and SD HASCA in biorelevant media. The influence of different acidic pH values and residence times was investigated. The SR profile from an optimized SD HASCA formulation was not significantly affected by both the acidic pH value and the residence time in the acidic medium. These results suggest a limited influence of intra- and inter-subject variability of gastric pH on the release kinetics from SD HASCA matrices. In addition, the optimized formulation maintained its integrity throughout the duration of the dissolution tests. The exploratory in vivo study demonstrated extended drug absorption after oral administration of SD HASCA matrix tablets and that the matrix tablets did not disintegrate while passing through the stomach and resisted hydrolysis by α-amylase in the intestine. The second article reports the development of once-daily and twice-daily SD HASCA tablets containing tramadol hydrochloride (100 mg and 200 mg). These SR formulations presented high crushing strengths without requiring the addition of binders, which facilitates tablet processing and handling. The compression force (CF) applied to produce the tablets did not significantly affect the drug-release profiles. The total release time from SD HASCA tablets increased significantly in function of the tablet weight and can be used to modulate the total release time from theses formulations. When exposed to a pH gradient and to a 40% ethanol medium, a very rigid gel formed progressively on the surface of the tablets providing controlled drug-release properties. These properties indicated that SD HASCA is a robust excipient for oral, sustained drug-release, likely to minimize the possibility of dose dumping and consequent adverse effects, even when co-administered with high doses of alcohol. The third article investigated the effect of α-amylase on drug-release from previously developed SD HASCA tablets containing acetaminophen and tramadol hydrochloride (Acetaminophen SR and Tramadol SR). Mathematical modeling showed that an increase in α-amylase concentration resulted in an increase of polymer erosion over drug diffusion as the main mechanism controlling drug-release, for both formulations and both residence times in acidic medium. However, even if the mechanism of release was affected, α-amylase concentrations ranging from 0 IU/L to 20000 IU/L did not significantly affect the drug-release profiles from SD HASCA SR tablets, regardless of the residence time in acidic medium, the drug used, the polymer content and the different composition of each formulation. The work presented in this thesis clearly demonstrates the value of SD HASCA as an efficient SR excipient.

<p>Sorghum [<i>Sorghum bicolor</i> (L.) Moench] is a staple food for millions of people in Africa and South Asia. It is mainly consumed for its starch. The starch composition and structure in the seed endosperm determines cooking properties, processing quality, and starch digestibility. </p> <p>An assay to measure the alkali spreading value (ASV) of sorghum is described. The assay was used to identify sorghum EMS mutants with variation in starch composition. The ASV mutants (ASV+) exhibited a range of starch thermal properties with starch gelatinization temperatures (GT) being lower or higher than samples from Tx623 or Sepon82. The ASV+ phenotypes were found to be correlated with starch related traits such as enthalpy (r = −0.53) and range of starch GT (T_c-T_o) (r = 0.60). </p> <p>Genes controling the ASV phenotype of sorghum and their impact on starch quality traits are described. Whole genome re-sequencing of sorghum EMS mutants exhibiting an ASV+ phenotype was used to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in candidate genes <i>Sobic.004G163700</i> and <i>Sobic.010G093400</i>. The two genes were identified as a <i>SbeIIb</i>, a putative sorghum homolog of <i>amylose extender,</i> and as a <i>SSIIa</i>, respectively. Linkage analysis showed that the mutations in <i>Sobic.010G093400</i> and <i>Sobic.004G163700</i> co-segregated with the ASV phenotype. The <i>ssIIa</i>-mutants exhibited normal amylose values, lower starch GT and lower final viscosity than the wild type. The <i>sbeIIb</i>-mutants exhibited higher amylose content, higher starch GT and lower peak and final viscosity with poor gel consistency compared to the wild type and <i>ssIIa</i>-mutants. An allele dosage test indicated that the <i>sbeIIb</i>-mutants had an allele dosage dependent effect on amylose content. Double mutants of <i>sbeIIb</i> and <i>ssIIa</i> showed that amylose content, starch thermal properties and paste viscosity profiles resemble the <i>sbeIIb</i> parent. </p> <p>A study of ASV phenotypes in a panel of more than 750 sorghum conversion lines revealed genetic variation for the ASV phenotype. A few SC-lines exhibiting stable expression of the ASV+ phenotype over two growing seasons. Most of these lines were described as belonging to the working group Nandyal, durra types from India described as producing ‘glutinous grains’. Whole genome resequencing discovered common SNPs in genes associated with starch biosynthesis. A genome wide association study (GWAS) identified a significant SNP that could be associated with the starch biosynthesis gene <i>Sobic.010G273800</i>, and with candidate genes <i>Sobic.010G274800</i> and <i>Sobic.010G275001</i> both annotated as glucosyltransferases. Grain samples from SC489, SC491, SC587 and SC589 exhibited a consistent ASV+ phenotype with lower or similar starch GT, similar amylose content, and similar high viscosity and gel consistency compared to controls.</p> <p> </p>

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-21T18:53:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 SIMONE CRISTINE WOSNIACKI BICUDO.pdf: 856559 bytes, checksum: d069ed257c254bc2a62e80ada3a1d5a0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-02-29 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Starch is a very imp ortant polysaccharide for food processing. It is extracted from different sources and presents very important particular thermal characteristics. The most important temperature for food industry applications is the gelatinization, investigated in this work by techniques of thermal analysis, Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), in various native starches. The thermal behaviour of starch granules was investigated by Thermogravimetry (TG), Differential Thermogravimetry (DTG) and Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA). Also the amylose content was measured for characterization of the native starches. The native starch that presented the lowest gelatinization temperature was the pinhão seed, with peak temperature of 50.8ºC, whereas the lowest amylose content, among non waxy starches, was of banana, with apparent amylose content of 8.1% and total amylose of 9.0%. / O amido é um carboidrato muito importante para o processamento dos alimentos. Está presente em diferentes fontes e apresenta características térmicas também variadas. O intervalo de temperatura de maior importância para a indústria é a de gelatinização, investigada neste trabalho através da técnica de análise térmica, Calorimetria Exploratória Diferencial (DSC), em diversos amidos nativos. Como muitos fatores influenciam o processamento dos alimentos, outras análises foram feitas para auxiliar na obtenção de informações para caracterizar diferentes amidos nativos, como Termogravimetria (TG) Termogravimetria Derivada (DTG) e Análise Térmica Diferencial (DTA), para investigar a degradação térmica dos grânulos de amido e os teores de amilose. O amido nativo que apresentou as menores temperaturas de gelatinização foi o de pinhão, com temperatura de pico de 50,8ºC enquanto que, os menores teores de amilose apresentados, dentre os amidos nativos não cerosos, foi o de banana, com amilose aparente de 8,1% e amilose total de 9,0%.

Sweet-potato contains a limited amount of protein, although rich in dietary fibre content and carbohydrate, so a successful combination with wheat flour for bread and biscuit production would be nutritionally advantageous. In particular, the role of these ingredients in relating to acceptability of breads and biscuit with higher percentage of sweet potato starch, flour in wheat flour. In this study, starch, flour and residue fibre of three sweet-potato varieties (red, orange and white -types) were studied. The 5 -10% combination levels for biscuit-making were found to be acceptable, without affecting the quality of the biscuit (combination of texture and biscuit size). In bread, bread containing 15% red and white replacement starches and orange replacement flour was found to be acceptable level, without affecting the quality of the bread, in an attempt to replace wheat at higher per cent level. The physicochemical study was complemented with a nutritional study to determine beneficial effects of food rich in dietary fibre and starches, in the context of improving diet related problems. RVA results showed sweet-potato ingredients affected differently the pasting temperature, peak viscosity and final viscosity of the normal wheat flour (p<0.05). Fibre inclusion showed large reduction in viscosity and swelling of sweet potato starch. Biscuits and breads containing sweet-potato starch and flour are low in amylose, and digest slowly because of lowly oriented and ‘crystalline’ areas within the granules enable to swell or to ungelatinised starch granules, whereas wheat control biscuit was able to gelatinised starch and exerted a greater effect upon digestibility. There are many other factors that need to be considered when analysing the in vitro starch digestibility such including amylose content, amylopectin structure and presence of fibre and gelatinising. Sweet-potato starch, flour and fibre addition show least effect on bread texture and size and starch, flour and fibre replacement. However, in in vitro starch digestibility test higher values RSS was recorded for starch addition followed by flour addition.

Thèse d'exercice : Médecine. Neurologie : Paris 12 : 2008. / Titre provenant de l'écran-titre. Bibliogr. f. 55-61.

No description available.

Resumo: Objetivou-se avaliar o crescimento, a produção e composição físicoquímica de raízes e amidos de mandioquinha-salsa e suas potencialidades. Foram avaliados nove clones BGH (4560, 5741, 5744, 5746, 5747, 6414, 6513, 6525 e 7609) e a cultivar Amarela de Senador Amaral, os quais foram cultivados na Fazenda Experimental São Manuel- SP, safra de 2009. O delineamento experimental utilizado no plantio foi de blocos casualizados com três repetições. Foram avaliados o crescimento vegetativo durante o cultivo, produção total, comercial, por classe e calibre das raízes e as características físico-químicas das raízes: umidade, amido, cinzas, proteína bruta, matéria-graxa, açúcares, fibra bruta, pH, acidez e cor e caracterização do amido quanto ao teor de amilose, propriedades térmicas e de pasta. Os materiais que destacaram foram BGH 6414, maior crescimento vegetativo; 'Amarela de Senador Amaral' e BGH 5741, menores quantidades de raízes por planta; e BGH 6414, menor produção total, comercial, nas classes e calibres. Na caracterização da coloração das raízes, BGH 6513 e BGH 4560 apresentaram menores valores de luminosidade, BGH 6414 e BGH 5744 maiores valores para croma a* e BGH 5746, BGH 6513 e BGH 5744 os menores valores para o croma b*. A cultivar Amarela de Senador Amaral apresentou pH mais alto e a maior quantidade de acidez foi observada no clone BGH 6525. Os clones que apresentaram maiores teores de umidade foram BGH 7609 e BGH 6414. Os clones BGH 5744, BGH 7609, BGH 6414 e BGH 5741 apresentaram menores teores de cinzas e na avaliação de matéria graxa BGH 6525, BGH 5741 e BGH 5744 apresentaram os maiores teores. O clone BGH 7609 apresentou maior teor de fibras, açúcares totais, menor teor de amido, maiores temperaturas de gelatinização e menor temperatura de pico nos amidos retrogradados, além de apresentar a maior porcentagem de amidos retrogradados... (resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The objective was to evaluate the growth, yield and physico-chemical composition of starches from roots and peruvian carrot and its capabilities. We evaluated nine clones BGH (4560, 5741, 5744, 5746, 5747, 6414, 6513, 6525 and 7609) and cultivar Amarela de Senador Amaral, which were cultivated at the Experimental Farm São Manuel-SP, the 2009 harvest. The experiment was planted in a randomized block design with three replications. We evaluated the vegetative growth during cultivation, total production, trade, by class and size of roots and the physicochemical characteristics of the roots for moisture, starch, ash, protein, raw grease, sugar, crude fiber, pH, acidity and color and characterization of starch and amylose content, thermal properties and paste. The materials that were highlighted BGH 6414, increased vegetative growth, 'Amarela de Senador Amaral' and BGH 5741, lower amounts of roots per plant, and BGH 6414, lower overall production, commercial classes and sizes. In characterizing the coloration of the roots, BGH 6513 and BGH 4560 had lower levels of brightness, BGH 6414 and BGH 5744 higher values for chroma and a* BGH 5746, BGH 6513 and BGH 5744 the lowest values in the chrome b*. The cultivar Amarela de Senador Amaral presented higher pH and higher amount of acidity was observed in clones BGH 6525. The clones that showed higher levels of humidity were BGH 7609 and BGH 6414. Clones BGH 5744, BGH 7609, BGH 6414 and BGH 5741 had lower levels of ash and fatty matter in the evaluation of BGH 6525, BGH 5741 and BGH 5744 showed the highest levels. BGH Clone 7609 showed a higher fiber content, total sugar, less starch, higher temperatures and lower gelatinization peak temperature in starch downgraded, besides presenting the highest percentage of retrograded starch. Differ significantly higher than BGH 4560 and 'Amarela de Senador Amaral "in crude protein and BGH 5746, BGH 6513... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Orientador: Magali Leonel / Coorientador: Silvio José Bicudo / Banca: Cláudio Cabello / Banca: Marcelo Alvares de Oliveira / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T14:06:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 tese_naciele_marini.pdf: 2585701 bytes, checksum: 33b5a6dcb2a064ddfbf3b977f715ecff (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-12-07 / There is a constant need for studies aiming to increase yield and quality traits in rice, which have to consider abiotic stress tolerance and genetic variability. This work had as objective to characterize rice mutant families regarding rice iron stress tolerance and validate a technique based on retrotransposons with the goal of detecting genetic variability in rice. Also, to analyse gene expression of genes involved in starch synthesis in the rice grain. Therefore, nine mutant families were characterized for phenotypic traits and iron content in hydroponic conditions. Twenty genotypes were molecularly characterized with the REMAP technique and three cultivars were analysed the profiled for starch biosynthesis related gene expression by qRT-PCR. The results obtained demonstrate that the genotypes BR-IRGA 409 and BRS7-Taim characterized as sensitive presented a higher accumulation of Fe2+ in the shoots. The mutant families CGF-Z-M9-444CD, CGF-Z-M9-328 and CGF-Z-M9-243, were ranked in this study as tolerant. The genotype CGF-Z-M9-444CD was one of the mutants that accumulated less iron in the tissues under stress conditions, being also characterized as resistant in the phenotypic analysis. The variables root length, number of roots, iron, zinc and manganese, were altered in response to hydroponic culture growth with excess iron. In the gene expression study, it was possible to detect contrasting genotypes regarding amylose content presented differential expression for some of the analysed genes. Some of these genes have their expression levels altered at the beginning of starch biosynthesis, suggesting a higher contribution at the beginning of grain filling and other genes at the end of grain maturation. There is a tendency, mainly, for the cultivar BRS Firmeza, to increase the activity of studied genes 20 days after flowering with a decrease at 25 days after flowering and a new increase at 30 days after flowering, indicating an association between the activity of these genes and the stay-green character and the late starch accumulation in this genotype. Also, according with the studies performed, it was possible to measure the genetic variability in the rice germplasm used using the REMAP with a combination of low cost and simple protocols. Therefore, it is possible to discriminate genotypes at DNA level with the goal of predicting genetic distance and directed crosses between elite genotypes, thus exploiting population variability and transgressive segregants within breeding programs / Existe a constante necessidade de estudos visando o aumento da produtividade e da qualidade de grãos de arroz, auxiliados por avaliações de tolerância a estresses abióticos e, detecção da variabilidade genética. Portanto, este trabalho teve por objetivo caracterizar famílias mutantes de arroz quanto à tolerância ao estresse por toxidez de ferro, validar uma técnica de marcadores moleculares baseados em retrotransposons, com o intuito de detectar variabilidade genética em genótipos de arroz e analisar a expressão dos genes envolvidos na síntese do amido no endosperma de grãos de arroz. Sendo assim, nove famílias mutantes foram caracterizadas para caracteres fenotípicos e conteúdo de ferro em condições de hidroponia. 20 genótipos foram caracterizados com a técnica de REMAP e três cultivares de arroz tiveram a sua expressão gênica caracterizada por qRT-PCR. Os resultados obtidos demonstram que os genótipos BR-IRGA 409 e BRS 7 Taim, apresentam maior acúmulo de Fe2+ na parte aérea. As famílias de mutantes CGF-Z-M9-444CD, CGF-Z-M9-328 e CGF-Z-M9-243 foram classificadas neste estudo como tolerantes. O genótipo CGF-Z-M9-444CD foi um dos mutantes que menos acumulou ferro nos tecidos sob condição de estresse, sendo também caracterizado como tolerantes na analise visual. As variáveis comprimento de raiz, número de raiz, ferro, zinco e manganês, sofreram alterações em resposta ao estresse por ferro em condições hidropônicas. No estudo de expressão gênica para qualidade de grão foi possível constatar que constituições genéticas contrastantes quanto ao teor de amilose apresentam expressão diferencial para alguns genes analisados. Alguns destes genes tem seus níveis de expressão alterados no início do desenvolvimento do endosperma, indicando uma maior contribuição no inicio do enchimento dos grãos e que outros genes tem maior atividade no final do ciclo de desenvolvimento. Existe uma tendência, principalmente, para a cultivar BRS Firmeza de aumento na atividade dos genes estudados aos 20 dias após o florescimento com um declínio aos 25 dias após o florescimento e um aumento novamente aos 30 dias após o florescimento, evidenciando a relação existente entre a atividade destes genes com o caráter stay-green e a acumulação tardia de amido no endosperma deste genótipo. Também de acordo com os estudos realizados foi possível mensurar a variabilidade genética no germoplasma de arroz utilizando a técnica REMAP com baixo custo de execução e sem a demanda de equipamentos caros. Assim, é possível identificar indivíduos mais diferentes a nível de DNA, com o objetivo de utilizar essa informação para a realização de cruzamentos entre genitores distantes geneticamente, explorando assim a variabilidade em populações de segregantes transgressivos dentro de programas de melhoramento.