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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Les processus biogéochimiques impliqués dans la mobilité de l’arsenic : recherche de bioindicateurs / Biogeochemical processes involved in arsenic mobility : research of bioindicators

Quemeneur, Marianne 21 November 2008 (has links)
Les bactéries jouent un rôle majeur dans la mobilité de l’arsenic (As) dans l’environnement. L’objectif de cette thèse était d’identifier les acteurs bactériens clés de la biotransformation de l’As pouvant être utilisés comme bioindicateurs du devenir de l’As dans les sites pollués. De nouveaux outils moléculaires ont été développés sur les gènes aoxB, codant la sous-unité catalytique de l’AsIII-oxydase, et validés pour analyser qualitativement et quantitativement les communautés AsIII-oxydantes. La pertinence de l’usage de ce gène comme marqueur fonctionnel a été démontrée par sa détection exclusive chez toutes les bactéries AsIII-oxydantes testées et une phylogénie AoxB cohérente et similaire à celle de l’ARNr 16S. Les approches de DGGE et de PCR en temps réel appliquées aux gènes aoxB ont permis d’évaluer rapidement et sensiblement les variations de communautés AsIII-oxydantes associées à différentes teneurs et spéciations d’As dans des eaux. La coexistence de diverses bactéries AsIII-oxydantes et AsV-réductrices a également été démontrée dans des sols industriels et agricoles. La microflore indigène est ainsi capable d’influencer la spéciation/mobilité de l’As initialement présent et/ou adsorbé sur des oxy-hydroxydes de fer selon les conditions redox du milieu. L’usage des gènes fonctionnels aoxB et arrA, marqueurs des bactéries AsIII-oxydantes et respirant l’AsV, est pertinent pour évaluer les transformations potentielles de l’As. L’effet de bactéries agissant indirectement sur la mobilité de l’As a également été révélé. La détection de ces activités bactériennes à l’aide d’outils moléculaires est prometteuse pour évaluer la mobilité de l’As dans un écosystème donné. / Bacteria can play a major role in the environmental mobility of arsenic (As). The aim of this study was to identify key bacterial players involved in the biotransformation of As and to use them as bioindicators or predictive tools of As behaviour in polluted sites. Novel molecular tools were developed based on the aoxB gene which encodes the catalytic subunit of AsIII-oxidase, and validated for use in the qualitative and quantitative analysis of the AsIII-oxidizing bacterial community. The aoxB gene was exclusively detected in all tested AsIII-oxidizing bacteria and AoxB and 16S rRNA gene phylogenies were broadly coherent, demonstrating the usefulness of the aoxB gene as a powerful functional marker. The application of DGGE and real-time PCR on aoxB genes allowed the rapid and sensitive evaluation of changes in the AsIII-oxidizing community as a function of As speciation and pollution level in surface and groundwaters. AsIII-oxidizers and AsV-reducers were found to coexist in tested soils. The crucial role of indirectly As-mobilizing bacteria was also revealed. Indigenous microflorae affected the speciation and mobility of As inherent within the environmental matrix and/or adsorbed on iron oxy-hydroxydes, according to redox conditions. The relevance of the use of aoxB and arrA genes, as functional markers of AsIII-oxidizers and AsV-reducers, respectively, to evaluate potential As transformation was demonstrated. The detection of these bacterial communities using molecular tools was shown to have great promise in the prediction of As mobility in the environment.
2

L''alphabet arabe et la technologie /

Sadid, Mohammed. January 1993 (has links)
Th. État--sciences del'information et de la communication--Bordeaux, 1992. / Notes bibliogr. Bibliogr. p. 364-402.
3

Desenvolvimento, comparação e aplicação forense de sistemas de injeção em banho e injeção em fluxo, com detecção voltamétrica de chumbo em eletrodo de mercúrio / Development, comparison and forensic application of injection and flow injection systems with voltammetric detection of lead in mercury electrode

Donato, Adriana De 10 August 2001 (has links)
Para determinar baixas concentrações de chumbo, oriundo de resíduos de disparo de armas de fogo, aplicou-se a voltametria de redissolução anódica, ASV, com pulso diferencial, PD, para detecção do metal em eletrodo de gota pendente de mercúrio, EGPM. A etapa de redução se dava a -0,6 V vs. Ag/AgCl, durante 25s, com imediata varredura até -0,3V vs. Ag/AgCl. O pico de reoxidação do chumbo surgia a -0,42V vs. Ag/AgCl. A injeção de amostras foi bastante facilitada pela aplicação do sistema de análise por injeção em banho, BIA onde um pequeno volume de amostra é injetado, com o auxílio de um micropipetador automático, diretamente sobre um detector imerso em um volume várias vezes maior que aquele da amostra. Com o intuito de estender a técnica ao EGPM comercial, um adaptador simples, em forma de J, foi desenvolvido e aplicado, o qual dirige o fluxo descendente do micropipetador para cima, diretamente sobre a gota de mercúrio. Foi dada a presença de chumbo, da ordem de 1 ppm, quando se amestrava as mãos encontro de voluntários, do Instituto de Criminalística da Polícia Científica do Estado de São Paulo, com tiras de fita crepe antes e depois de um conjunto de disparos. A extração do chumbo foi feita através da agitação de cada tira de fita crepe, apoiada em tela de Nylon®, com uma mistura de clorofórmio e HCl 0,1 M, com a fase aquosa sendo levada a posterior análise. Outros métodos de coleta também foram testados. Nota-se, também, que é possível determinar o mesmo analito em sistemas de injeção em fluxo, após desoxigenação do eletrólito suporte. Com o uso da técnica de pulso reverso, a desoxigenação pode se tornar desnecessária. / In order to determine low concentrations of lead, originated from gunshot residues, anodic stripping voltammetry, ASV, with differential pulse, DP, was applied to detect the metal in a hanging mercury drop electrode, HMDE. The reduction step was done at -0.6 V vs. Ag/AgCl, for 25s, followed by the immediate scan up to -0.3V vs. Ag/AgCl. The reoxidation current peak appeared at -0.42V vs. Ag/AgCl. The injection of samples was greatly facilitated by the application of the batch injection analysis system, BIA, where a small sample volume is injected, with the aid of an automatic micropipettor, directly onto the detector, which is immersed in a volume many times larger than the sample. Aiming the application of the technique with commercial HMDE, a simple J-shaped adapter was developed and applied, which directs upwards the descending flow of the micropipettor, rightly over the mercury drop surface. The presence of lead was observed at around 1 ppm, after sampling the hands of volunteers, from the Institute of Criminalistics of the Scientific Police of São Paulo State, with strips of adhesive tapes before and after a set of gunshots. Lead extraction was performed shaking each strip, over a Nylon® screen, in a mixture containing chloroform and HCl 0.lM, with the posterior analysis of the aqueous phase. Other collection methods were also tried. It is also possible to determine the same analyte in a flow injection system, after the deoxygenation of the supporting electrolyte. With the aid of the reverse pulse technique, the deoxygenation may become unnecessary.
4

Desenvolvimento, comparação e aplicação forense de sistemas de injeção em banho e injeção em fluxo, com detecção voltamétrica de chumbo em eletrodo de mercúrio / Development, comparison and forensic application of injection and flow injection systems with voltammetric detection of lead in mercury electrode

Adriana De Donato 10 August 2001 (has links)
Para determinar baixas concentrações de chumbo, oriundo de resíduos de disparo de armas de fogo, aplicou-se a voltametria de redissolução anódica, ASV, com pulso diferencial, PD, para detecção do metal em eletrodo de gota pendente de mercúrio, EGPM. A etapa de redução se dava a -0,6 V vs. Ag/AgCl, durante 25s, com imediata varredura até -0,3V vs. Ag/AgCl. O pico de reoxidação do chumbo surgia a -0,42V vs. Ag/AgCl. A injeção de amostras foi bastante facilitada pela aplicação do sistema de análise por injeção em banho, BIA onde um pequeno volume de amostra é injetado, com o auxílio de um micropipetador automático, diretamente sobre um detector imerso em um volume várias vezes maior que aquele da amostra. Com o intuito de estender a técnica ao EGPM comercial, um adaptador simples, em forma de J, foi desenvolvido e aplicado, o qual dirige o fluxo descendente do micropipetador para cima, diretamente sobre a gota de mercúrio. Foi dada a presença de chumbo, da ordem de 1 ppm, quando se amestrava as mãos encontro de voluntários, do Instituto de Criminalística da Polícia Científica do Estado de São Paulo, com tiras de fita crepe antes e depois de um conjunto de disparos. A extração do chumbo foi feita através da agitação de cada tira de fita crepe, apoiada em tela de Nylon®, com uma mistura de clorofórmio e HCl 0,1 M, com a fase aquosa sendo levada a posterior análise. Outros métodos de coleta também foram testados. Nota-se, também, que é possível determinar o mesmo analito em sistemas de injeção em fluxo, após desoxigenação do eletrólito suporte. Com o uso da técnica de pulso reverso, a desoxigenação pode se tornar desnecessária. / In order to determine low concentrations of lead, originated from gunshot residues, anodic stripping voltammetry, ASV, with differential pulse, DP, was applied to detect the metal in a hanging mercury drop electrode, HMDE. The reduction step was done at -0.6 V vs. Ag/AgCl, for 25s, followed by the immediate scan up to -0.3V vs. Ag/AgCl. The reoxidation current peak appeared at -0.42V vs. Ag/AgCl. The injection of samples was greatly facilitated by the application of the batch injection analysis system, BIA, where a small sample volume is injected, with the aid of an automatic micropipettor, directly onto the detector, which is immersed in a volume many times larger than the sample. Aiming the application of the technique with commercial HMDE, a simple J-shaped adapter was developed and applied, which directs upwards the descending flow of the micropipettor, rightly over the mercury drop surface. The presence of lead was observed at around 1 ppm, after sampling the hands of volunteers, from the Institute of Criminalistics of the Scientific Police of São Paulo State, with strips of adhesive tapes before and after a set of gunshots. Lead extraction was performed shaking each strip, over a Nylon® screen, in a mixture containing chloroform and HCl 0.lM, with the posterior analysis of the aqueous phase. Other collection methods were also tried. It is also possible to determine the same analyte in a flow injection system, after the deoxygenation of the supporting electrolyte. With the aid of the reverse pulse technique, the deoxygenation may become unnecessary.
5

Determinação sequencial de contaminantes inorgânicos em formulações minerais e fitoterápicas empregando métodos voltamétricos / Sequential determination of inorganic contaminants in mineral and phytotherapeutic formulations by voltammetric methods

Sant'ana, Carla Simone 12 July 2011 (has links)
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / In this work, the voltammetric determination of the sequential elements Uranium, Vanadium, Antimony, Cadmium, Lead, Zinc, Chromium and Thallium have been studied in several arrays considering that all these elements are of some relevance from the toxicological point of view. The simultaneous and sequential determinations of metals by voltammetry has been widely studied in recent years due to the fact that they offer important advantages such as reducing analysis time and the decreased use of reagents. The metals U, V, Sb, Cd, Pb and Zn were determined by adsorptive cathodic stripping voltammetry (AdCSV) using chloranilic acid as a complexing agent at pH 2.3. Chromium was determined using DTPA as a complexing agent by adsorptive cathodic stripping voltammetry (AdCSV) at pH 6.2 and Tl was determined by anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV) using EDTA as a complexing agent at pH 4.6. Digestion methods by humid means were used in the samples. Methodology was used in the determining these elements as contaminants in fertilizers, medicinal plants and herbal formulations (both industrialized and manipulated). With the analysis of the proposed elements in different arrays, we obtained the following concentration ranges of these contaminants in the samples: Fertilizers - U 32.3 to 429.7 mg / kg, V 3.2 to 870mg/Kg; of Sb 60.1 to 215.1 mg / kg, Cd from 29.5 to 217.7 mg / kg, Pb from 69.9 to 529.5 mg / kg, Zn <15.4, Cr 14.1 to 422 , 1 mg / kg; Tl 0.4 to 20.8 mg / kg; Medicinal Plants - Pb from 32.8 to 143.0 mg / kg, Cd from 90.8 to 107.6 mg / kg; of Cr 11.6 to 20.5 mg / kg; Tl 5.6 to 33.7 mg / kg; Botanicals - V 98.0 to 1850.0 mg / kg; Sb 0.0 to 81.8 mg / kg, Pb from 155.8 to 336.5 mg / kg, Cd from 12.8 to 49.3 mg / kg, Cr 11.2 to 19.9 mg / kg and 19.4 to 332.9 mg, Tl mg/ Kg. / Neste trabalho, a determinação voltamétria seqüencial dos elementos Urânio, Vanádio, Antimônio, Cádmio, Chumbo, Zinco, Tálio e Cromo foi estudada em diversos tipos de matrizes considerando que todos esses elementos possuem relevância do ponto de vista toxicológico. As determinações simultâneas e seqüenciais de metais por voltametria tem sido amplamente estudadas nos últimos anos, por oferecerem vantagens importantes, como a redução do tempo de análise e uso reduzido de reagentes. Os metais U, V, Sb, Cd, Pb e Zn foram determinados por voltametria adsortiva de redissolução catódica (AdCSV) utilizando ácido cloranílico como complexante em pH 2,3. Já o Cr foi determinado utilizando-se DTPA como complexante por voltametria adsortiva de redissolução catódica (AdCSV) em pH 6,2 e o Tl foi determinado por voltametria de redissolução anódica (ASV) utilizando EDTA como complexante em pH 4,6. Foram empregados métodos de digestão por via úmida nas amostras. A metodologia foi empregada na determinação destes elementos como contaminantes em fertilizantes minerais, plantas medicinais e formulações fitoterápicas (industrializadas e manipuladas). Com a análise dos elementos propostos nas distintas matrizes, obtiveram-se as seguintes faixas de concentração destes contaminantes nas amostras: Fertilizantes - U de 32,3 a 429,7 mg/Kg; V de 3,2 a 870mg/Kg; Sb de 60,1 a 215,1 mg/Kg; Cd de 29,5 a 217,7 mg/Kg; Pb de 69,9 a 529,5 mg/Kg; Zn <15,4; Cr de 14,1 a 422,1 mg/Kg; Tl de 0,4 a 20,8 mg/Kg; Plantas Medicinais Pb de 32,8 a 143,0 mg/Kg; Cd de 90,8 a 107,6 mg/Kg; Cr de 11,6 a 20,5 mg/Kg; Tl de 5,6 a 33,7 mg/Kg; Fitoterápicos V de 98,0 a 1850,0 mg/Kg; Sb de 0,0 a 81,8 mg/Kg; Pb de 155,8 a 336,5 mg/Kg; Cd de 12,8 a 49,3 mg/Kg; Cr 11,2 a 19,9 mg/Kg e Tl 19,4 a 332,9 mg/Kg.
6

Intégration du VIH-1 : Contrôle et régulation de l'interaction fonctionnelle entre l’intégrase et la chromatine / HIV-1 Integration : Control and regulation of the functional interaction between integrase and chromatin

Matysiak, Julien 15 December 2016 (has links)
L’intégrase (IN) du VIH-1 est une enzyme clé du cycle viral catalysant l’insertion stable de l’ADN viral dans le génome de la cellule infectée. L’IN participe également à de nombreuses étapes du cycle viral telles que la transcription inverse ou la maturation virale. Ainsi, la compréhension des mécanismes régulant l’intégration du VIH-1 représente un enjeu majeur dans le cadre notamment d’approches thérapeutiques. En effet, les études montrent que ces mécanismes sont finement régulés dans la cellule par des facteurs viraux et cellulaires agissant à différentes étapes du cycle viral. C’est donc dans ce contexte que nous avons étudié les facteurs à la fois viraux et cellulaires régulant ce processus. Dans un premier temps, les déterminants viraux modulant l’intégration dans la chromatine ont été analysés dans le cas de plusieurs modèles rétroviraux. Puis, dans un second temps, nous avons étudié l’impact de facteurs cellulaires, identifiés au laboratoire, sur les mécanismes d’insertion de l’ADN viral dans le génome cellulaire. Mon travail de thèse s’est ainsi articulé en trois axes majeurs aboutissant à : ● La démonstration de la régulation de l’intégration rétrovirale par la structure chromatinienne de l’hôte ● L’identification de nouveaux cofacteurs cellulaires participant à la régulation de l’intégration dans la chromatine dont le complexe de remodelage FACT « Facilitates Chromatin Transcription » ● L’identification d’une nouvelle interaction fonctionnelle entre l’IN du VIH-1 et la queue amino-terminale de l’histone humaine H4 et de son rôle dans la sélectivité de l’intégration / HIV-1 integrase (IN) is a key enzyme of the viral cycle that catalyzes the stable insertion of viral DNA into the genome of the infected cell. IN also participates in many stages of the viral cycle such as reverse transcription or viral maturation. Thus, an understanding of the mechanisms regulating the integration of HIV-1 is a major challenge, particularly in the context of therapeutic approaches. Indeed, studies show that these mechanisms are finely regulated in the cell by viral and cellular factors acting at different stages of the viral cycle. It is in this context that we studied both viral and cellular factors regulating this process. Initially, the viral determinants modulating the integration in chromatin were analyzed in the case of several retroviral models. Then, we studied the impact of cellular factors, identified in the laboratory, on the mechanisms of insertion of the viral DNA in the cellular genome. My thesis work has thus been articulated in three major axes leading to: • The demonstration of the regulation of retroviral integration by the chromatin structure of the host • The identification of new cellular cofactors participating in the regulation of chromatin integration, including the FACT remodeling complex "Facilitates Chromatin Transcription" • The identification of a new functional interaction between the HIV-1 IN and the amino-terminal tail of human H4 histone and its role in the selectivity of integration.
7

Desenvolvimento de sensores eletroanalíticos utilizando eletrodos modificados com filme de Bismuto / Development of electroanalytical sensors utilizing modified electrodes with Bismuth Film

Fernando Castro Mota de Oliveira 15 August 2008 (has links)
A utilização de eletrodos modificados com filmes de Bismuto, formados in situ, é um método prático para a determinação de metais através da pré-concentração e redissolução anódica, pois a modificação do eletrodo e a pré-concentração dos analitos são realizadas simultaneamente. O processo de fabricação de eletrodos de Au através de CD-Rs é uma alternativa barata para a confecção de eletrodos descartáveis, pois devido ao baixo custo e facilidade, com um único CD-R é possível produzir de um grande número de eletrodos possibilitando a realização de várias medições. Quando não mais apresentar o comportamento desejado, o sensor simplesmente é descartado. Tal processo é vantajoso no sentido de que após a realização da redissolução dos metais préconcentrados no eletrodo, o mesmo pode não apresentar o perfil anterior devido a uma quantidade residual de bismuto do filme remanescente no eletrodo. Devido a facilidade de produção de eletrodos de CD-R foram construídos sistemas integrados contendo os três eletrodos necessário para a célula eletroquímica através da técnica de corrosão com iodo/iodeto. Tal processo foi realizado fazendo-se a proteção das áreas dos eletrodos com toner de impressora, transferido termicamente. Após a corrosão, o toner é retirado com algodão embebido em acetonitrila. Um eletrodo de (pseudo) referência (Ag/AgCl KCl 0,1 mol L-1) foi incorporado ao sistema através da eletrodeposição de Ag sobre um dos três eletrodos de Au e posterior reoxidação de uma porção da Ag eletrodepositada em meio contendo íons cloreto para a formação de AgCl. Tal sistema apresentou uma boa repetibilidade de medidas de voltametria de onda quadrada realizadas após a pré-concentração sobre filmes de Bi formado in situ em soluções de Pb e Cd a uma concentração de 2,0x10-6 mol L-1. A concentração de Bi3+ utilizado para a formação do filme foi de 1,0x10-4 mol L-1. O estudo da concentração dos íons Bi3+ utilizado para a formação do filme mostrou-se um parâmetro que afeta crucialmente o formato das curvas analíticas para ambos os metais Cd e Pb, apresentando variações na sensibilidade do método para ambos os metais e dificultando a determinação conjunta dos mesmos para concentrações mais baixas. A quantificação destes metais foi realizada em amostras de urina e de combustíveis como óleo Diesel e Biodiesel através do método de adição de padrões, os quais se apresentaram em faixas a nível de traços (&#181;g.L-1). / The use of in situ Bismuth film modified electrodes is a practice method for the determination of metals by a preconcentration and anodic stripping, because the modification of electrode and preconcentration of analites in made simultaneously. The Au electrode manufacturing by CD-Rs is a cheap alternative method to build disposable electrodes, due the low cost and easily, with a unique CD-R is possible the production of a great number of electrodes whose possibility the realization of many measurements. When the preview behavior is anymore observed, the sensor is just discarded. This process is advantageous in the sense of after the stripping step, in which the pre-concentrated metals is getting out the electrode, the same cannot represent itself as the beginning profile, due a residual quantity of bismuth in the film remainder in the electrode. Because the easily of production of CD-R electrodes were made array of Au electrodes containing three electrodes, necessarily to electrochemistry cell, by the etching technique with iodide/iodine. This process was made using the protection of electrodes area with laser printer ink, by the thermal transference. After the etching, the toner ink is removed with swab cotton, absorbed in acetonitrile. A pseudo reference electrode (Ag/AgCl KCl 0,1 mol L-1) was incorporated to the system by electrodepositing of a Ag film on one of the three Au electrodes and following the reoxidation of a portion of Ag in a medium containing clorine ions to the formation of Ag/AgCl. The system show a good repeatability of square-wave voltammetry measures carry out through the preconcentration on Bi film formed in situ of Pb and Cd in a concentration of 2,0x10-6 mol L-1. The concentration of Bi3+ utilized to formation of in situ film was 1x10-4 mol L-1. The study of Bi3+ ions concentration shows that the same is an important parameter who affects crucially the format of analytical curves for both metals Cd e Pb, presenting variations in the sensibility of method for both metals and difficulting the simultaneous determination of these metals for lower concentrations. The quantification of theses metals was realized in urine and fuel oils, as Diesel oil and Biodiesel samples by the standard-addition method, whose was found in traces level concentration (&#181g L-1)
8

Desenvolvimento de sensores eletroanalíticos utilizando eletrodos modificados com filme de Bismuto / Development of electroanalytical sensors utilizing modified electrodes with Bismuth Film

Oliveira, Fernando Castro Mota de 15 August 2008 (has links)
A utilização de eletrodos modificados com filmes de Bismuto, formados in situ, é um método prático para a determinação de metais através da pré-concentração e redissolução anódica, pois a modificação do eletrodo e a pré-concentração dos analitos são realizadas simultaneamente. O processo de fabricação de eletrodos de Au através de CD-Rs é uma alternativa barata para a confecção de eletrodos descartáveis, pois devido ao baixo custo e facilidade, com um único CD-R é possível produzir de um grande número de eletrodos possibilitando a realização de várias medições. Quando não mais apresentar o comportamento desejado, o sensor simplesmente é descartado. Tal processo é vantajoso no sentido de que após a realização da redissolução dos metais préconcentrados no eletrodo, o mesmo pode não apresentar o perfil anterior devido a uma quantidade residual de bismuto do filme remanescente no eletrodo. Devido a facilidade de produção de eletrodos de CD-R foram construídos sistemas integrados contendo os três eletrodos necessário para a célula eletroquímica através da técnica de corrosão com iodo/iodeto. Tal processo foi realizado fazendo-se a proteção das áreas dos eletrodos com toner de impressora, transferido termicamente. Após a corrosão, o toner é retirado com algodão embebido em acetonitrila. Um eletrodo de (pseudo) referência (Ag/AgCl KCl 0,1 mol L-1) foi incorporado ao sistema através da eletrodeposição de Ag sobre um dos três eletrodos de Au e posterior reoxidação de uma porção da Ag eletrodepositada em meio contendo íons cloreto para a formação de AgCl. Tal sistema apresentou uma boa repetibilidade de medidas de voltametria de onda quadrada realizadas após a pré-concentração sobre filmes de Bi formado in situ em soluções de Pb e Cd a uma concentração de 2,0x10-6 mol L-1. A concentração de Bi3+ utilizado para a formação do filme foi de 1,0x10-4 mol L-1. O estudo da concentração dos íons Bi3+ utilizado para a formação do filme mostrou-se um parâmetro que afeta crucialmente o formato das curvas analíticas para ambos os metais Cd e Pb, apresentando variações na sensibilidade do método para ambos os metais e dificultando a determinação conjunta dos mesmos para concentrações mais baixas. A quantificação destes metais foi realizada em amostras de urina e de combustíveis como óleo Diesel e Biodiesel através do método de adição de padrões, os quais se apresentaram em faixas a nível de traços (&#181;g.L-1). / The use of in situ Bismuth film modified electrodes is a practice method for the determination of metals by a preconcentration and anodic stripping, because the modification of electrode and preconcentration of analites in made simultaneously. The Au electrode manufacturing by CD-Rs is a cheap alternative method to build disposable electrodes, due the low cost and easily, with a unique CD-R is possible the production of a great number of electrodes whose possibility the realization of many measurements. When the preview behavior is anymore observed, the sensor is just discarded. This process is advantageous in the sense of after the stripping step, in which the pre-concentrated metals is getting out the electrode, the same cannot represent itself as the beginning profile, due a residual quantity of bismuth in the film remainder in the electrode. Because the easily of production of CD-R electrodes were made array of Au electrodes containing three electrodes, necessarily to electrochemistry cell, by the etching technique with iodide/iodine. This process was made using the protection of electrodes area with laser printer ink, by the thermal transference. After the etching, the toner ink is removed with swab cotton, absorbed in acetonitrile. A pseudo reference electrode (Ag/AgCl KCl 0,1 mol L-1) was incorporated to the system by electrodepositing of a Ag film on one of the three Au electrodes and following the reoxidation of a portion of Ag in a medium containing clorine ions to the formation of Ag/AgCl. The system show a good repeatability of square-wave voltammetry measures carry out through the preconcentration on Bi film formed in situ of Pb and Cd in a concentration of 2,0x10-6 mol L-1. The concentration of Bi3+ utilized to formation of in situ film was 1x10-4 mol L-1. The study of Bi3+ ions concentration shows that the same is an important parameter who affects crucially the format of analytical curves for both metals Cd e Pb, presenting variations in the sensibility of method for both metals and difficulting the simultaneous determination of these metals for lower concentrations. The quantification of theses metals was realized in urine and fuel oils, as Diesel oil and Biodiesel samples by the standard-addition method, whose was found in traces level concentration (&#181g L-1)
9

Voltage and Timing Adaptation for Variation and Aging Tolerance in Nanometer VLSI Circuits

Shim, Kyu-Nam 1978- 14 March 2013 (has links)
Process variations and circuit aging continue to be main challenges to the power-efficiency of VLSI circuits, as considerable power budget must be allocated at design time to mitigate timing variations. Modern designs incorporate adaptive techniques for variation compensation to reduce the extra power consumption. The efficiency of existing adaptive approaches, however, is often significantly attenuated by the fine-grained nature of variations in nanometer technology such as random dopant fluctuation, litho-variation, and different rates of transistor degradation due to non-uniform activity factors. This dissertation addresses the limitations from existing adaptation techniques, and proposes new adaptive approaches to effectively compensate the fine-grained variations. Adaptive supply voltage (ASV) is one of the effective adaptation approaches for power-performance tuning. ASV has advantages on controlling dynamic and leakage power, while voltage generation and delivery overheads from conventional ASV systems make their application to mitigate fine-grained variations demanding. This dissertation presents a dual-level ASV system which provides ASV at both coarse-grained and fine-grained level, and has limited power routing overhead. Significant power reduction from our dual-ASV system demonstrates its superiority over existing approaches. Another novel technique on supply voltage adaptation for variation resilience in VLSI interconnects is proposed. A programmable boostable repeater design boosts switching speed by raising its internal voltage rail transiently and autonomously, and achieves fine-grained voltage adaptation without stand-alone voltage regulators or additional power grid. Since interconnect is a widely recognized bottleneck to chip performance and tremendous repeaters are employed on chip designs, boostable repeater has plenty of chances to improve system robustness. A low cost scheme for delay variation detection is essential to compose an efficient adaptation system. This dissertation presents an area-efficient built-in delay testing scheme which exploits BIST SCAN architecture and dynamic clock skew control. Using this built-in delay testing scheme, a fine-grained adaptation system composed of the proposed boostable repeater design and adaptive clock skew control is proposed, and demonstrated to mitigate process variation and aging induced timing degradations in a power as well as area efficient manner.
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Development of an Immunodiagnostic Kit for Species Identification of Snake Bite and Studies on the Cross-Reacting Venom Antigens

De, Anindya Kanti January 1996 (has links) (PDF)
No description available.

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