Prigimtinėje būklėje žmogus perdavė savo teises Tautos atstovams, kurie geriausiai galėjo atstovauti jo nteresus, taip buvo įkurta įstatymų leidžiamoji valdžia. Visuomenės resursų valdymui bei sprendimų vykdymui buvo įkurta vykdomoji valdžia. Taigi, turėdamos skirtingą paskirtį visuomenės gyvenime, įstatymų leidžiamoji ir vykdomoji valdžios veikė išimtinai tik savo srityje, tokiu būdu galėdamos nešališkai, todėl geriausiai atstovauti Tautą bei dirbti jos labui. Tokia pagrindinė istorinio valdžių padalijimo principo prigimties idėja, kurią, įvairiai modifikuotą ar gryną, kaip demokratijos garantą, perėmė dauguma tiek labiausiai išsivysčiusių Vakarų Europos, tiek kitų žemynų valstybės. Pagal valdžių padalijimo principo pradininkų veikaluose išdėstytą doktriną, demokratinio valdymo šalyje turi būti trijų valdžių sąranga – įstatymų leidžiamoji, įstatymų vykdomoji bei teisminė. Minėta, kiekviena valdžios šaka turi tik jai priskirtus įgaliojimus ir jokiu būdu negali jų nei deleguoti, nei perimti iš kitos valdžios šakos, juo labiau negali būti valdžių susiliejimo. Tačiau valdžių atskyrimas nereiškia valdžių savitikslio savarankiškumo, - tai reiškia, kad valdžios bendradarbiauja ir įgyvendina tokį valdžių pusiausvyros lygį, kurio dėka nė viena valdžia neturėtų pranašumo prieš kitą. Tuo pačiu pagal šį principą turi būti nuolat atliekama parlamentinė kontrolė Vyriausybės atžvilgiu. Tik tokiu būdu bus tinkamai garantuotos Tautos teisės bei laisvės. Todėl, remiantis savo bei užsienio... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Every human being living in the State of Nature had equal opportunities. Because of the growth of human race, this state altered and the interests of each individual person began to intersect, especially when talking about property. As a result, the rights and freedoms of each individual person were taken under threat. Therefore people began to organize themselves into societies in order to solve collective issues of society all together. When they had elected the most competent representatives, able to represent the interests of all Nation the best they could, people living in the State of Nature voluntarily waived their rights for handling particular issues in collective manner. The first aim of the representatives was the welfare of people. Thus the fundamental institute of the highest government was born. However, decisions taken in the name of all the people would have no power if they could not be enforced and would not reflect interests of the Nation. Seeking to implement supervision, the executive power was established which took care of the general welfare and the realization of all decisions. Thus, having a different purpose in society, legislature and executive authorities acted solely for their own sphere. Therefore, legislature and executive authorities could represent and work for the people as fair as possible. This is the basic idea of the historical division of powers which, variously modified or pure, as the security of democracy, was adopted by the majority... [to full text]

Asymmetric simple exclusion process (ASEP) is a driven stochastic lattice model of particles that move preferentially in one direction. If particles move only in one direction, the model is known as totally asymmetric process. Conventionally, preferred direction of motion is chosen to be to the right. Particles interact through the hard core exclusion rule, meaning that no more than one particle is allowed to occupy one lattice site. In this work following ASEP models are presented. First we study square diagonal lattice with particles that occupy one lattice site and move along the square diagonals. Mean-field theory was developed for this model. The results that were obtained are the dependency of the current on density of the particles, spatial density distribution along the horizontal direction and the phase diagram of the system. Mean-field theory results were compared to simulations. Next model was lattice with extended particles, i.e. particles that occupy more than one lattice site. Unlike the first model, in this system the particle-hole symmetry is broken. Results for current flow, density distribution and phase diagrams were obtained both by mean-field theory and Monte-Carlo (MC) simulations. Another system was the lattice with vertical particle drift. Now particles that occupy one lattice site jump not only in one preferred horizontal directions but there is also one preferred vertical direction for particle flow. Both mean-field theory and simulations were studied for this system and results were compared. Also we explore the system with immovable obstacle. Obstacle is one or several particles located at fixed positions. In this model we observe increase in particle density in front of the obstacle and "shadow" behind it. It is expected that the shape and size of those formations are symmetrical in transverse direction.

Die zahnmedizinischen Dissertationen an der Universität Leipzig 1919-1945

This creative project adapted the basic elements of the teaching methods of Zoltan Kodaly and Carl Orff to the teaching of the recorder. The resulting recorder teaching method includes the sequential presentation of musical concepts and skills of the Kodaly approach, and the philosophies and techniques for developing creativity of the Orff approach.The method consists of forty-one graduated phases of development accompanied by appropriate song materials and suggestions for varied creative activities included for the purpose of providing practice and experience with the musical concepts presented in the lessons.

Šiame magistro darbe nagrinėti pažeidėjo gautos naudos išreikalavimo, kaip civilinio teisių gynimo būdo, ypatumai. Pirmoje darbo dalyje pateikiamas nagrinėjamos temos koncepcinis įvertinimas ir kiti bendrieji klausimai. Išaiškinta, kad pažeidėjo gauta nauda gali būti išreikalauta pagal žalos atlyginimo taisykles. Būtent, vadovaujantis CK 6.249 straipsnio 2 dalimi, pažeidėjo gauta nauda pripažįstama nukentėjusiojo nuostoliais tiek, kiek nukentejusiojo netiesioginiai nuostoliai atitinka pažeidėjo gautą naudą. Likusi dalis išreikalaujama remiantis turto gavimo be pagrindo ir nepagrįsto praturtėjimo normomis. Antrojoje dalyje išanalizuotos bendrosios pažeidėjo gautos naudos išreikalavimo, kaip civilinio teisių gynimo būdo, taikymo pagrindai ir sąlygos. Prieita prie išvados, kad kaltė negali būti būtina sąlyga taikant nepagrįsto praturtėjimo normas. Pateikta analizė, kad subsidiarus nepagrįsto praturtėjimo taikymas turi būti suprantamas taip: pirmiausia turi būti remiamasi civilinės atsakomybės normomis, jei jų taikymas negalimas arba nepasiekiamas norimas rezultatas, papildomai taikomos nepagrįsto praturtėjimo normos jam pasiekti. Trečioji dalis skirta veiksnių, turinčių įtakos pažeidėjo gautos naudos dydžiui, analizei. Nurodoma, kad gauta nauda turi būti suprantama ne tik kaip turto padidėjimas, bet ir nesumažėjimas. Motyvuojama, kad priklausomai nuo neteisėtų veiksmų pobūdžio, gautos naudos išraiškos forma gali būti tiek kaina, tiek vertė. Tam, kad nebūtų pernelyg išplečiamos... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The subject matter of the article is to reveal the issues of an account of profits remedy. The substance of aforementioned remedy is considered in the first part of this article. It is asserted that profit made by wrongful conduct must be claimed in accordance to the essential function of civil liability – compensation. Article 6.249 part 2 of Lithuanian Civil code operates to strip a defendant that amount of profit which coincides with the plaintiff‘s indirect damages. The rest profit made by wrongful conduct is reversed by action in unjustified enrichment. The circumstances in which annotated remedy is available is rationalised and explained in the second part of the article. One of the drawn conclusions is that fault can not be a prerequisite for action based on unjustified enrichment. It is submitted that subsidiarity denotes the subordination of action in unjustified enrichment where another claim in fact offers a claimant a basis of recovery. However, the action in unjustified enrichment must not be excluded when the claimant is barred to recover his loss by the primary action. Third part of this article introduces the essential yardsticks which determine the measurement of profit accrued to the defendant. It is preferred that the profit accrued to the defendant should be measured by actual profit made and, then appropriate, by expense saved. It is proved that the benefit conferred on the defendant is measured either by market value or price received. The measurement... [to full text]

The area of school facilities maintenance as an integral component of schools' educational programmes is only beginning to receive attention in South Africa, through the publishing of Notice 1438 of 2008 of the National Education Policy, which is a call for comments on the National Policy for an Equitable Provision of an Enabling School Physical Teaching and Learning Environment. This implies that, while it is a critical aspect of teaching and learning, school facilities maintenance has not been accorded a priority status. Numerous studies have indicated a strong correlation between the quality of school facilities and learner achievement and educator morale and job satisfaction. This study aimed at determining how a whole-school approach to facilities maintenance can be developed at schools by investigating the nature of school facilities maintenance and what the current school facilities maintenance practices are. An exploratory qualitative empirical research involving the use of ethnographic observation, photography and interviews was conducted. The study found that the current facilities maintenance practices at schools mainly comprised routine, corrective and emergency maintenance, which implies that facilities maintenance is not an integral component of the educational programmes. It also implies that schools need to implement a comprehensive and systematic process of facilities maintenance, which has a strong strategic dimension. A Whole-School Facilities Maintenance Model is thus proposed as a solution to this need. The model addresses schools' immediate facilities maintenance needs and long-term needs as it is accommodative of changes, both minor and major, as can be the case with the enactment of policy regarding school infrastructure management. This study contributes to the practice of school organisational development and management by customising strategic planning into school development planning and improvement. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Education Management))--North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2010.

The area of school facilities maintenance as an integral component of schools' educational programmes is only beginning to receive attention in South Africa, through the publishing of Notice 1438 of 2008 of the National Education Policy, which is a call for comments on the National Policy for an Equitable Provision of an Enabling School Physical Teaching and Learning Environment. This implies that, while it is a critical aspect of teaching and learning, school facilities maintenance has not been accorded a priority status. Numerous studies have indicated a strong correlation between the quality of school facilities and learner achievement and educator morale and job satisfaction. This study aimed at determining how a whole-school approach to facilities maintenance can be developed at schools by investigating the nature of school facilities maintenance and what the current school facilities maintenance practices are. An exploratory qualitative empirical research involving the use of ethnographic observation, photography and interviews was conducted. The study found that the current facilities maintenance practices at schools mainly comprised routine, corrective and emergency maintenance, which implies that facilities maintenance is not an integral component of the educational programmes. It also implies that schools need to implement a comprehensive and systematic process of facilities maintenance, which has a strong strategic dimension. A Whole-School Facilities Maintenance Model is thus proposed as a solution to this need. The model addresses schools' immediate facilities maintenance needs and long-term needs as it is accommodative of changes, both minor and major, as can be the case with the enactment of policy regarding school infrastructure management. This study contributes to the practice of school organisational development and management by customising strategic planning into school development planning and improvement. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Education Management))--North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2010.

The increasing multicultural and multilingual population of the UK has set new challenges for the education system. This study focuses on a particular aspect of this, namely pupils in schools in the city of Leicester who use English as an additional language (EAL). It compares their lexical understanding with that of their monolingual English-speaking peers, when both sets of pupils appeared to have attained the same surface proficiency in reading. This work also investigates teachers' awareness of any lexical comprehension gap that might exist for their EAL pupils. These key issues could not be studied in isolation, so this research was set in a sociocultural framework. This drew together social and cultural strands to give a situational understanding of the target pupils in city schools. It encompassed their teachers' observations and perceptions through a series of thirty interviews undertaken with these practitioners. This was complemented by interviews with ten key management personnel from the Language Support Service undertaken to investigate the objectives of the Service, and how successfully these were implemented in schools. The empirical research of this study was a Vocabulary Test undertaken with one hundred primary school pupils to test the key hypothesis that EAL pupils' lexical understanding was not as comprehensive as that of their L1 peers. Fifty of the pupils used English as an additional language, forming the EAL group of this study, and these were matched with fifty monolingual English-speaking pupils, the L1 group. The results of the Vocabulary Test substantiated this hypothesis for the target lexemes included in the test, and they also substantiated the additional hypothesis that mainstream teachers did not always fully recognise lexical misunderstandings that their EAL pupils might have. The research was classroom-based, and incorporated some principles of action research. A key factor in the action research paradigm has been disseminating the finding to schools and to teachers to effect changes in classroom practice by increasing awareness of lexical difficulties that EAL pupils might have. For this study, the dissemination has taken the form of Vocabulary Workshops for school staff, and these are ongoing at the present time. The workshops are designed to help teachers enhance EAL pupils' understanding of lexis in English and their learning through English.

[Truncated abstract] This thesis consists of six chapters, and the main research contributions are contained in chapters two through five inclusive. The topics addressed in each chapter are distinct, but related, and the specific contributions to knowledge made by the different chapters are related to: (i) understanding more fully the nature of the demand for alcohol; (ii) explaining the relationship between reputation characteristics and consumers’ willingness to pay for wine; (iii) estimating the rate of return to Australian wine; and (iv) using financial analysis to reveal the risk diversification benefits available by including wine in an investment portfolio. The details of each contribution are briefly outlined below. Chapter 2 discusses the nature of the demand for alcohol. The demand for alcoholic beverages is an area much studied, and there are numerous studies estimating the own-price elasticity of alcoholic beverages. A review of relevant published studies indicates reported: beer own-price elasticity estimates range from -.02 to -3.00, with a mean estimate value of -.46, and standard deviation of -.41 (n = 139); wine own-price elasticity estimates range from -.05 to -3.00, with a mean estimate value of -.72, and standard deviation of .53 (n = 140); and spirits own-price elasticity estimates range from -.01 to -2.18, with a mean estimate value of -.74, and standard deviation of .47 (n = 136). Chapter 2 contributes to understanding the demand for alcohol, not by adding yet another set of elasticity estimates to an already substantial literature, but by providing a framework through which all known own-price elasticity estimates can be understood. Specifically, a meta-regression framework is employed to study previously published own-price elasticity estimates. This framework allows the effect of model design attributes to be isolated, and the underlying trend in consumer responses to price changes to be identified.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:35:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 4738.pdf: 3913379 bytes, checksum: 8291de03f64c1c34393fc238cd698a5e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-11-26 / Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais / This research, from a socio-historical perspective, focused the theme of young urban popular authors of offense and their relationship with the Public School in the city of São Carlos, São Paulo. Its overall objective was to investigate the relationship between the condition of youth enrolled in poverty and their school careers steeped interventions by institutions recognized as protection, according to the Statute of Children and Adolescents, once sparked the offense, in our case, the Núcleo de Atendimento Integrado (NAI). To this end, we worked with the monitoring and reconstruction of life stories of young people who committed the offense as well as analyzed the school reporting of young graduates from NAI System since its introduction in 2000 until the year 2009. This resulted in the production of a database with information from 2969 school reportings and the reconstruction of 10 teenagers life stories. Using these two data sources based on the understanding that the statistics can offer visibility and ability to generalize what their life stories is restricted because of their uniqueness, while those same stories, the depth of description and the accumulation of information, can qualify and provide concreteness to statistical analysis. Thus, the main results that this work points that young people that living in poor urban neighborhoods, attending Public School and accumulating grade failing, grade/age distortion and a high turnover within and among schools are more likely to enter the social-justice system. We emphasize the need to review the award to adolescence brand of social vulnerability, focusing the care failure and vulnerable situations that arise in the medium term in relation to the offenses are placed since the Childhood. Thus, points that the Public School is a protective element in the life of these young people, showing to the education sector linked to other social policies and family/community care that still need to be undertaken in Elementary School. Finally, it identifies the inadequacy of the system of social educational measures, focusing on open environment, its inefficiency in relation to the insertion and monitoring of their adolescents in the regular education and the demonstration that the entry in this system entails the incompleteness and the 'failure' of school life. We hoped that this study can provide references for coping vulnerabilities surrounding the daily life of adolescents and young urban popular groups and the construction of a Public School with the ability, at the same time providing quality education for all and recognizing the unique demands of caring for their students. The logic here is that this school is possible, since articulated with the network of local protection, services and community, and the operators realize the complexity of life and necessities showed by their public. / A presente pesquisa, a partir de uma perspectiva sócio-histórica, debruçou-se sobre a temática dos jovens populares urbanos autores de ato infracional e a sua relação com a Escola Pública, na cidade de São Carlos, interior de São Paulo. Seu objetivo geral foi investigar as relações entre a condição juvenil inscrita na pobreza e seus percursos escolares perpassados por intervenções de instituições reconhecidas como de proteção, segundo o Estatuto da Criança e Adolescente, uma vez deflagrado o ato infracional; no caso em estudo, o Núcleo de Atendimento Integrado (NAI). Para tanto, trabalhou-se com o acompanhamento e a reconstituição de histórias de vida de jovens que cometeram ato infrancional, bem como se analisou históricos escolares dos jovens egressos do Sistema NAI desde sua implantação, no ano de 2000, até o ano de 2009. Isso resultou na produção de um banco de dados com informações provenientes de 2969 históricos escolares e na reconstituição da história de vida de 10 adolescentes descritas e discutidas em seis narrativas. O uso dessas duas fontes de dados fundamenta-se na compreensão de que os dados estatísticos podem ofertar a visibilidade e a capacidade de generalização que nas histórias de vidas, por sua singularidade, é restrita, ao passo que essas mesmas histórias, pela profundidade da descrição e pelo acúmulo de informações, podem qualificar e dar concretude à análise estatística. Os principais resultados deste trabalho demonstram que são os jovens moradores das periferias urbanas, que frequentam a Escola Pública e que acumulam em sua trajetória escolar repetências, evasões, distorção série/idade e uma rotatividade intra e inter escolas, os mais propensos a adentrarem o sistema sociojurídico. Destaca-se a necessidade da revisão da atribuição à fase da adolescência da marca da vulnerabilidade social, colocando-se em foco que as insuficiências no cuidado e as situações de vulnerabilidade das quais podem decorrer, em médio prazo, o envolvimento com os atos infracionais estão presentes desde a Infância. Por outro lado, os dados evidenciam que a escola representou um elemento protetivo na trajetória desses jovens, demonstrando, para o setor educação, articulado com as demais políticas sociais e com a família/comunidade, que os cuidados precisam ser empreendidos ainda na Educação Infantil e no Ciclo I do Ensino Fundamental. Identificou-se também a inadequação do sistema de medidas socioeducativas, com foco nas de meio aberto, sua ineficiência no que se refere à inserção e ao acompanhamento dos adolescentes no ensino regular, bem como a demonstração de que a entrada nesse sistema acarreta dificuldades ainda maiores para uma trajetória escolar que já apontava precariedades importantes antes mesmo do ato infracional. A não finalização das etapas de escolarização, regular ou a de jovens e adultos, e o insucesso são marcas carregadas por esses jovens. Espera-se que este estudo possa oferecer referências para estratégias de enfrentamento às vulnerabilidades que cercam o cotidiano de adolescentes e jovens de grupos populares urbanos e para a construção de uma Escola Pública com a capacidade, de ao mesmo tempo, oferecer qualidade para todos e reconhecer as demandas singulares de cuidado dos seus alunos. A lógica aqui é de que essa Escola é possível, desde que articulada à rede de proteção local, de serviços e comunitária, e que seus agentes apreendam a complexidade da vida e as necessidades apresentadas pelo seu público.