Mesophyll conductance is (together with stomatal conductance) a crucial component of diffusion limitations of photosynthesis and it is important to understand the mechanisms of CO2 fluxes through the leaves. Here I tested a new technique for estimation of drawdown in CO2 concentration across hypostomatous leaves based on carbon isotope composition (13C) of leaf cuticle and cuticular waxes isolated from opposite leaf sides.

"Oral health is important for general state of health and also for quality of life". This is how treatise on problems of oral health WHO starts. This sentence was an inspiration for this dissertation called "Comparison of oral health of 12-15 year old adolescents in the region of Jihlava and Havlíčkův Brod". All over the world 60-90 % of school age children have a dental caries. It is a localised patological process of microbiological origin which affects hard tooth tissue. It can lead to the loss of vitality of a tooth marrow and other patological phenomena. It is a very frequent disease in children´s age. One of the indicators of level of oral health is DMF index. It is a sum of permanent teeth with decay, with filling and teeth already extracted due to tooth decay. This thesis traditionally consists of theoretical part, which is a compiled information from specialized literature and practical part, where a method of cross-sectional study was used. The practical part consists of a cross-sectional study. The aim of this part was to map the occurence of tooth caries at 12-15 year old adolescents in chosen regions. It focuses on comparison of differences in oral health between these two regions and between boys and girls in both regions measured by DMF index. Part of this study is also a comparison of oral health of chosen population with recommended parameters of WHO for 12 years old. To fulfil this target, selected dentists were contacted and asked for cooperation. Collection of data was done with help of nurses in the dentists' offices. Data were recorded from health cards of the patients to a prepared record keeping sheet. Anonymity was preserved during collection and processing of data. To validate the data the corectness of inserted data was randomly rechecked. Data were entered into Microsoft Office Excel data sheet and were backed up. Three hypotheses were rised in this thesis: H1: There exists statistically significant difference in teeth defectiveness in chosen regions. The difference at defectiveness of teeth has been demonstrated. Higher level of oral health is in Jihlava region study population. H2: There exists statistically significant difference in teeth defectiveness between girls and boys. This hypothesis was rejected. Alternative hypothesis was accepted: Statistically significant difference in teeth defectiveness between girls and boys does not exist. H3: Oral health of 12-15 year old adolescents in chosen regions has got parameters recommended by WHO. This hypothesis was rejected. Alternative hypothesis was accepted: Oral health of 12-15 year old adolescents in chosen regions does not have parameters recomMended by WHO. Results of this study will be communicated with all participating dentists. Results of the study has also shown a significantly higher defectiveness of teeth in the studied population in comparison with foreign study in a similar age sample of young people from New South Wales. On the other hand, young people from Jihlava and Havlíčkův Brod more often attend dentists and their results are much better at this point. In comparison with national studies from years 1998, 2003 and 2010 our results are more positive. It is possible to see gradual increase of percentage of young people with intact teeth and also slow decrease of average DMF value. In comparison of these two regions Jihlava and Havlíčkův Brod, the results from Jihlava were more positive. Statistically significant difference in defectiveness of teeth between girls and boys was not notified. Average DMF in studied population was 1,7. WHO recommended DMF 3 for the year 2000 and 1,0 for the year 2010. DMF index in our study did not reach the level recommended by WHO for the year 2010.

The main theme of my work is finding the locomotive load in selected professions and build a compensation program for professionals with a sedentary job. When selecting this topic for me was the decisive topicality of the selected topic, I see especially in the ever-growing problems with musculoskeletal system of persons employed in sedentary occupations, which are one of the consequences of their employment. The first theoretical part of the thesis includes a detailed analysis of the issues examined based on theories that describe the anatomy and physiology of the musculoskeletal system. I characterize also the sedentary lifestyle and sedentary employment in general and describe workplace ergonomics professionals selected for the needs of my thesis. In theory there need explaining motion compensation modes based on medical aspects of the workforce in selected professions sedentary jobs. The practical part of the thesis was to determine the quantitative research on a sample of probands peace musculoskeletal load in connection with the exercise of their profession. Results of the research were my starting point to build a compensation programs that would positively affect the quality of life of current probands. To meet the targets I have been primarily assisting methods of quantitative research using questionnaires. The reason for choosing this method is smooth and straightforward data collection enabling the rapid analysis and processing. The research group of people that was chosen includes professions that are characterized by their sedentary job: professional driver, an office worker and painter Christmas decorations. I observed the objectivity of the research questions musculoskeletal load in selected professions, I firmly establish the criteria on the basis of purposive sampling was assembled group of three professionals with a sedentary job. During the research, I pay attention to individual cases, carried out their detailed descriptions and subsequently proposed compensatory exercises by the parties for some time applied. After this time was collected by new data and a qualitative comparison with the data starting. I am convinced that the results of my research work can help all persons working in occupations with a sedentary job, provided the inclusion of adequate compensatory exercises in his career, but also leisure life.

L'évolution biologique des organismes peut être étudiée comme une succession de transformations morphologiques qui sont caractérisées par le changement de leur géométrie tridimensionnelle globale et locale. Dans ce contexte, il est nécessaire de développer des outils mathématiques et informatiques comparatifs de formes tridimensionnelles afin d'étudier ces transformations et de pouvoir les comparer avec les variabilités inter- et intra-espèces. Dans la chaîne de traitement des données tridimensionnelles (images 3D ou maillages 3D) employée en " paléoanthropologie virtuelle ", la méthode la plus souvent utilisée en analyse comparative est basée sur des points de repère (en général, anatomiques) dont les coordonnées sont analysées à l'aide d'outils mathématiques tels que la " morphométrie géométrique ". Plus récemment, une autre classe de méthodes a été proposée. Elle permet des comparaisons globales entre les surfaces complètes de structures anatomiques sans avoir besoin de définir des points de repère. On obtient ainsi une analyse statistique de la forme moyenne et de sa variabilité en tout point. Dans cette thèse, nous proposons d'étudier la chaîne d'analyse morphométrique des données 3D utilisées en paléoanthropologie, de la numérisation à l'exploitation des données par les chercheurs. Cette thèse présente des méthodes analytiques pour le traitement des données issues de la paléoanthropologie, depuis la numérisation des sites de fouilles jusqu'à l'acquisition et l'analyse des spécimens. Nous établissons des modèles numériques de terrain (analyses multidimensionnelles de données issues de différentes modalités d'acquisition telles que les scans laser et la photogrammétrie) qui permettent d'appréhender les vestiges dans leur contexte et nous proposons des analyses qui répondent à des problématiques qui sont spécifiques aux études en biologie. En particulier, nous apportons des outils d'analyse et de visualisation (cartographies 3D et analyses statistiques) pour des problématiques de déformation basées sur des recalages surfaciques. Nous proposons également une méthode d'analyse sur des données partielles afin de pouvoir exploiter l'ensemble des données disponibles dans les registres fossiles et modernes. Nos résultats mettent en évidence que les méthodes par recalage surfacique augmentent non seulement les possibilités de capter les formes et leurs variations, mais permettent également de travailler sur des formes globales et non uniquement sur certains points. Nous montrons notamment que ces méthodes permettent le développement d'outils qui sont bien adaptés pour les études en paléoanthropologie. / The biological evolution of organisms can be studied as a set of morphological transformations which are characterized by the modification of their global three- dimensional geometry and by some discrete traits. In this context, it is necessary to develop comparative mathematical and computational tools for the study of the inter- and intraspecific variation. Within the three-dimensional data processing workflow (3D images or 3D meshes) employed in " virtual paleoanthropology ", the method that is most commonly used in comparative analysis is based on landmarks (most often anatomical landmarks) from which coordinates are analyzed by using mathematical tools such as " geometric morphometrics ". More recently, other methods allowing global comparisons between three-dimensional reconstructions without landmarks have been proposed. They allow for example the statistical analysis of a global shape and its variability. We suggest to study the process for morphometric analysis of 3D data commonly used in paleoanthropology, from the digitization to the exploration of 3D data. This dissertation introduces analytical methods for the processing of data provided by paleoanthropological studies, from the digitization of the excavation sites to the acquisition and the analysis of specimens. We established digital ground models (multidimensional analyses of data from various modalities of acquisition such as laser scanner and photogrammetry) that contribute to a comprehensive understanding of fossil remains in their context and we proposed relevant analyses for resolving specific problems inherent to biological studies. In particular, we developed appropriate tools for analyses and viewing (3D mappings and statistical analyses) dedicated specifically to problems of deformation-based registrations. Additionally, we introduced a method for the analysis of partial data in order to use all the specimens available in the fossil and modern records. Besides opening up new possibilities of capturing shape variation, our results highlight that techniques based on surface registration provide a reliable methodological framework for working on global shapes without focusing on specific points. We reported in particular that these methods allow the development of tools which are particularly suitable for the paleoanthropological studies.

En raison de sa remarquable diversité végétale, de son taux d’endémisme, parmi les plus élevés au niveau mondial (79%) et de son extrême vulnérabilité, la Nouvelle-Calédonie est un des premiers hotspots de la biodiversité mondiale. L’une des remarquables originalités de la flore Calédonienne repose sur la présence de nombreux taxa reconnus, en raison de leurs positions phylogénétiques, comme appartenant aux lignées les plus anciennes des plantes à fleurs. Ces lignées d’Angiospermes « reliques » ont une valeur scientifique et patrimoniale importante, puisqu’elles sont de véritables fenêtres sur le passé. A travers l’étude des traits foliaires, de l’anatomie du bois (e.g. type d’éléments conducteurs, perforations, diamètre et longueur des vaisseaux), de l’architecture (e.g. sympoldialité vs monopodialité, phénomène de réitération, rythmicité de croissance) et de la biomécanique des axes, nous chercherons à caractériser les formes et fonctions de ces taxons. Ce projet de thèse vise à examiner les déterminants structurels et fonctionnels de la répartition spatiale actuelle des Angiospermes basales (grade ANITA + Magnoliidae) en Nouvelle-Calédonie. Dans cette perspective nous chercherons à comprendre quels sont les facteurs qui ont conduit au confinement de certains taxons à des habitats restreints ou au contraire à leur dispersion dans des milieux contrastés. Un premier volet du projet en cours, a pour objectif de caractériser la dynamique de croissance d’Amborella trichopoda et sa plasticité architecturale sous différents régimes lumineux. Certains traits écologiques de ces espèces d’Angiospermes de divergence précoce, s’ils n’ont pas contribué à la radiation des plantes à fleurs actuelles, ont pu permettre son enracinement écologique au sein de la flore du Mésozoïque et fournir un répertoire développemental pour l’explosion subséquente de leur diversité. L’identification et l’étude de ces caractères sont donc déterminantes pour la compréhension de l’évolution structurelle et fonctionnelle des plantes à fleurs. / New Caledonia (NC) is one of the main biodiversity hotspots (Myers 1988), this is because of its remarkable plant diversity, its endemism rates, among the highest in the world (79%), and because of the vulnerability of its flora. One of the main originalities of New Caledonia flora is based on the presence of a large number of taxa recognized, due to their phylogenetical positions, as the most ancient extant representatives of angiosperms. For a long time, New Caledonia has been considered as an early upset fragment of the Gondwana (Pelletier 2006) that suffered an interrupted history of isolation which conferred the evolutionary particularities that we observe today. However, recent evidences show that NC has derived from the Australian land during the late Mesozoic (~80 Mya), the island was then submerged during the first half of the Cenozoic (Pelletier 2006) and a reemergence of the island seems to have occurred ~37 Mya (Cluzel et al. 1998). After the reappearance of the island above the sea level, several events of recolonisation occurred and they wrought the biodiversity that we observe nowadays (Pillon 2012). NC presents humid forests which are unique relics; under the influence of climate changes, these forests have virtually disappeared from other regions of the globe (Morat et al. 1986). The lineages of “relictual” angiosperms, mainly subservient to these humid forests, have a great scientific and patrimony value, as they can be considered as genuine windows on the past. These taxa are susceptible to contain primitive characters which have either disappeared in most of the existing flowering plants, or that are still shared by a narrow number of them. The identification and the study of these characters are therefore determinants for the comprehension of angiosperms evolution. Some ecological features of these panchronic species, may have either contributed to the huge radiation of extant angiosperms, or they may have contributed to the ecological settling of angiosperms within the Mesozoic flora, providing them with a developmental repertoire for the subsequent explosion of their diversity. This PhD project aims to study the ecological, anatomical and functional diversity of basal angiosperms and it seeks to analyze the evolutionary patterns of these structural and functional features. We will consider here as “basal” angiosperms a great group of flowering plants that has diverged before the monocot and eudicot node. This group is conformed by the ANITA grade, formed by Amborella (a single species endemic to NC), Nymphaeales (waterlilies and other herbaceous aquatic plants) and Austrobaileyales (aromatic woody plants). The Magnoliid subclass, a clade of flowering of early divergence, which contains plants considered as paleodicots by Cronquist (1988), will be also included in the analysis of the « basal » taxa. More recently, the Magnoliids have been redefined as a clade comprising Chloranthales, Canellales, Laurales, Magnoliales, et Piperales (APG III, 2009). In a second part of the project, a fieldtrip to Mexico will be held in order to include speces belonging to the Chloranthaceae and Schisandraceae, as well as Cabombaceae et Nymphaeaceae, by this means, we will incorporate species belonging to all the orders of the “basal” angiosperms, reinforcing the comparative analysis. This research work will lean on the recent publications of the phylogenetic relations within basal angiosperms...

L’ostéoporose est définie par une diminution de la masse osseuse et une altération de la structure osseuse. L’évaluation de l’architecture de l’os trabéculaire vertébral est un des enjeux majeurs de recherche actuels visant à la caractérisation des modifications du tissu osseux liées au vieillissement. Par ailleurs, le traitement de la fracture vertébrale ostéoporotique par vertébroplastie a démontré son efficacité. Le ciment actuel utilisé pour la vertébroplastie est le polyméthylméthacrylate. Ce ciment est efficace pour stabiliser la vertèbre et diminuer la douleur mais il existe une toxicité pour les tissus mous avoisinant, notamment la moelle en cas de fuite, et des inquiétudes quant au risque de fracture des vertèbres adjacentes. De nouveaux ciments biointégrables du type ciments phosphocalciques supplémentés en bisphosphonates pourraient avoir leur place à l’avenir dans le traitement des vertèbres.Notre travail de thèse s’est inscrit dans un projet pluridisciplinaire de recherche sur les altérations de la structure de l’os trabéculaire vertébral, reposant sur une analyse en imagerie médicale et une étude biomécanique, et sur le développement d’un nouveau ciment phosphocalcique supplémenté en bisphosphonates.L’ensemble de nos résultats pourra nous permettre :-D’améliorer la prédiction du risque de fracture vertébrale ostéoporotique-D’optimiser les nouveaux ciments biointégrables / The current definition of osteoporosis is a low bone mass associated with a microarchitecture deterioration. Vertebral trabecular bone microarchitecture assessment is an important research topic aiming at the characterization of the modifications of the bone tissue bound to ageing. On the other hand, the vertebral fracture treatment by vertebroplasty is known to be effective. Currently the cement used in vertebroplasty is the polymethylmetacrylate (PMMA). This cement stabilizes the vertebral fracture and decreases the pain, but there are a toxicity for nearby soft tissues, in particular spinal marrow in case of leakage, and concerns as for the risk of fracture of the neighboring vertebrae. In the future, new biointegrable calcium phosphate cement supplemented in bisphosphonate could be used in the vertrebrae treatment.Our work was based on a multidisciplinary project which aimed firstly at evaluating trabecular vertebral bone microarchitecture using medical imaging and biomechanical testing in this crucial anatomical region, secondly at developing a new calcium phosphate cement supplemented in bisphosphonate. Our results may lead to:- improve the fracture risk prediction in osteoporotic vertebra- improve the new biointegrable cements

No description available.

Breathing is a vital phenomenon that implies synergy of various anatomical structures that constitute the thorax. Joint physiology remains a relatively poorly-known component of the overall thorax physiology. Quantitative literature related to in vivo thorax kinematics during breathing is scarce. The present work focuses specifically on developing and applying a methodology to reach this goal. The developed method combined processing of CT data obtained at different lung volumes and infographic techniques. Detailed ranges of motion (ROMs) and axes of movement (mean helical axes, MHAs) were obtained at costovertebral joints in 12 asymptomatic subjects; rib ROMs gradually decrease with increasing rib number; lung volume and rib level have a significant influence on rib ROM; MHAs did not differ between rib levels. In addition, the method was applied on a sample of 10 patients with cystic fibrosis. The pathological condition significantly influenced CVJ ROMs while the orientation of the MHAs did not differ. Finally, the sternal displacement, sternal angle variations and sternocostal joints (SCJ at rib1 to 7) kinematics during breathing motion were analyzed. Rib ranges of motion relative to sternum decreased with increasing rib number similarly to CVJ. Orientation of the MHAs did not differ between SCJ levels. A significant linear correlation was demonstrated between sternum vertical displacement and rib ranges of motion at both CVJ and SCJ. The present work substantially contributes to 3D modelling of human thorax in breathing at a joint level both qualitatively and quantitatively. / Doctorat en Sciences biomédicales et pharmaceutiques (Médecine) / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

No description available.

Les dysplasies corticales focales de type 2 (DCF2) sont une cause fréquente d’épilepsie partielle pharmacorésistante pouvant bénéficier d’un traitement chirurgical. Leur détection en IRM est un facteur indépendant de bon pronostic. Leur diagnostic reste difficile avec jusqu’à 40% d’IRM négatives. Le travail de cette thèse a pour principal objectif d’améliorer la détection des DCF2 à partir des séquences conventionnelles, d’évaluer la pertinence d’une augmentation de champ magnétique, et de valider de nouveaux outils de détection, en particulier par l’identification d’anomalies des sillons associées aux DCF2 de manière automatique puis visuelles. Cette étude a été réalisée à partir d’une des plus importante cohorte de patients (>80 patients) porteurs de DCF2 prouvée histologiquement. L’évaluation de la fréquence de chacun des signes en IRM nous a permis de démontrer que, bien qu’aucune anomalie ne soit visible dans 41% des cas, les différents signes chez les patients avec une IRM positive n’étaient jamais isolés et que la combinaison des 3 signes les plus évocateurs de DCF2 (épaississement cortical, flou de l'interface blanc-gris et « transmantle sign »), était retrouvée chez 27 patients (64%) suggérant que l’IRM puisse être un examen très caractéristique. En augmentant le champ magnétique de 1,5 à 3T en IRM le taux de détection n’est que peu modifié mais la caractérisation des DCF2 est améliorée en raison d’une meilleure visualisation du « transmantle sign », considéré comme une signature en IRM des DCF2. L’analyse automatisée des sillons basés sur le calcul d’un nouveau paramètre appelé « énergie sulcale » permet d’identifier des motifs sulcaux anormaux chez les patients porteurs de DCF2 dans la région centrale en comparaison aux sujets sains. Ce résultat souligne l'importance d’une étude des sillons et pourrait fournir un critère supplémentaire pour détecter et localiser la lésion chez des patients à IRM négative. Enfin, l’analyse visuelle des sillons par un reformatage 3D du cortex nous a permis de décrire un nouveau marqueur des DCF2 de la région centrale : un motif sulcal dénommé le "Power Button Sign". Compte tenu de son excellente reproductibilité et de sa spécificité, il pourrait être utilisé comme un nouveau critère diagnostic majeur de DCF2 de la région centrale. L’ensemble de ces résultat participe à la meilleure compréhension des phénomènes développementaux impliqués dans la physiopathologie des DCF2 et offre de nombreuses perspectives pour l’amélioration de leur détection en imagerie. / Focal cortical dysplasia type 2 (FCD2) is a common cause of intractable partial epilepsy surgically treatable. Their detection by MRI is an independent factor of good prognosis. The MR imaging diagnosis remains difficult with up to 40% negative MRI. Our main objective is to improve the detection of FCD2from conventional sequences, to assess the relevance of increased magnetic field and validate new tools for detection, in particular by identifying sulcal abnormalities associated with FCD2 automatically and visually. This study was carried out from one of the largest cohort of patients (> 80 patients) with histologically proven FCD2. The evaluation of the frequency of each MR signs showed that, although no abnormality is seen in 41% of cases, the different signs in patients with a positive MRI were never isolated and the combination of the 3 most suggestive signs of FCD2 (cortical thickening, bluring of the gray-white matter interface and "transmantle sign") was found in 27 patients (64%), indicating that MRI can be very suggestive. By increasing the magnetic field from 1.5 to 3T MRI detection rate is only slightly changed but characterization of FCD2 is improved thanks to a better visualization of the " transmantle sign " considered as a MR signature of FCD2. The automated sulcus analysis based on the calculation of a new parameter called "sulcal energy" identifies abnormal sulcal patterns in patients with FCD2 in the central region in comparison to healthy subjects. This result underlines the importance of the identification of sulci and could provide an additional criterion for detecting and locating the lesion in patients with negative MRI. Finally, the visual analysis of sulci by 3D reformatting of the cortex allowed us to describe a new MR sign of FCD2 in the central region: a sulcal pattern called the "Power Button Sign". Given its excellent reproducibility and specificity, it could be used as a new major diagnostic criterion of FCD2 in the central region. All these results contribute to the better understanding of the developmental processes involved in the pathophysiology of FCD2 and offers many opportunities for improving their MR detection.