Maintaining postural control in standing requires the center of mass (COM) to be kept within the boundaries of the base of support (BOS). As the COM moves to a region outside the BOS, a step is often required, increasing the risk of falling, and therefore injury. All too often, humans are subjected to different perturbations while maintaining upright stance, and so to control the COM in these situations, postural activity through musculature at the ankle, knee, and hip are recruited according to demand associated with the level of perturbation. It is also believed that control of the head allows components of the visual and vestibular systems to contribute stable reference values. In order to understand human response to, and in preparation for perturbation, researchers have employed a number of experimental techniques, including i) loading and subsequent unloading of body segments such as the arm or leg; ii) single discrete platform movements; and iii) continuous platform movements. While many studies have focussed on examining postural control mechanisms during discrete perturbations in children and adolescents, these mechanisms in response to continual perturbation have not been well documented in observable developmental stages of youth, nor have they been well documented in special populations. Therefore, the primary aim of this doctoral dissertation was to characterize the reactive and anticipatory postural control mechanisms in children and adolescents, as well as to examine and characterize them in the Cerebral Palsy population. To achieve this overarching goal, three separate studies were performed. The first study characterized the anticipatory and reactive mechanisms of postural control in typically developing children aged 7 to 17 years. Specifically, postural muscle activity in the lower limbs, an index of head anchoring strategy, and body segment cross-correlations were characterized in response to, and in anticipation of, continuous platform oscillation movement at various frequencies. The second experiment characterized these same mechanisms in children of similar ages with cerebral palsy, and compared the results to those found in the first study. The results of these studies indicated a slight shift to anticipatory measures after repeated exposure to a specific frequency of platform oscillation, however, each transition to a greater platform speed resulted in more conservative measures of postural control. Furthermore, youth with cerebral palsy tended to control their posture much in the same way of typically developing children and adolescents under less challenging conditions however, with the increased difficulty associated with higher frequency oscillation were not able to generate adequate postural responses. The final study in this dissertation investigated the effects of a one-week intensive virtual reality-based exercise programme. In this study, postural control mechanisms were observed before and after a one-week time period, during which half of the participants received the enhanced exercise while the remaining participants received no treatment at all. The results from this study indicated there was no effect of a 5-day VR-based intervention on postural control mechanisms used in response to oscillating platform perturbations. Taken together, the results from these studies extend the current understanding of reactive and anticipatory mechanisms of postural control in children and adolescents, both typically developing and those with cerebral palsy.

Denna studies syfte var att försöka påverka individers målsättning och fysiska prestation genom att använda sig av heuristiken anchoring-and-adjustment. Anchoring-and-adjustment är en heuristik där en numerisk referenspunkt påverkar individer genom att de otillräckligt justerar utifrån ankaret när de ger svar och tar beslut. Denna heuristik, som visat sig vara väldigt robust och ha stark effekt, kombinerades med kunskap inom målsättning och sportpsykologi för att få fram frågeställningen huruvida anchoring-and-adjustmentheuristiken kan påverka individers uppskattning av prestation och följaktligen om det mål som sätts påverkar individers fysiska prestation. Fyrtio försökspersoner (35 män) delades slumpmässigt in i två grupper där de förankrades lågt respektive högt inför två fysiska övningar. Efter förankringen tillfrågades försökspersonerna att uppskatta hur många repetitioner de trodde de skulle klara, för att sedan få utföra övningarna och se hur många de faktiskt klarade.        Skillnad kunde ses vad gällde uppskattningar inför övningarna, där de lågt förankrade individernas uppskattning signifikant skilde sig från de högt förankrade individerna. Vad gällde faktiskt utfört antal repetitioner kunde endast ett mönster ses där de högt förankrade individerna utförde marginellt fler repetitioner, skillnaden var dock inte signifikant. Det hittades alltså bevis för att anchoring-and-adjustmentheuristiken påverkar individers uppskattningar tillika målsättning, men inga bevis hittades för att den följande fysiska ansträngningen påverkades.

Les cils sont des organites conservés au cours de l’évolution émanant de corps basaux et qui, motiles ou non, jouent des rôles essentiels dans de nombreux processus physiologiques. Leur formation est conditionnée par le positionnement et l’ancrage correct des corps basaux à la surface cellulaire. Chez la paramécie, trois protéines conservées, FOR20, Centrine 2 et Centrine 3 recrutées séquentiellement jouent un rôle dans ce processus d’ancrage. J’ai réalisé l’analyse fonctionnelle de deux autres protéines évolutivement conservées OFD1 et VFL3 susceptibles d’être impliquées dans cet ancrage. L’analyse d’OFD1 a été également dictée par le fait que sa fonction dans l’assemblage des cils motiles demeurait peu étudiée. Dans l’espèce Paramecium tetraurelia, qui a subi au moins trois duplications globales de son génome au cours de l’évolution, un seul gène code la protéine OFD1 tandis que deux familles VFL3-A et VFL3-B coexistent. La déplétion des protéines de la famille VFL3-B n’ayant pas produit d’effet je n’ai pas pu leur attribuer une fonction mais une de ses isoformes se localise au niveau des corps basaux. Bien qu’OFD1 et les protéines VFL3-A soient impliquées dans le positionnement et l’ancrage des corps basaux, les mécanismes dans lesquels elles interviennent sont différents. Pour OFD1 les défauts d’ancrage étaient associés à des anomalies de formation de la partie distale des corps basaux, ce qui est en accord avec la fonction connue de cette protéine dans l’assemblage des appendices distaux des corps basaux des cils primaires. Elle se localise au niveau de la zone de transition entre les doublets de microtubules et la membrane ciliaire. Les recrutements d’OFD1 et FOR20 au sein des corps basaux sont interdépendants alors qu’il n’y a pas de relation entre le recrutement d’OFD1 et celui de la Centrine 2. Ces observations démontrent une conservation fonctionnelle de la protéine OFD1 dans les mécanismes d’ancrage des cils motiles et précisent ses relations avec FOR20 et Centrine 2. Outre les défauts d’ancrage, la déplétion des deux isoformes VFL3-A induit une distribution anarchique des racines striées qui constituent des marqueurs de leur polarité rotationnelle. Ceci suggère que ces protéines sont impliquées dans l’établissement de cette polarité. Cette polarité étant indispensable au positionnement correct des différents appendices qui guident le mouvement des corps basaux néoformés vers la surface cellulaire, son altération pourrait expliquer les défauts d’ancrage observés. Une isoforme de VFL3-A se localise transitoirement à l’extrémité proximale des corps basaux pères à un stade précoce de leur duplication entre la racine striée et les microtubules auxquels elles sont associées. Cette protéine pourrait donc constituer un facteur extrinsèque contrôlant la polarité du corps basal. L’ensemble de ces résultats souligne la complexité du mécanisme d’ancrage des corps basaux chez cet organisme qui est conditionné non seulement par un assemblage correct de leur extrémité distale mais également par celui de ses structures associées en partie proximale. / Cilia are evolutionary conserved organelles developing from basal bodies and which play essential roles in many physiological processes. Their development depends upon a correct anchoring of basal bodies at the cell surface. In Paramecium, three conserved proteins, FOR20, Centrin 2 and Centrin 3, sequentially recruited are required for the anchoring process. I analyzed the function of two others conserved proteins, OFD1 and VFL3, likely involved in the anchoring process. In particular, the role of OFD1 in motile cilia biogenesis had not been really studied yet. In P. tetraurelia, which has undergone at least three global genome duplications, a single gene encodes OFD1, while two families VFL3-A and VFL3-B coexist. Depletion of the VFL3-B proteins produced no effect, but VFL3-3 was localized at the basal bodies. Although OFD1 and the VFL3-A proteins are both involved in the positioning and anchoring of the basal bodies, they participate in different mechanisms. Concerning OFD1, the anchoring defects reflected defects in basal body distal part assembly, in agreement with its known role in the assembly of the distal appendages of primary cilia. It localizes in the transition zone, between the microtubule doublets and the ciliary membrane. The recruitment of OFD1 and FOR20 to the basal bodies is interdependent, while OFD1 and Centrin2 were not. These observations demonstrate the conserved role of OFD1 in the anchoring mechanisms in motile cilia and clarify its relations with FOR20 and Centrin 2. In addition to the anchoring defects, depletion of the two VFL3-A isoforms causes an anarchic distribution of the striated rootlets which mark the rotational polarity of basal bodies. This suggests that these proteins are involved in the establishment of this polarity, required for the correct positioning of the different appendages which guide the neoformed basal bodies towards the cell surface. One isoform of VFL3-A is transiently localizes at the proximal tip of the mother basal body, at an early stage of its assembly, between the striated rootlet and the microtubules to which they are associated. VFL3-1 might then be an extrinsic polarity factor for the basal body. Altogether, these results underscore the complexity of the anchoring process which requires not only the correct assembly of the distal part but also of the proximal appendages in Paramecium.

Aim: When service failures occur, companies must use service recovery actions to recover customer satisfaction. The service recovery paradox refers to the paradox which occurs when a customer is more satisfied after successful service recovery, than they would have been if no failure had occurred. The purpose of this thesis is to examine the effectiveness of using the anchoring effect to lower the threshold value for service recovery paradox occurrence in a specific service failure scenario in the hotel industry. I.e., using the anchoring effect, this thesis aims to reduce monetary compensation required for the service recovery paradox to occur in the specific scenario. Method: 225 respondents were given a survey based on a scenario of a service failure in the hotel industry. The method used was a between-subject experimental design survey, manipulating anchor size, with 5 conditions; SEK 200, SEK 450, SEK 700, SEK 950, and no anchor, to see if the different conditions affected requested compensation whilst customer satisfaction remained constant. Gender and age of the participants was also measured to see if the requested compensation rates depended on these variables. Results: Results showed that it was possible to reduce monetary compensationrequired to reach the SRP by using anchoring values. The control group, which was given the scenario without any anchors, rendered a higher requested compensation than all groups which were given anchors. Furthermore, results showed that the mean compensation required to reach the SRP for the scenario decreased as the anchor values decreased, which indicates that the lower the anchor is set the lower the claim for requested monetary compensation becomes. Finally, the results indicated that age was a relevant variable whilst gender was not a relevant variable regarding compensation requirements. Contribution: Reaching the SRP can sometimes be expensive, especially when it comes to major service failures such as double-booked hotel rooms as is analysed in this thesis. The main contribution of this thesis is to provide an instrument for managers with which they might reach the SRP at lower costs. The results from this research can be directly implemented by managers in similar situations in the hotel industry and may also be used as a foundation for reaching the SRP in other industries as well as other scenarios. Suggestions for future research: As this survey only analyses Swedish participants, results may not be directly applicable to hotels in other cultures. Future research should, thus, focus on examining whether results vary depending on geographic and cultural factors. Other aspects that should be further investigated are what causes the differences in answers between different age groups and if gender displays any differences in other cultures, as it does not seem relevant with Swedish participants. Furthermore, the same surveys, with adjustments, could be used to conduct similar research on other scenarios and in other industries. Finally, researching whether anchoring levels below the lowest anchor used in this thesis, SEK 200, could further lower the required compensation would provide a more complete framework for this research.

ABSTRACT The task was to design and assess the supporting structure of the lookout tower. Material steel and wood. The lookout tower is 27.22 m high and decreases in height from the base of the srka. Construction system with continuous columns and horizontal reinforcement.

This dissertation covers some important topics on the liquid crystal-substrate surface effects, including theoretical derivations and confirming experimental results. The research work is expected to make important impacts on liquid crystal device designs and to open new doors for further research along these topics. In this dissertation, a novel high-electric-field technique is developed to characterize the anchoring energy of vertically-aligned liquid crystal cells. Both theoretical analyses and confirming experimental results are presented. Vertically-aligned liquid crystal cells with buffed polyimide alignment layers are used to validate the measurement techniques. Based on the voltage-dependent transmittance of the liquid crystal cells, a linear fitting can be obtained, which leads to a precise determination of the anchoring energy. If some specific liquid crystal material parameters are known, then the traditional cell capacitance measurements can be avoided. Anchoring energy and cell gap effects on liquid crystal response time is theoretically analyzed and experimentally investigated. A novel theory on the liquid crystal dynamics is developed. In this part, two different theoretical approaches are discussed: one is surface dynamic equation method and the other is effective cell gap method. These two different approaches lead to consistent results, which are also confirmed by our experimental results. This work opens a new door for LCD industry to optimize liquid crystal response time, and it is especially critical for liquid crystal cells with thin cell gap, which is a promising approach for fast response time liquid crystal display. Pretilt angle effects on liquid crystal dynamics are analyzed theoretically and validated experimentally. Analytical expressions are derived to describe liquid crystal response time under nonzero pretilt angle conditions. The theoretical analysis is confirmed experimentally using vertically-aligned liquid crystal cells. These results quantitatively correlate pretilt angles with liquid crystal response time, which is important for optimizing liquid crystal response time.

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