In a series of landmark rulings on patient mobility and cross-border healthcare, the European Court of Justice (ECJ) has made clear that Member States’ healthcare systems have to comply with the rules of the EU’s Internal Market when it comes to individual patient rights and the non-discrimination of healthcare providers. The rulings increased the possibilities for EU Member State citizens to get medical treatment in another Member State (“cross-border healthcare”), yet providing that under certain conditions the home Member State has to pay for these treatments in the other country. After a decade of negotiations, these rulings have been codified in a European Directive. Assuming that European integration has an impact on national welfare states and taking the example of European rules on access to cross-border healthcare, this thesis suggests analyzes the domestic impact of European integration in terms of Europeanization of the Austrian healthcare system within the context of the interplay between actors’ interests and practices on the one hand, and institutional effects on the other. European cross-border healthcare in forms of regional projects and privately or publicly organized healthcare arrangements has already become a reality in many European countries, especially in border regions. The main research questions which guides this thesis can be be put as follows: How does European integration in healthcare impact on the interests, practices and strategies of national actors that operate between national institutional constraints and European opportunities? And if national actors’ interests and strategies change, does this in turn have repercussions on the national institutional rules of healthcare governance? Given that European integration in healthcare delivery is a rather a “recent” phenomenon, and based on the assumption that actors’ strategies change more easily than national institutions, the following hypothesis is tested: Even if national healthcare actors use Europe – and hence their practices and strategies change – their interests remain largely determined by the national institutional set-up of the healthcare system. The institutional boundaries of the national healthcare system may have become porous, but for the time being they remain intact. The main findings of this study confirm the hypothesis and can be summarized as follows: Austrian actors responsible for the delivery of healthcare actively integrate various usages Europe into their existing practices of healthcare governance. These usages of Europe are more frequent at European level than at national level. Those actors who have important legal competencies, financial resources, and hence power in healthcare governance at national level, are also in a better position to use Europe effectively than those actors who lack such national resources. Limited usages of Europe at national level by corporate actors can best be accounted for by practices of consensually governing a typically Bismarckian healthcare system. None of the actors analysed, no matter how critical their stance vis-à-vis their own healthcare system might be, puts into question the legitimacy of the national healthcare system in the light of increased European competencies in regulating cross-border healthcare. Advancing European integration, mainly through the ECJ’s rulings on cross-border healthcare, might have rendered national institutional boundaries porous, but national institutions retain – at least for the time being – their power of channelling actors’ interests and of influencing corresponding practices of healthcare governance. These results invite us to further investigate which kind of healthcare governance structures are being developed at European level in parallel to those existing at national level, and to what extent Bismarckian welfare regimes might be showing resistance to institutional change induced by European integration. / Doctorat en Sciences politiques et sociales / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

The history of the ethnic borderlands of Hungary and Romania in the years 1867–1944 were marked by changing national borders, ethnic conflicts and economic problems. Using a local case study of the city and county of Szatmár/Satu-Mare, this thesis investigates the practice and social mechanisms of economic nationalizing. It explores the interplay between ethno-national and economic factors, and furthermore analyses what social mechanisms lead to and explain inclusion, exclusion and annihilation. The underlying principle of economic nationalizing in both countries was the separation of citizens into ethnic categories and the establishment of a dominant core nation entitled to political and economic privileges from the state. National leaders implemented a policy of economic nationalizing that exploited and redistributed resources taken from the minorities. To pursue this end, leaders instrumentalized ethnicity, which institutionalized inequality and ethnic exclusion. This process of ethnic, and finally racial, exclusion marked the whole period and reached its culmination in the annihilation of the Jews throughout most of Hungary in 1944. For nearly a century, ethnic exclusion undermined the various nationalizing projects in the two countries: the Magyarization of the minorities in dualist Hungary (1867–1918); the Romanianization of the economy of the ethnic borderland in interwar Romania (1918–1940); and finally the re-Hungarianization of the economy in Second World War Hungary (1940–1944). The extreme case of exclusion, namely the Holocaust, revealed that the path of exclusion brought nothing but destruction for everyone. This reinforces the thesis that economic nationalizing through the exclusion of minorities induces a vicious circle of ethnic bifurcation, political instability and unfavorable conditions for achieving economic prosperity. Exclusion served the short-term elite’s interest but undermined the long-term nation’s ability to prosper.

Despite the recent increase in scholarship on the subject of the female experience in exile, there is still much to be done. Exile scholars now have at their disposal an abundance of broad, general overviews of the circumstances and fates of displaced women writers, but a dearth of scholarship that considers specific literary works in an individualised fashion still exists. This is especially true of those female writers who have only recently been 'rediscovered', such as the three under discussion in this thesis. This thesis explores in detail the exile writings of Veza Canetti, Anna Gmeyner, and Lili Korber, about which little scholarship exists, and uses them as case studies to illuminate the situation of exiled women writers in general The exile works of these three authors repay study both for their own literary merits and for what they can tell us about the individual experience of exile. In their broad similarities, these writers also provide us with case studies of the larger experience of authorial exile - particularly, but by no means exclusively, the gendered experience - that allow us to derive more general lessons about the influence of forced flight on literary art. By giving due consideration to work produced in exile, this thesis calls into question some of the generalisations commonly found in recent scholarship and demonstrates that, despite hardsrnps and setbacks and contrary to common scholarly contention, all three women continued to write well into their exile years and that in those years they took their writing in new, skilful, and creative directions.

As World War II neared its end in Europe, the Allied powers faced a difficult situation with the occupied nation of Austria. Considering the complicated Austrian relationship with Nazism, the Allies had to decide how the nation would be liberated, occupied, and rehabilitated. Almost instantaneously, the United States, Great Britain, and France became at odds with a vengeful Soviet Union seeking to build a defensive shield of Communist European client states that included Austria. This study will show that as the head of the American Legal Division, Col. Eberhard P. Deutsch, United States Army, was instrumental in the reformation of occupied Austria’s legal system. It will also address the alleged role he played in the modification of the Second Control Agreement of 1946, the summer quadripartite conference that allowed the Austrian government greater opportunities for self-determination.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

This diploma thesis deals with alternative estimation possibilities of the gravity model in trade. We provide the reader with a synthetic methodological overview of the technical problems with the estimation of gravity equations. Consequently, we test for the heterogeneity of data sets used in gravity models of trade which leads us to a conclusion that behavioural patterns of exporters and importers built in the datasets are very complicated and a single generalized specification of gravity equation can lead to bias in estimates and/or to similarly generalized conclusions that hide important robust idiosyncrasies in behavior present in some subsamples of economic agents. Both the theory of estimation techniques and dataset heterogeneity are applied in the empirical part estimating Austria's export function.

The Master thesis Specifics of the tabloid Neue Kronen Zeitung and its position in the Austrian media market. Comparison of the most read Austrian and Czech daily newspapers tries to analyse the unusually strong position of the Austrian tabloid daily Neue Kronen Zeitung in the Austrian print media market and at the same time attempts to compare the Neue Kronen Zeitung with the Czech tabloid daily newspaper Blesk in detail. The first part of the thesis is mainly devoted to the daily newspaper Neue Kronen Zeitung, to its history and to the characteristics of the Austrian print media market. The theoretical part defines the most important aspects of the tabloid press. With regard to these aspects the Neue Kronen Zeitung is thoroughly analysed in the following part of the thesis, especially in terms of its layout, content, language, form and the way it addresses its readers. In conclusion, a comparison of the Austrian most read daily newspaper Neue Kronen Zeitung and the Czech most read daily newspaper Blesk is carried out. The cornerstone of the comparison is the realization of a content analysis which focuses on the political and foreign coverage of both newspapers. This content analysis should contribute to confirmation or disproof of the hypothesis that the characteristics of political and foreign...

Un problème relationnel évident entre l’Eglise Catholique et les Média constituait le point de départ de cette thèse de doctorat. Des membres de l’Eglise se plaignent à répétition de la machinerie des Média et leur préférence pour les scandales et des accroches négatives. La critique est que l’image de l’Eglise créée par les Média ne correspond pas à la réalité, les aspects positifs sont souvent ignorés. Mais de quelle façon les Média représentent effectivement l’Eglise ? La thèse répond à cette question en démontrant les conditions de communication médiatiques ainsi qu’en décrivant l’image de l’Eglise dans les discours journalistiques. / The relationship between the Catholic Church and the media is apparently difficult. Members of the church frequently complain about the media’s partiality for scandals and negative headlines. The Catholic Church, they say, is portrayed in an excessively bad light, while positive aspects are overlooked. But how does the press actually write about the Church? By illustrating media-related terms of communication and characterizing the Church’s image in press-discourse, the current thesis answers this question.On the assumption that impartial reality is not available and therefore not illustratable, news coverage never reflects reality, but reconstructs it. Reality as transported by the media is affected by ideas about life and moral concepts not only by journalists, but also by editorial boards, cultures and other media-related terms of communication. Thereby, and through factors influencing the selection of news, e.g. focussing on “hot potatoes” and bad news, coverage of the Church turns out one-sided and negative.This thesis is, on the one hand, a media-linguistic investigation, but also uses an interdisciplinary approach by drawing upon knowledge of linguistic sub-disciplines as well as of media- and communication science.In 2009, a sample of 212 articles of Austrian and French daily newspapers was investigated by means of “Inhaltsanalyse” (content analysis) following Werner Früh and “Kritischer Diskursanalyse” (critical discourse analysis) following Siegfried Jäger”. The articles (Austria: Die Presse, Der Standard, Kronen Zeitung; France: Aujourd’hui en France, Le Figaro, Le Monde) were reviewed with regard to content, topic and language. Only such articles were chosen, which were information- and opinion-centred and in line with the editorial board.Additionally, journalists of the mentioned newspapers were interviewed to gain information on the coverage of religious issues and the attitude of the editorial staff towards the Catholic Church.The content analysis was, on the one hand, aimed at the classification of reported topics. On the other hand, news factors should be identified, which were relevant for the selected events. Finally, the content analysis should gain information on to what extent topic structure and distribution of news factors differed between the newspapers.The discourse analysis particularly aimed at classifying content and language of explicit and implicit comments in the articles. In addition, linguistic characteristics of coverage of the Catholic Church should be identified, as far as they allowed conclusions to be drawn with respect to underlying ideologies.Finally, press photos should be analysed in terms of ideological and evaluative contents. Comparison of the different newspapers should permit to trace the individual editorial staff’s principles and identify country-and culture-specific differences, as the relationship between state and church is regulated differently. While in France there is a very strict disestablishment of state and church (Laizism), in Austria there is a system of cooperation, which is founded in a concordat.This thesis shows, that all of the reviewed daily newspapers consider the topic “Catholic Church” as socio-politically relevant. At the same time, no consistent disapproval of the Church by means of the media was visible. This becomes evident by the quite extensive and frequent coverage that expands for example into the rubric “politics”. Furthermore, all of the reviewed newspapers had one journalist being in charge of topics concerning catholic matters, and who was socialised in - and in many cases - is close to the Church.... / Ein scheinbares Beziehungsproblem zwischen der katholischen Kirche und denMedien bildete den Ausgangspunkt der vorliegenden Dissertation. Ziel war es, dasBild der Kirche im Pressediskurs zu beschreiben. Dazu wurden zum Einen aufbisherige Erkenntnisse zahlreicher wissenschaftlicher Disziplinen zurückgegriffen,zum Anderen JournalistInnen interviewt und schließlich unter Zuhilfenahme derMethoden der Inhaltsanalyse nach Früh und der Diskursanalyse nach Jäger eineumfangreiche korpusbasierte Textanalyse durchgeführt. So konnte in Bezug auf dieder Untersuchung zugrunde liegenden Hypothesen (Abschnitt 1.2) Folgendes festgestelltwerden:Durch die Erörterung relevanter Erkenntnisse der Medien- und Kommunikationswissenschaftwurde aufgezeigt, dass die Konstruktion der Medienrealitätzahlreichen Bedingungen unterliegt. Neben der Beschaffenheit des Mediums selbst(technische Möglichkeiten, Einseitigkeit der Kommunikation u.v.m.) beeinflussenzahlreiche Faktoren die Auswahl der Nachrichten (Nachrichtenwerttheorie). Auch dieMedienlinguistik beschreibt mediale Kommunikationsbedingungen, die die Sprache(n) der Medien beeinflussen (z. B. Mehrfachautorenschaft, Mehrfachadressierung,Erscheinungsperiodizität, strategische Prinzipien und Informationspolitik).Die Frage, ob Massenmedien Ereignisse überhaupt objektiv abbilden können,wurde unter Berücksichtigung diverser Medientheorien mit Nein beantwortet.Jegliche Wahrnehmung von Wirklichkeit ist gleichzeitig subjektgebundene Konstruktion.Objektive Realität ist nicht zugänglich. Nichtsdestoweniger ist Realität zumindestteilweise wahrnehmbar und Forderungen nach Objektivität im Sinne eineradäquaten Realitsätsrekonstruktion sind somit nicht von Vornherein obsolet.Medienwirklichkeiten werden nicht nur von JournalistInnen beeinflusst, sondernauch von dahinterstehenden Systemen wie Presseagenturen, Redaktionen oderKulturen.Die Inhaltsanalyse der Zeitungsartikel des untersuchten Korpus in Hinblick aufNachrichtenfaktoren und Themenfrequenz bestätigt die Annahme, dass die Nachrichtenfaktorensowie die Welt- und Wertvorstellungen der RedakteurInnen dieBerichterstattung über die katholische Kirche beeinflussen. Dies zeigt sich in derDistribution der Nachrichtenfaktoren und somit in der Themenselektion sowie in derunterschiedlichen Themenfrequenz.Die Vermutung einer im Verhältnis der Bandbreite kirchlichen Geschehens in derRealität einseitigen Berichterstattung konnte bestätigt werden. Dies war zuerwarten, da die mediale Selektion von Ereignissen bestimmten Regeln und Einflussfaktorenunterworfen ist. Diese sind in der Medien- und Kommunikationswissenschaftbereits umfangreich beschrieben worden. Es stellt sich daher dieFrage, welche Themen ausgewählt werden und welche nicht.Erste Hinweise auf thematische Einschränkungen lieferten die Interviews, diemit den für kirchliche Berichterstattung in den untersuchten Tageszeitungenzuständigen JournalistInnen geführt worden waren. So stellte etwa Stéphanie LeBars (Le Monde) fest, dass Ereignisse, die allzu intern sind, nicht berichtet würden.Die Analyse der Themenfrequenz bestätigte eine Vorliebe der Tageszeitungen fürbestimmte Globalthemen. Das gilt vor allem für kirchliche Tätigkeiten imgesellschaftspolitischen Bereich oder für Ereignisse rund um den Papst. Außerdemberichten alle Tageszeitungen anlassbezogen, d. h. im Rahmen hoher kirchlicherFeste wie Ostern, über religiöse Feiern und Traditionen. Es erwies sich als wahr,dass kontroverse Themen großteils die Berichterstattung bestimmen und dassmanche kirchlichen Tätigkeitsfelder selten bis keine Beachtung finden (z. B.Tätigkeiten der sogenannten Ortskirche auf der Ebene der Pfarrgemeinden). Inkirchenkritischen Zeitungen ist der Anteil kontroverser Themen tendenziell höher alsin kirchenloyalen Zeitungen. Dennoch wird der Kirche auch positive Wirkkraftzugesprochen (z. B. im Bereich des Globalthemas Kirche und Gesellschaftspolitik)...

Thesis title: The institute of the citizenship of the Republic of Austria Citizenship is often defined as a status of a person, who is recognised under the law as being a legal member of a sovereign state. This status is usually connected with certain rights and privileges, along with corresponding duties, which belong to the citizens only. This master thesis aims to give a detailed analyse of the valid legislation of Austrian citizenship and to evaluate it critically. The main goal of the thesis is to answer the questions, whether the nowadays valid regulation is still actual and whether it would not be better to regulate certain issues in a different or more suitable way. In the introduction of this thesis the term citizenship and the related key concepts are explained. Mentioned are also the leading principles of the regulation of the Austrian citizenship, structured by their importance according to the Austrian legal literature. Introduced are also the sources of Austrian law - the significant international treaties and the regulation in the European Union and in the Austrian constitution. However, the main emphasis is put on the valid Austrian Citizenship Act, which contains large number of information related to this thesis. Described are also the ways of obtaining and losing the Austrian...

La Mittel- Osteuropa constitue à la fois un espace géographique et une construction historico-culturelle. Cet espace est formé de plusieurs pays qui ont appartenu à l'empire austro-hongrois et dont la religion catholique majoritaire représente un critère d'unité.La catholicité de cet espace justifie l'intérêt que le Saint-Siège porte à la plupart de ces pays qui deviendront après 1945 des satellites de l'Union soviétique. Les régimes d'inspiration communiste combattront l'autorité spirituelle de Rome, exerceront le contrôle de la vie religieuse et restreindront ainsi les libertés confessionnelles.Face à cette politique antireligieuse et à ce contrôle étroit de la sphère religieuse, le Saint-Siège se devait de réagir et de développer une stratégie de contre-offensive. Dans cette optique, l'Autriche a joué un rôle important dans les orientations de politique étrangère et religieuse du Vatican. Le pays avait encore de nombreux contacts avec les anciens pays de la monarchie des Habsbourg dont la fin était relativement proche. Par ailleurs, Vienne occupe une position avancée en Europe centrale. L'expérience centre-européenne riche de l'Autriche tant sur un plan culturel que linguistique représentait un bien précieux pour la Rome papale, pour qui Vienne pouvait servir de porte d'entrée vers la Mittel- Osteuropa.Le pape Pie XII a parlé d'une mission historique de l'Autriche qui sera considérée comme un phare catholique face à un océan marxiste athée. Malgré cette identité d'intérêts, les relations entre l'Autriche et le Vatican n'ont pas été exemptes de tensions, particulièrement à cause de la controverse sur la remise en vigueur du concordat de 1933. La question du mariage devient un élément de crispation, d'autant plus que la société autrichienne de l'après-guerre était déjà plus sécularisée que celle de l'entre-deux-guerres.L'Autriche saura tirer des avantages spécifiques de la neutralité qui lui a été imposée en échange de sa souveraineté retrouvée. La « neutralité active » va lui permettre de mettre en œuvre une Ostpolitik dans laquelle l'Eglise prendra une place importante qui apparait clairement dans différents exemples : le voyage d'un théologien de l'université de Graz en Union soviétique en 1955, et plus tard les visites du cardinal Franz König aux épiscopats derrière le rideau de fer mais aussi la création de la fondation Pro Oriente en 1964.La guerre froide fut avant tout un conflit idéologique entre deux systèmes très différents tant sur le plan social que politique et économique, avec le capitalisme ou le libéralisme d'une part, et le communisme ou le socialisme d'autre part. En outre, un autre conflit idéologique est aussi apparu entre le catholicisme romain et le communisme athée, deux systèmes de pensée totalement opposés. Le Saint-Siège devint alors un acteur de la guerre froide. Pie XII défendait l'idée que « le communisme est intrinsèquement pervers et l'on ne peut admettre sur aucun terrain de collaboration avec lui ». Pourtant, il existait par la force des choses des relations entre les communistes et l'Eglise catholique dans les pays situés derrière le « rideau de fer ».La Curie romaine n'était pas toute entière hostile au dialogue avec les communistes. Abstraction faite d'un climat d'intransigeance doctrinale, il se trouvait aussi des prélats qui pensaient que toutes les portes du dialogue ne devaient pas rester irrémédiablement fermées. Les années d'après-guerre renvoient aussi à une période de renouvellement de la pensée chrétienne sur les plans philosophique, théologique et social. Les tendances à l'ouverture, annonciatrices d'un « printemps religieux », se heurtaient toutefois à la raideur dogmatique de la Curie romaine sous Pie XII.Les rapports des ambassadeurs autrichiens au Saint-Siège de 1946 à 1958/61 fournissent des informations précieuses sur les grandes thématiques du conflit Est-Ouest, qui touchaient d'une part les relations entre le Vatican et l'Autriche, et d'autre part le Vatican / Mittel- and Osteuropa form a geographic region and also a historical and cultural construct. This area consists of several countries that were part of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy. Their predominant Catholic religion represented a criterion of unity.The Catholic character of this region justifies the interest which the Holy See had in the majority of these countries that became, after 1945, satellite states of the Soviet Union. The regimes shaped by the ideology of communism fought against the spiritual supremacy of Rome, control religious life and thus limit the denominational freedoms.The Holy See reacted to these anticlerical policies and to the rigid control over religious spheres by developing counter-strategies. In this respect, Austria has played an important role in conception of the foreign and church policies of the Vatican. It still had numerous contacts in the countries of the former Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, which had ended not such a long time ago. Vienna had a leading role in Central Europe. Austria's numerous cultural and linguistic experiences in Central Europe represented a treasure to Papal Rome intending to use Vienna as a door opener towards Mittel- Osteuropa .Pope Pius XII spoke of Austria's historic mission, which was considered the flagship Catholic country against the "atheist" and "Marxist ocean". Despite this identity of interests, relations between Austria and the Vatican were not free of tensions, particularly due to the controversy of entry into force of the Concordat of 1933. The question of marriage was another disturbing factor, since the post-war Austrian society was already more secularized than the interwar period society.Austria took specific advantages of the neutrality, which it had acquired in exchange for the regained sovereignty as an obligation. The "active neutrality" allowed an Ostpolitik in which the Catholic Church occupied an important place, which became clear by the examples of the journey of a theologian at the University of Graz in the Soviet Union in 1955, much later by the visits of Cardinal Franz König at the episcopates behind the Iron Curtain, but also by the creation of the Pro-Oriente Foundation in 1964.The Cold War was primarily an ideological system conflict between two very different social, political and economic camps, capitalism or liberalism on the one hand and communism or socialism on the other. In addition, there was the ideological conflict between Roman Catholicism and the atheistic Marxism - two completely opposite doctrines. The Holy See became a actor in the Cold War. Pius XII advocated the view that “Communism is intrinsically wrong, and no one may collaborate with it in any undertaking whatsoever”. Nevertheless, there were inevitably relations between the Communists and the Catholic Church in the countries behind the "Iron Curtain".The Roman Curia was not unanimously against a dialogue with the Communists either. Apart from a doctrinal intransigence there were prelates who had the opinion that not all doors of dialogue should be closed. The post-war years also reflect a renewal period of Christian thought on a philosophical, theological and social level. These opening trends, - signs of a future "religious spring" -, however, encountered the resistance and the dogmatic rigidity of the Papal Curia under Pope Pius XII.The Austrian ambassadors' reports to the Holy See from 1946 to 1958/61 provide valuable information about the major themes of the East-West conflict, that concerned, on the one hand, the relations between the Holy See and Austria, and on the other hand the Vatican and its relationship with Mittelosteuropa. The analysis and presentation of the reports form the basis of this work and examine the view of the Vatican not only on Austria but also on Mittelosteuropa during this politically highly tense period. The arrival of John XXIII as Pope in 1958 opens a new chapter of the Church in the Cold War. The Holy See turned into an a