Wireless networks are increasingly interference-limited, which motivates the development of sophisticated interference management techniques. One recently discovered approach is interference alignment, which attains the maximum sum rate scaling (with signal-to-noise ratio) in many network configurations. Interference alignment is not yet well understood from an engineering perspective. Such design considerations include (i) partial rather than complete knowledge of channel state information, (ii) correlated channels, (iii) bursty packet-based network traffic that requires the frequent setup and tear down of sessions, and (iv) the spatial distribution and interaction of transmit/receive pairs. This dissertation aims to establish the benefits and limitations of interference alignment under these four considerations. The first contribution of this dissertation considers an isolated group of transmit/receiver pairs (a cluster) cooperating through interference alignment and derives the signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio distribution at each receiver for each stream. This distribution is used to compare interference alignment to beamforming and spatial multiplexing (as examples of common transmission techniques) in terms of sum rate to identify potential switching points between them. This dissertation identifies such switching points and provides design recommendations based on severity of the correlation or the channel state information uncertainty. The second contribution considers transmitters that are not associated with any interference alignment cooperating group but want to use the channel. The goal is to retain the benefits of interference alignment amid interference from the out-of-cluster transmitters. This dissertation shows that when the out-of-cluster transmitters have enough antennas, they can access the channel without changing the performance of the interference alignment receivers. Furthermore, optimum transmit filters maximizing the sum rate of the out-of-cluster transmit/receive pairs are derived. When insufficient antennas exist at the out-of-cluster transmitters, several transmit filters that trade off complexity and sum rate performance are presented. The last contribution, in contrast to the first two, takes into account the impact of large scale fading and the spatial distribution of the transmit/receive pairs on interference alignment by deriving the transmission capacity in a decentralized clustered interference alignment network. Channel state information uncertainty and feedback overhead are considered and the optimum training period is derived. Transmission capacity of interference alignment is compared to spatial multiplexing to highlight the tradeoff between channel estimation accuracy and the inter-cluster interference; the closer the nodes to each other, the higher the channel estimation accuracy and the inter-cluster interference. / text

During the past years wireless communications have been exhibiting an increased growth rendering them the most common way for communication. The continuously increasing demand for wireless services resulted in limited availability of the wireless spectrum. To this end, Cognitive Radio (CR) techniques have been proposed in literature during the past years. The concept of CR approach is to utilize advanced radio and signal-processing technology along with novel spectrum allocation policies to enable new unlicensed wireless users to operate in the existing occupied spectrum areas without degrading the performance of the existing licensed ones. Moreover, the broadcast and fading nature of the wireless channel results in severe degradation on the performance of wireless transmissions. A solution to the problem is the use of multiple-antenna systems so as to achieve spatial diversity. However, in many cases, the communication devices' nature permit the support of multiple antennas due to size, power consumption, and hardware limitations. To this end, cooperative communications provide an alternative way to achieve spatial diversity via virtual antenna arrays formed by single antenna nodes. It is noteworthy that cooperation has an important role within the CR literature as many techniques developed within its context exploiting the benefits of cooperation in order to achieve improved performance. Therefore, the aim of the present dissertation is to develop efficient and practical cognitive, cooperative and cognitive cooperative schemes. More specifically the contributions are the following ones. The first contribution is a novel CR communication scheme. During the past years numerous CR communication schemes have been presented in literature. To the best of our knowledge, the majority of them were developed assuming perfect Channel State Information (CSI) at the unlicensed user's side. There are several cases where the licensed users do not desire any interaction with the unlicensed ones. In such cases, the assumption that the unlicensed user can obtain CSI that concerns the licensed user channels is not valid and as a result the corresponding communication technique cannot be applied. Therefore, at first we propose an novel CR communication scheme that requires CSI that can be estimated in a completely blind manner. Then, the corresponding blind estimation scheme is developed. Another significant contribution is the theoretical results that have been derived for both the perfect CSI case and the imperfect CSI case (when the blind estimation scheme is employed for obtaining the corresponding CSI). Especially, the theoretical results that concern the imperfect CSI case are some of the first ones that appear in the relevant literature, to the best of our knowledge. The second contribution is a decentralized adaptive Eigenvalue-Based spectrum Sensing (EBSS) technique for multi-antenna CR Systems. Spectrum Sensing is a fundamental functionality in CR systems. In general, the unlicensed user employs a spectrum sensing technique in order to detect licensed user(s) activity in scenarios where the former user is permitted to establish a communication link only via spectrum areas that are temporarily free of the latter one's transmissions. EBSS techniques are known to achieve good performance and also to be applicable in a completely blind manner. In the literature so far, only batch and centralized cooperative EBSS techniques have been considered which, however, suffer from limitations that render them impractical in several cases such as, when time-varying channels are involved or continuous spectrum monitoring is required. Thus, the aim here is to develop practical cooperative adaptive versions of typical Eigenvalue-Based Spectrum Sensing (EBSS) techniques which could be applied in a completely decentralized manner and cope well in time-varying scenarios. To this end, at first, novel adaptive EBSS techniques are developed for the Maximum Eigenvalue Detector (MED), the Maximum-Minimum Eigenvalue Detector (MMED), and the Generalized Likelihood Ratio Test (GLRT) schemes, respectively, for a single-user (no cooperation) case. Then, a novel distributed subspace tracking method is proposed which enables the cooperating nodes to track the joint subspace of their received signals. Based on this method, cooperative decentralized versions of the adaptive EBSS techniques are subsequently developed that overcome the limitations of the existing batch centralized approaches. The third contribution is a new cooperative scheme for half-duplex uplink transmission. The technique is based on a virtual MIMO structure formed by the single antenna source and relays nodes along with the multi-antenna base station which is the destination node. The new technique aims at providing increased diversity and multiplexing gains, contrariwise to existing approaches where the proposed techniques achieve increased diversity gain at the cost of severe multiplexing gain loss. The theoretical outage probability and the corresponding Diversity Multiplexing Trade-off (DMT) curve of the proposed technique are also derived. The final contribution is two novel algorithms which enable the relay cooperation for the distributed computation of the beamforming weights in a blind and adaptive manner, without the need to forward the data to a fusion center. The proposed algorithms are constituent parts of two corresponding distributed beamforming schemes for relay networks that distribute the computational overhead equally among the relay nodes. In the first scheme, the beamforming vector is computed through minimization of the total transmit power subject to a receiver quality-of-service constraint (QoS). In the second scheme, the beamforming weights are obtained through maximization of the receiver signal-to-noise-ration (SNR) subject to a total transmit power constraint. The proposed approaches achieve close performance to the one of the optimal beamforming solutions derived assuming perfect channel state information at the relays' side. / Τα τελευταία χρόνια, οι ασύρματες επικοινωνίες γνωρίζουν ραγδαία ανάπτυξη και ουσιαστικά αποτελούν τον πιο κοινό τρόπο επικοινωνίας. Η συνεχώς αυξανόμενη ζήτηση για υπηρεσίες ασύρματων επικοινωνιών έχει ως αποτέλεσμα την περιορισμένη διαθεσιμότητα του ασύρματου φάσματος συχνοτήτων. Για να αντιμετωπισθεί το προηγούμενο πρόβλημα, προτάθηκαν στο πρόσφατο παρελθόν τεχνικές στα πλαίσια των συστημάτων γνωσιακών κόμβων (Cognitive Radio- CR). Η βασική ιδέα ενός συστήματος CR είναι να χρησιμοποιήσει προηγμένες τεχνικές επικοινωνιών και επεξεργασίας σήματος μαζί με νέες τεχνικές ανάθεσης συχνοτήτων φάσματος για να επιτρέψει σε νέους μη αδειοδοτημένους ασύρματους χρήστες να λειτουργήσουν σε συχνότητες φάσματος που έχουν ανατεθεί σε αδειοδοτημένους χρήστες χωρίς να επηρεάζουν την επίδοση των τελευταίων. Επιπλέον, η ισχυρή παρεμβολή στις ασύρματες μεταδόσεις και η επίσης ισχυρή εξασθένιση του σήματος ενός ασύρματου συστήματος επικοινωνιών έχουν ως αποτέλεσμα τη σημαντική υποβάθμιση της επίδοσης των ασυρμάτων επικοινωνιών. Μια λύση στο προηγούμενο πρόβλημα μπορεί να δοθεί με την χρήση πολλαπλών κεραιών για την επίτευξη χωρικής ποικιλομορφίας. Σε πολλές περιπτώσεις όμως, η φύση των τηλεπικοινωνιακών συσκευών δεν επιτρέπει την υποστήριξη των πολλαπλών κεραιών λόγω περιορισμών στο μέγεθος της συσκευής, στην κατανάλωση ισχύος και στο υλικό. Ένας εναλλακτικός τρόπος για την επίτευξη χωρικής ποικιλομορφίας είναι μέσω των συνεργατικών επικοινωνιών (Cooperative Communications) οι οποίες σχηματίζουν γενικευμένα συστήματα πολλαπλών κεραιών από συστήματα μιας κεραίας. Είναι αξιοσημείωτο ότι η συνεργασία παίζει σημαντικό ρόλο στη βιβλιογραφία των συστημάτων CR, βάσει της οποίας αναπτύσσονται τεχνικές μετάδοσης με βελτιωμένη επίδοση. Επομένως, ο στόχος της παρούσας διατριβής είναι η ανάπτυξη αποδοτικών και πρακτικών τεχνικών γνωσιακών, συνεργατικών και γνωσιακών-συνεργατικών τεχνικών επικοινωνίας. Πιο συγκεκριμένα, η συνεισφορά της διατριβής μπορεί να χωριστεί στα ακόλουθα σκέλη. Στο πρώτο σκέλος παρουσιάζουμε μια νέα τεχνική μετάδοσης για CR συστήματα. Στο πρόσφατο παρελθόν, μια πληθώρα τεχνικών μετάδοσης για CR συστήματα έχει παρουσιαστεί στη βιβλιογραφία. Η πληθώρα των τεχνικών αυτών έχει αναπτυχθεί υποθέτοντας τέλεια γνώση της κατάστασης των εμπλεκόμενων ασύρματων τεχνικών (Channel State Information – CSI) στην πλευρά των μη αδειοδοτημένων χρηστών. Υπάρχουν, όμως, αρκετές περιπτώσεις στις οποίες οι αδειοδοτημένοι χρήστες δεν επιθυμούν καμία αλληλεπίδραση με τους αντίστοιχους μη αδειοδοτημένους. Σε τέτοιες περιπτώσεις, η υπόθεση ότι ο μη αδειοδοτημένος χρήστης έχει πρόσβαση σε CSI που σχετίζεται με τα κανάλια του αντίστοιχου αδειοδοτημένου δεν είναι έγκυρη με αποτέλεσμα η σχετική τεχνική μετάδοσης να μην μπορεί να εφαρμοστεί. Συνεπώς, αρχικά προτείνουμε ένα καινοτόμο CR επικοινωνιακό σχήμα που απαιτεί CSI το οποίο μπορεί να υπολογισθεί με έναν εντελώς τυφλό τρόπο. Έπειτα η αντίστοιχη τυφλή τεχνική εκτίμησης αναπτύσσεται. Μια άλλη σημαντική συνεισφορά είναι τα θεωρητικά αποτελέσματα τα οποία έχουν εξαχθεί τόσο για την τέλεια CSI περίπτωση, όσο και για τη μη τέλεια CSI περίπτωση (όταν το τυφλό σχήμα εκτίμησης χρησιμοποιείται για την απόκτηση της αντίστοιχης CSI). Ειδικότερα, τα θεωρητικά αποτελέσματα τα οποία αφορούν τη μη τέλεια CSI περίπτωση είναι μερικά από τα πρώτα τα οποία εμφανίζονται στη σχετική βιβλιογραφία, από όσο γνωρίζουμε. Το δεύτερο σκέλος αφορά μια απόκεντρικοποιημένη προσαρμοστική τεχνική επισκόπησης φάσματος ιδιοτιμών (Eigenvalue-Based Spectrum Sensing – EBSS) για συστήματα CR πολλαπλών κεραιών. Γενικά, ο μη αδειοδοτημένος χρήστης χρησιμοποιεί μία τεχνική επισκόπησης φάσματος προκειμένου να ανιχνεύσει την δραστηριότητα των αδειοδοτημένων χρηστών σε σενάρια όπου ο πρώτος επιτρέπεται να μεταδώσει μόνο διαμέσου περιοχών φάσματος οι οποίες είναι προσωρινά ελέυθερες από μεταδόσεις του δεύτερου. Είναι γνωστό ότι οι τεχνικές EBSS επιτυγχάνουν καλή επίδοση και είναι εφαρμόσιμες με ένα εντελώς τυφλό τρόπο. Στην βιβλιογραφία μέχρι στιγμής, έχουν μελετηθεί μόνο κεντρικοποιημένες συνεργατικές τεχνικές και τεχνικές τύπου batch οι οποίες υποφέρουν από περιορισμούς που τις καθιστούν μη πρακτικές σε αρκετές περιπτώσεις όπως όταν εμπλέκονται χρονικά μεταβαλλόμενα κανάλια ή όταν απαιτείται συνεχής παρακολούθηση του φάσματος. Συνεπώς, ο σκοπός εδώ είναι η ανάπτυξη πρακτικών συνεργατικών και προσαρμοστικών εκδοχών τυπικών EBSS οι οποίες μπορούν να εφαρμοστούν με ένα εντελώς αποκεντρικοποιημένο τρόπο και αποδίδουν καλά σε σενάρια που εμπλέκουν χρονικά μεταβαλλόμενα κανάλια. Προς αυτή την κατεύθυνση αναπτύσσονται αρχικά, νέες προσαρμοστικές εκδοχές για τις τεχνικές Maximum Eigenvalue Detector (MED), Maximum-Minimum Eigenvalue Detector (MMED) και την Generalized Likelihood Ratio Test (GLRT) αντίστοιχα για την περίπτωση του ενός χρήστη. Έπειτα μια νέα μέθοδος κατανεμημένης παρακολούθησης υποχώρου προτείνεται, η οποία επιτρέπει στους συνεργαζόμενους κόμβους να παρακολουθούν τον κοινό υποχώρο των ληφθέντων σημάτων τους. Με βάση αυτή την μέθοδο, συνεργατικές και αποκεντρικοποιημένες εκδοχές των προσαρμοστικών EBSS τεχνικών αναπτύσσονται οι οποίες ξεπερνούν τους περιορισμούς των υπαρχόντων κεντρικοποιημένων τεχνικών τύπου batch. Το τρίτο σκέλος είναι μια νέα συνεργατική τεχνική για half-duplex uplink μετάδοση. Αυτή η τεχνική βασίζεται σε ένα γενικευμένο σύστημα πολλαπλών κεραιών σχηματιζόμενο από την μιας κεραίας πηγή και κόμβους συνεργατών μαζί με το σταθμό βάσης πολλαπλών κεραιών ο οποίος είναι και ο κόμβος προορισμός. Η νέα τεχνική στοχεύει στο να παρέχει αυξημένα κέρδη ποικιλομορφίας και πολυπλεξίας, σε αντίθεση με υπάρχουσες τεχνικές οι οποίες επιτυγχάνουν αυξημένα κέρδη ποικιλομορφίας σε βάρος του κέρδους ποικιλομορφίας. Η θεωρητική πιθανότητα διακοπής επικοινωνίας και η αντίστοιχη καμπύλη Diversity Multiplexing Tradeoff (DMT) της προτεινόμενης τεχνικής υπολογίζονται. Το τελευταίο σκέλος είναι δύο νέοι αλγόριθμοι, οι οποίοι επιτρέπουν την ενδο-συνεργασία των συνεργατικών κόμβων για τον κατανεμημένο υπολογισμό των βαρών της τεχνικής προσανατολισμένης επικοινωνίας με τυφλό και προσαρμοστικό τρόπο χωρίς την ανάγκη προώθησης των δεδομένων σε έναν κόμβο σταθμό. Οι προτεινόμενοι αλγόριθμοι είναι συστατικά στοιχεία δύο αντίστοιχων τεχνικών προσανατολισμένης επικοινωνίας για δίκτυα συνεργατών τα οποία κατανέμουν τον υπολογιστικό φόρτο ισότιμα στους συνεργαζόμενους κόμβους. Στο πρώτο σχήμα το διάνυσμα βαρών υπολογίζεται ώστε να ελαχιστοποιείται η συνολική ισχύς μετάδοσης υπό έναν περιορισμό στην ποιότητα μετάδοσης. Το δεύτερο σχήμα, το διάνυσμα βαρών υπολογίζεται ώστε να μεγιστοποιείται το SNR του υπό έναν περιορισμό στην επιτρεπόμενη συνολική ισχύς μετάδοσης. Οι προτεινόμενες τεχνικές επιτυγχάνουν επίδοση κοντινή σε εκείνη των βέλτιστων λύσεων, οι οποίες έχουν υπολογισθεί υποθέτοντας τέλειο CSI στους κόμβους συνεργάτες.

Οι τεχνικές προσανατολισμένης λήψης έχουν μελετηθεί εκτενώς τις τελευταίες δεκαετίες, καθώς βρίσκουν εφαρμογή σε διάφορους τομείς. Ωστόσο, για σήματα ευρείας ζώνης το πρόβλημα αυτό δεν έχει διερευνηθεί διεξοδικά. Σκοπός αυτής της εργασίας είναι να αναδείξει τις δυνατότητες και τους εγγενής περιορισμούς των τεχνικών προσανατολισμένης λήψης. Στα πρώτα κεφάλαια παρουσιάζονται οι θεμελιώδεις έννοιες της επεξεργασίας σημάτων σε διατάξεις μικροφώνων και οι πιο ευρέως χρησιμοποιούμενες τεχνικές προσανατολισμένης λήψης. Στο τελευταίο κεφάλαιο πραγματοποιούνται εξοικειώσεις πραγματικών ακουστικών συνθηκών σύμφωνα με το πρότυπο ETSI EG 202 396. Το μη-ανηχοϊκό μοντέλο υιοθετείται και πραγματικά ακουστικά σήματα λαμβάνονται από γραμμικές διατάξεις μικροφώνων. Ακόμη, η τεχνική ημίτονου εκθετικής σάρωσης χρησιμοποιείται για την εκτίμηση της κρουστικής απόκρισης των Ν-ακουστικών καναλιών. Τέλος, το μοντέλο 3-QUEST χρησιμοποιείται για την μέτρηση της ποιότητας ομιλίας σε θορυβώδη περιβάλλοντα. / Beamforming techniques have been studied extensively due to its applications in various areas. However, most of the efforts have been focused on the narrowband case. For wideband signals, this problem has not been thoroughly investigated. This thesis aims is to highlight potentials and the limitations of the conventional beamforming techniques. In the first chapters, the fundamental array processing theory and the most widely used beamforming techniques are presented. In the last chapter, different real-world acoustic scenarios are simulated according to ETSI EG 202 396-3 standard. In the simulations, the reverberant model is assumed and real audio signals are captured by a linear microphone array. The coefficients of the spatial filter are computed with the MVDR criterion. Moreover, acoustic impulse responses measurements are presented and performed for the construction of the steering vector. The speech quality in presence of background noise is measured by the 3-QUEST model.

This dissertation studies the diversity multiplexing tradeoff and the capacity of wireless multiple-relay network. In part 1, we study the setup of the parallel Multi-Input Multi-Output (MIMO) relay network. An amplify-and-forward relaying scheme, Incremental Cooperative Beamforming, is introduced and shown to achieve the capacity of the network in the asymptotic case of either the number of relays or the power of each relay goes to infinity. In part 2, we study the general setup of multi-antenna multi-hop multiple- relay network. We propose a new scheme, which we call random sequential (RS), based on the amplify-and-forward relaying. Furthermore, we derive diversity- multiplexing tradeoff (DMT) of the proposed RS scheme for general single-antenna multiple-relay networks. It is shown that for single-antenna two-hop multiple- access multiple-relay (K > 1) networks (without direct link between the source(s) and the destination), the proposed RS scheme achieves the optimum DMT. In part 3, we characterize the maximum achievable diversity gain of the multi- antenna multi-hop relay network and we show that the proposed RS scheme achieves the maximum diversity gain. In part 4, RS scheme is utilized to investigate DMT of the general multi-antenna multiple-relay networks. First, we study the case of a multi-antenna full-duplex single-relay two-hop network, for which we show that the RS achieves the optimum DMT. Applying this result, we derive a new achievable DMT for the case of multi-antenna half-duplex parallel relay network. Interestingly, it turns out that the DMT of the RS scheme is optimum for the case of multi-antenna two parallel non-interfering half-duplex relays. Furthermore, we show that random unitary matrix multiplication also improves the DMT of the Non-Orthogonal AF relaying scheme in the case of a multi-antenna single relay channel. Finally, we study the general case of multi-antenna full-duplex relay networks and derive a new lower-bound on its DMT using the RS scheme. Finally, in part 5, we study the multiplexing gain of the general multi-antenna multiple-relay networks. We prove that the traditional amplify-forward relaying achieves the maximum multiplexing gain of the network. Furthermore, we show that the maximum multiplexing gain of the network is equal to the minimum vertex cut-set of the underlying graph of the network, which can be computed in polynomial time in terms of the number of network nodes. Finally, the argument is extended to the multicast and multi-access scenarios.

No description available.

Dans ce travail de thèse, on s'intéresse é l'emploi de techniques de traitement de signal de systèmes de communication MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) pour des applications aux réseaux de capteurs sans fil. Les contraintes énergétiques de cette classe de réseau font appel à des topologies particulières et le réseau peut être perçu comme étant un ensemble de grappes de nœuds capteurs. Ceci ouvre la porte à des techniques avancées de communication de type MIMO. Dans un premier temps, les différents aspects caractérisant les réseaux de capteurs sans fil sont introduits. Puis, les efforts engagés pour optimiser la conservation de l'énergie dans ces réseaux sont résumés. Les concepts de base de systèmes MIMOs sont abordés dans le deuxième chapitre et l'exploration par voie numérique de différentes pistes de la technologie MIMO sont exposées. Nous nous intéressons à des techniques de diversité de polarisation dans le cadre de milieux de communication riches en diffuseurs. Par la suite, des méthodes de type beamforming sont proposées pour la localisation dans les réseaux de capteurs sans fil. Le nouvel algorithme de localisation est présenté et les performances sont évaluées. Nous identifions la configuration pour la communication inter-grappes qui permet pour les meilleurs compromis entre énergie et efficacité spectrale dans les réseaux de capteurs sans fil. Finalement, nous envisageons la technique de sélection de nœuds capteurs afin de réduire la consommation de l'énergie dans le réseau de capteur sans fil.

This research is mainly concerned with a robust method for improving the performance of a real-time speech enhancement and noise cancellation for Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) in a real-time environment. Therefore, the thesis titled, “Real-time adaptive beamformer for Automatic speech Recognition in a car environment” presents an application technique of a beamforming method and Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) method. In this thesis, a novel solution is presented to the question as below, namely: How can the driver’s voice control the car using ASR? The solution in this thesis is an ASR using a hybrid system with acoustic beamforming Voice Activity Detector (VAD) and an Adaptive Wiener Filter. The beamforming approach is based on a fundamental theory of normalized least-mean squares (NLMS) to improve Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR). The microphone has been implemented with a Voice Activity Detector (VAD) which uses time-delay estimation together with magnitude-squared coherence (MSC). An experiment clearly shows the ability of the composite system to reduce noise outside of a defined active zone. In real-time environments a speech recognition system in a car has to receive the driver’s voice only whilst suppressing background noise e.g. voice from radio. Therefore, this research presents a hybrid real-time adaptive filter which operates within a geometrical zone defined around the head of the desired speaker. Any sound outside of this zone is considered to be noise and suppressed. As this defined geometrical zone is small, it is assumed that only driver's speech is incoming from this zone. The technique uses three microphones to define a geometric based voice-activity detector (VAD) to cancel the unwanted speech coming from outside of the zone. In the case of a sole unwanted speech incoming from outside of a desired zone, this speech is muted at the output of the hybrid noise canceller. In case of an unwanted speech and a desired speech are incoming at the same time, the proposed VAD fails to identify the unwanted speech or desired speech. In such a situation an adaptive Wiener filter is switched on for noise reduction, where the SNR is improved by as much as 28dB. In order to identify the signal quality of the filtered signal from Wiener filter, a template matching speech recognition system that uses a Wiener filter is designed for testing. In this thesis, a commercial speech recognition system is also applied to test the proposed beamforming based noise cancellation and the adaptive Wiener filter.

Typical ultrafast plane-wave ultrasound imaging involves: 1) insonifying the medium with several plane-wave pulses emitted at different angles by a linear transducer array, 2) sampling the returning echo signals, after each plane-wave emission, with the same transducer array, 3) beamforming the recorded angle-specific raw data frames, and 4) compounding the beamformed data frames over all angles to form a final image. This thesis attempts to address the following question: Given a set of available plane-wave emission angles, which ones should we select for acquisition (i.e., which angle-specific raw data frames should we sample), to achieve adequate image quality at low cost associated with both sampling and computation? We propose a simple similarity-driven angle selection scheme and evaluate its several variants that rely on user-specified similarity measurement thresholds guiding the recursive angle selection process. Our results show that the proposed scheme has a low computational overhead and can yield significant savings in terms of the amount of sampled raw data. / Graduate

Submitted by Marlene Santos (marlene.bc.ufg@gmail.com) on 2016-08-29T19:18:54Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Diego Fernando Burgos Beltrán - 2015.pdf: 4368650 bytes, checksum: 0eb56ef14323cf94881fc293cfa9be70 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-08-30T11:24:57Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Diego Fernando Burgos Beltrán - 2015.pdf: 4368650 bytes, checksum: 0eb56ef14323cf94881fc293cfa9be70 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-30T11:24:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Diego Fernando Burgos Beltrán - 2015.pdf: 4368650 bytes, checksum: 0eb56ef14323cf94881fc293cfa9be70 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-07-06 / Outro / The continuous technological advances in the areas of electronics and programming made the signal processing techniques much easier to implement, allowing them to be incorporated in the communication systems, improving their performance. This work approaches the problem of estimating direction of arrival or angle of incidence (DOA) of electromagnetic wave fronts of a linear antenna array, and of beamforming of the array. Among the various techniques that exist in the literature, the Least Mean Squared algorithm (LMS) is a deterministic method that stands out for its simplicity, ease of implementation and the tendency to find local minima. On the other hand, the Genetic Algorithm (GA) is a heuristic method that ensures more comprehensive exploration possibilities avoiding the tendency of sticking to local minima, but offering greater difficulty of implementation, and higher computational complexity. The recently proposed Compact Genetic Algorithm (cGA) is a tool that shares all the virtues of GA, but without requiring the large computational cost that a GA entails. Since this method has not yet been used for controlling antenna arrays, this paper proposes to use it as the estimation of DOA and beamforming, in addition to enhance it with a number of modifications to make it more robust and more complete, though making it computationally heavier. This work presents simulations where the proposed adaptive receiver is evaluated under different scenarios of signal to noise ratio (SNR), number of interfering sources and convergence velocity. Moreover, moving users tracking situations are simulated, where the receiver's ability to adapt its radiation pattern is tested. All tests were done in the code division multiple access (CDMA) environment, where the only information available to the receiver are the sources spreading codes. To verify the operation of the cGA, its performance was compared with that of the LMS algorithm simulation under the same simulation conditions. The development of this thesis allowed to publish the articles named Adaptive Beamforming for Moving Targets Using Genetic Algorithms and a CDMA Reference Signal in the IEEE Colombian Conference on Communications and Computing COLCOM 2015, and Adaptive Beamforming for Moving Targets Using Genetic Algorithms in the IEEE Workshop on Engineering Applications WEA 2015 – International Congress on Engineering. The last one was accepted as an extended version to be publish in the magazine INGENIERÍA that belongs to the Distrital Francisco José de Caldas University in Bogotá, Colombia. / Os contínuos avanços tecnológicos nas áreas da eletrônica e da programação tornaram as técnicas de processamento de sinais muito mais fáceis de implementar, permitindo a incorporação delas nos sistemas de comunicação, melhorando a performance destes. Neste trabalho desenvolve-se o problema de estimação da direção de chegada ou ângulo de incidência (DOA) de frentes de ondas eletromagnéticas sobre um arranjo linear de antenas, além da conformação de feixe (beamforming) do arranjo. Dentre as diversas técnicas existentes na literatura, o algoritmo de Mínima Média Quadrática (LMS, do inglês Least Mean Squared) é um método determinístico que se destaca por sua simplicidade, facilidade de implementação e a tendência de encontrar mínimos locais como resposta. Por outro lado, o Algoritmo Genético (AG) é um método heurístico que garante uma exploração mais completa de possibilidades evitando a tendência de cair em mínimos locais, mas oferecendo uma maior dificuldade de implementação, além de maior complexidade computacional. Recentemente, foi proposto o Algoritmo Genético Compacto (AGC), que é uma ferramenta que compartilha todas as virtudes dos Algoritmos Genéticos, porém sem exigir o grande custo computacional que um AG implica. Como este método ainda não foi utilizado para o controle de arranjos de antenas, este trabalho propõe utilizá-lo na estimação da DOA e beamforming, além de agregar-lhe uma série de modificações a fim de torná-lo mais robusto e mais completo, apesar de computacionalmente mais pesado. Neste trabalho exibe-se simulações em que o receptor adaptativo proposto é avaliado sob diferentes situações de relação sinal ruído (SNR), quantidade de fontes interferentes e velocidade de convergência. Além disso, simulam-se situações de rastreamento de usuários em movimento, onde é posta à prova a capacidade do receptor adaptar seu diagrama de radiação. Todos os testes foram feitos no ambiente de multiplicidade de acesso via divisão por códigos (CDMA), onde a única informação disponível no receptor são os códigos de espalhamento das fontes. Para conferir o funcionamento do AGC, comparou-se seu desempenho com aquele do algoritmo LMS sob as mesmas condições de simulação. O desenvolvimento desta tese permitiu a publicação dos artigos Adaptive Beamforming for Moving Targets Using Genetic Algorithms and a CDMA Reference Signal no IEEE Colombian Conference on Communications and Computing COLCOM 2015 e Adaptive Beamforming for Moving Targets Using Genetic Algorithms no IEEE Workshop on Engineering Applications WEA 2015 – International Congress on Engineering, este ultimo foi aceito para ser publicado como uma versão estendida na revista INGENIERÍA da universidade Distrital Francisco José de Caldas de Bogotá, Colômbia.

We live in an information hungry age, we generate and process information at a rate never before recorded in the history of mankind. Today’s computing platforms are run on Gigahertz multi-core processors churning out Gigabits streams of data that need to be transmitted as quickly as possible. Often times the source and the destination are mobile which means wired connections are not a choice. This has led to an ever increasing need to develop wireless access technologies that support high throughput regardless of the transmission environment. Till date, many proprietary solutions exist that seek to bridge this gap with little or no support for interoperability. For the sheer scale of development that is required, a standard based solution is the key. The IEEE 802.1x committee oversees the development of standards for wireless systems, it formed the 802.16 working group to develop a standards-based Wireless Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) solution. One of the fruits of this effort is the 802.16e standard fondly referred to as mobile WiMAX and it is the subject of study in this thesis. This thesis seeks to analyze the transmission characteristics of two of the antenna systems defined in the standard i.e. Adaptive Beamforming Systems and Multiple-Input Multiple-Output Systems. Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO): utilizes multiple antennas at the transmitter and receiver to provide diversity gain, multiplexing gain or both. Adaptive Antenna Systems (AAS): Adaptive array system uses an antenna array to generate in real-time radiation patterns with the main lobes and/or nulls dynamically tuned to specific directions in order to increase or suppress signal power in that direction. / Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) is the acronym for Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.16 set of standards governing Air Interface for Fixed Broadband Wireless Access Systems. In the history of wireless systems, WiMAX is revolutionary technology as affords its users the Wi-Fi grade throughput and cellular system level of mobility. With WiMAX, broadband technology (traditionally ADSL and Fiber) goes wireless and WiMAX users can basically enjoy triple-play application, and split-second download and upload rates. WIMAX also offers full mobility much as traditional cellular systems do with features like seamless hand-over and roaming at vehicular speed; this is made possible because the system design covers the access network to core network. For the operator, WiMAX is a welcome development because it merges traditional cellular networks with broadband technology thus opening them to more business offerings and a larger client base and all this at a reduced cost of deployment. Base stations are comparatively cheaper and do not require extensive planning typical of other cellular systems thus WiMAX is aptly suited for emerging markets where infrastructure cost is a major issue; little wonder a lot of 3rd world countries have signified interest in the technology.