After more than two decades of democracy, South Africa is still faced with challenges of unemployment, poverty and inequality. The informal sector is one that presents opportunities for making a positive contribution towards solving social problems that South Africa is faced with. While the informal sector is large and offers flexibility in employment, it is associated with low productivity and poor governance as traders in the informal sector are not obliged to register their businesses and therefore cannot make tax contributions. The lack of formalisation of the informal sector not only impacts the government for not being able to account for the sector, but it also creates barriers for those trading in the sector. The study adopted qualitative research methods to gain insights into describing and exploring the meaning research participants use to construct and interpret their world of reality, such as formalising the informal sector to stimulate economic growth in South African Townships. A total of 15 semi-structured interviews were conducted with business owners in the retail informal sector, managers of big corporates in retail in the formal sector and government employees from various departments who were represented by those in relevant positions such as directors, heads of departments, regional and board members. Interviews were analysed by means of thematic analysis. The key findings from literature indicated that the informal sector is broad and there is no one definition of the informal sector. It was also established that there is a direct relationship that exists between the state and the informal sector, however there is an indirect relationship that exists between the formal and informal sector as further explained in institutional and stakeholder theory. The lack of development in the informal sector can be attributed to the non-existence of policies to guide and regulate the existence of the informal sector. The insights shared from the interviews pointed to the applicability of the proposed model in terms of formalising the informal sector. / Mini Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2021. / Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS) / MBA / Unrestricted

Affordable housing is recognized as a problem in many localities throughout the United States. Local governments have the power to influence housing affordability through land use policies. Land use tools exist to address affordable housing.. However, these tools are primarily used to address other environmental, economic, and social issues. When implemented to serve other land use objectives, these tools can have a negative impact on affordable housing. This paper will describe the link between land use regulations and affordable housing, suggest the land use tools necessary to encourage affordable housing from a state growth management perspective, and examine how California, Oregon, and the Portland Metropolitan Region have utilized the tools in their affordable housing policies. Finally, this paper applies the lessons learned from the cases to recommend further action to assist in the integration of land use tools as a means of advancing affordable housing goals. / Master of Urban and Regional Planning

This study emerged from existing literary evidence that planning and building regulations affect the supply of housing and research in this area usually takes a very descriptive route that lacks an explicit theoretical framework that can guide stakeholders for better research outcomes. The rationale is based on the context that despite the many initiatives introduced by successive post-apartheid governments to improve the housing situation in South Africa, not much has been achieved to improve the enormous housing backlogs. Affordable housing, being one of the strategic mechanisms used by the government for housing delivery is laden with problems. Many factors have been attributed to the challenges among which are land use policies and building regulations, administrative bottlenecks, budgetary constraints, and so on. To effectively manage these challenges, a more proactive private sector participation has been advocated. However, this requires that proper regulatory frameworks are put in place to ensure that developers deliver housing that meets necessary safety and quality standards and still have some return on investment. Unfortunately, legislative structures which should ideally be supportive, instead, hinder development and create barriers for private developers The study thus investigates three related questions. Firstly, what are the main planning and building regulations that impact on affordable housing by the private sector? Secondly, how do the planning and building regulations affect the total cost of affordable housing development by the private sector? Thirdly, what scope exists for the change and would, relaxing these regulations, enhance the supply of affordable housing developments by the private sector in South Africa? Corresponding to these questions is the first hypothesis which states that planning and building regulations impose a significant cost on the developers and thus deter the supply by the private sector. And secondly, relaxing some of the planning and building regulations could improve affordable housing development by the private sector. The study employed a qualitative approach to gather empirical data using household surveys and semi-structured interviews from developers and consultants on five case studies together with key informants’ interviews from government officials. With the main theoretical tools of Institution Analysis and Development, this study developed a conceptual framework that determines the main planning and building regulations that impact on affordable housing supply by the private sector. And by employing insights from New Institutional Economics tools, these regulations are treated as institutions through which development rights are obtained. The study reveals; that even though planning and building regulations are affiliated with better quality housing products, they significantly affect cost, affordability and location outcomes. That no national policy tool exists to guide affordable housing implementation processes; the current city’s policy instruments are contradictory to the propagated concepts meant to enhance housing supply. The study discovers that the government has huge land parcels for different intentions, but makes it available only to a developer whose objectives align with theirs and developers lack adequate funding and incentives to motivate them. Finally, the study reveals that even when case studies are located outside the urban core of Cape Town, dwellers are happy and satisfied with the location and careless about the system’s inefficiencies and there is no direct relation between planning and building regulations and location other than the fact that regulations contribute to the bad location of developments.

This work entitled "Legal and internal regulations in Czech armed forces" endeavours to tackle the relation between legal and internal regulations in public administration focusing on their hierarchy, quantity, liability in specific area of armed forces. At first sight military service is independent on legal code, because there is wide range and amount of relatively autonomous service regulations and official channels. Career soldiers and civil employees have to obey not only the texts of legislation composed of laws, govermental directions etc., but also must maintain discipline and work rules founded on internal orders, guidelines and advices. All commanders and managers as military superiors are obliged to enforce their authority through this regulations. Relation between legal and internal level is not clear. There are many doubts and questions based on facts regarding for instance these features and issues of any internal system of rules: delegation of authority to creation and publishing; verification of compatibility and harmony with legal framework; persistence, integrity, perpetual modifications and amendments.

Sweden’s housing crisis Tim Sonesson ABSTRACT: This study aims to describe and analyze Sweden’s housing crisis. The purpose is to better understand why Sweden has a lack of housing in most of her municipalities. So that in the long run the current situation can be improved. The study is a literature study of materials such as state investigations, numbers from SCB (Swedish statistics bureau) and a variety of other different material.The main point is that the building speed does not correspond to the increase in population. Therefore, this study lifts the population development and different regulations, taxes, and subsidies regarding housing construction. The study compares Sweden to a handful of comparable countries with focus on regulations. Mismatches in demand and supply regarding the housing market is also brought up. More topics that in some way relates to this issue are brought up such as the competition in the construction market could be unhealthy and that could be why the construction prices are high. Maybe there is a fear of really take care of the problem from the government due to the last big housing projects failures (Miljonprogrammet). Sweden tops the list of most single households in the world, that could be a small part of the problem. The study also goes through the role of the Swedish municipalities which has a big role to play in the housing situation. Finally, the study tries to look forward to get some sort of grip in which direction Sweden is going, if the housing crisis is going to be solved any time soon or not.

Existing studies on the formulation of regulations for online ride-hailing platforms merely see the process as a struggle between interest groups. They do not address how policymakers perceive this struggle and act on their own initiative to govern these platforms. This study supplements existing studies by exploring how the metropolitan governments of two Chinese cities, Beijing and Shanghai, perceived conflicts between contending forms of chauffeur businesses and brought in regulations for new platform ventures. This thesis employs a policy change approach in the Chinese authoritarian context and reaches three conclusions. Firstly, it explains that the "special interests" of taxi entities institutionalized by the old regulatory regimes for taxi businesses incentivized the two metropolitan governments to protect taxi entities. Thus, even if Beijing and Shanghai had different first responses towards platforms with one initially emphasizing "cracking-down" and the other working on a "loose" regulatory approach, they adopted similar platform-capping policies. Secondly, this thesis finds that the two metropolitan governments cautiously disobeyed the central government's "loose" directives for platforms by combining their capping policies with selectively implementing a central directive of differentiating the markets of ride-hailing platforms and taxi operators. Thirdly, this thesis addresses obstructions to the establishment of "new regulation" that respects the business logic of platforms, which is proposed by the platform coalition. It argues that the interaction between the vested "special interests" and the fragmentation of authority makes local governments resistant to this "new regulation." / Graduate

The purpose of this study was to gather and analyze information concerning the establishment and administration of specific team rules and regulations used by the football and basketball coaches in Utah High schools. Sub-objectives of this study were: (a) to compare the opinions of coaches according to school classification - class AA, class A, and class B; (b) to compare the opinions of less experienced coaches with those of more experienced coaches; (c) to compare the opinions of basketball coaches with those of football coaches. One-hundred and thirty-nine coaches responded to a questionnaire that included statements asking for information concerning the establishment and administration of team rules, regulations, and penalties applying to the areas of alcohol, tobacco, illegal drugs, curfew, attendance at practices and games, dress and appearance standards, and participation in recreational activities. It was found that the coaches were of the opinion that team rules and regulations were important in high school athletics. It was also found that regardless of the classification of the school, the sport, or the number of years of experience that the coaches had, the responses of the coaches were very much similar, with only minor degrees of variation in responses to some of the questions.

Research indicates that school officials fail to identify a relatively high proportion of school-aged children with behavioral or emotional handicaps. As a result, these children may not be receiving the special education services to which they are entitled. Multidisciplinary team members may be failing to identify these children because they lack understanding of special education rules and regulations. The purpose of this project was to combine the technologies of expert systems and mastery-based instruction to develop an inservice and preservice training program capable of producing mastery-level performance of the skills required to identify children with behavioral or emotional handicaps. Borg and Gall's ( 983) research and development cycle provided the model for developing, testing, and revising the program. Prototype evaluations and large-scale field tests revealed that the program met its performance and user satisfaction objectives when administered under conditions of independent administration. However, a failure on the use and part of remote remote administrators to comply with prescribed program administration procedures allowed an unacceptable number of subjects to end training without completing all computer exercises. Attention to administration procedures contributed to the success of the project in meeting its performance and user satisfaction objectives in the final operational field test. The positive findings of the project have implications on two levels. First, the findings are important for the positive effect they may have on the lives of children. Decision-making errors on the part of multidisciplinary team members can be costly to children with behavioral or emotional handicaps, as well as to other children. The evidence obtained in this project suggests that multidisciplinary team members can be trained to accurately identify children with behavioral or emotional handicaps. On another, and perhaps more important, level, the findings have implications for the design of effective inservice and preservice training programs. The application of innovative technologies to inservice and preservice training problems does not necessarily result in the development of products capable of producing mastery-level decision-making performance. The positive results achieved in the present project suggest that those seeking to apply innovative technologies to inservice and preservice training problems take into account basic instructional design principles.

In an underground coal mine, the measure of a communication system is the coverage area it can provide at a quality that ensures a miner can communicate with other miners in and out of the mine during normal and emergency operations.  The coverage area of a wireless mesh communication system can be calculated using the tool, COMMs, developed and discussed in this document.  This tool can also be used to explore emergency operations, or operations where the mesh infrastructure is degraded or destroyed.  Most often, the communication system is also capable of transmitting data from sensors including a set of sensors, such as Radio Frequency Identification readers, described as the tracking system. An underground tracking system is described as a system that calculates a location in a useful coordinate when a tracked device is underground.  The tracked device is a representative of a miner, group of miners or equipment, depending on state law and the mine's deployment.  The actual location of the miner or equipment being tracked is the Ground Truth Position (GTP) and the tracking system's representation in the same coordinate system at the same time is the Tracking System Position (TSP).  In an excellent tracking system the actual location, GTP, and TSP will be very close to each other.  This work also develops a set of calculated metrics that describe tracking system performance. The Tracking Coverage Area metric refers to the area within the mine that the tracking system either actively measures a tracked device's location or infers it based on the spatial limitations of the mine and information other than active measurements. Average Accuracy is the arithmetic mean of a set of distances from the TSP to the GTP associated with a tracking system. The Average Cluster Radius metric is the average distance a set of TSPs are from their center point, which is determined by the average location of a TSP relative to the GTP.  A 90% Confidence Distance is the distance from a tracked device's actual location (i.e., GTP) that is greater than 90% of the collected distance from GTP to TSP magnitudes ("90th percentile"). Regulatory guidelines in the United States currently define different tracking qualities at locations in the mine.  These can be classified in location categories of Working Face, Strategic Areas, and Escapeways and Travel-ways. All direct paths via escapeway or travel-way from the mine portal to the working face should be simplified into a one-dimensional path that is subdivided by the three regulatory categories.  Each of these subdivisions should be described using the metrics defined above. These metrics can be predicted using COMMs for a tracking system that is utilizing an underground wireless mesh system that uses Received Signal Strength Indicators (RSSI) to calculate the TSP.  Because the tracking system's algorithm to convert RSSI into a TSP is proprietary to the manufacturer, in order to develop predictions the engineer must collaborate with the manufacturer.  In this document, the predictions and calculations were obtained in conjunction with the manufacturer and proved to be accurate describing the tracking system that was designed and tested. / Ph. D.

In an underground coal mine, the measure of a communication system is the coverage area it can provide at a quality that ensures a miner can communicate with other miners in and out of the mine during normal and emergency operations.  The coverage area of a wireless mesh communication system can be calculated using the tool, COMMs, developed and discussed in this document.  This tool can also be used to explore emergency operations, or operations where the mesh infrastructure is degraded or destroyed.  Most often, the communication system is also capable of transmitting data from sensors including a set of sensors, such as Radio Frequency Identification readers, described as the tracking system. An underground tracking system is described as a system that calculates a location in a useful coordinate when a tracked device is underground.  The tracked device is a representative of a miner, group of miners or equipment, depending on state law and the mine's deployment.  The actual location of the miner or equipment being tracked is the Ground Truth Position (GTP) and the tracking system's representation in the same coordinate system at the same time is the Tracking System Position (TSP).  In an excellent tracking system the actual location, GTP, and TSP will be very close to each other.  This work also develops a set of calculated metrics that describe tracking system performance. The Tracking Coverage Area metric refers to the area within the mine that the tracking system either actively measures a tracked device's location or infers it based on the spatial limitations of the mine and information other than active measurements. Average Accuracy is the arithmetic mean of a set of distances from the TSP to the GTP associated with a tracking system. The Average Cluster Radius metric is the average distance a set of TSPs are from their center point, which is determined by the average location of a TSP relative to the GTP.  A 90% Confidence Distance is the distance from a tracked device's actual location (i.e., GTP) that is greater than 90% of the collected distance from GTP to TSP magnitudes ("90th percentile"). Regulatory guidelines in the United States currently define different tracking qualities at locations in the mine.  These can be classified in location categories of Working Face, Strategic Areas, and Escapeways and Travel-ways. All direct paths via escapeway or travel-way from the mine portal to the working face should be simplified into a one-dimensional path that is subdivided by the three regulatory categories.  Each of these subdivisions should be described using the metrics defined above. These metrics can be predicted using COMMs for a tracking system that is utilizing an underground wireless mesh system that uses Received Signal Strength Indicators (RSSI) to calculate the TSP.  Because the tracking system's algorithm to convert RSSI into a TSP is proprietary to the manufacturer, in order to develop predictions the engineer must collaborate with the manufacturer.  In this document, the predictions and calculations were obtained in conjunction with the manufacturer and proved to be accurate describing the tracking system that was designed and tested. / Ph. D.