This mini-dissertation critically analyse the use of anti-dumping regulations between South Africa, the European Union and China. South Africa, the European Union and China are all members of the World Trade Organisation. Dumping is legally defined in terms of Article VI of the General Agreements Act on Tariffs and Trade as “a product that is exported from one country to another at a price less than a price at which like goods are sold from domestic consumption in the exporting country”. The only way to protect a country from dumping is to use their universal, legal instruments set out by the World Trade Organisation, namely the most commonly used trade remedy, anti-dumping, countervailing and subsidies and lastly safeguards. On the 14th of November 2003, South Africa promulgated their anti-dumping regulations that had a broader overview regarding dumping than the previous legislation on this matter. Although there had been several opportunities to properly legislate anti-dumping substance and procedures, the existing South African legislation including the International Administration Act, still does not conform to the requirements and standards of the World Trade Organisation. In the early 20th Century, a number of European countries came together and formulated an Anti-dumping Agreement and was also known as the European Union. The European Union is seen as one of the biggest trade actors in the world. In 1994 the European anti-dumping laws were laid down. Regarding to non-market economies, the European legislation did not have a lot of change during the last decade. The European Union conforms to the requirements and standards set out by the World Trade Organisation. On 25 March 1997 the state council of the People’s Republic of China promulgated anti-dumping and countervailing regulations. At this point in time, China is undergoing an economic transformation, but before China plays an important part in the World Trade Organisation, it must learn to use the World Trade Organisation and integrate the World Trade Organisation laws that are directly related to China by looking at the international trade’s advantages and disadvantages. China is under severe dumping and anti-dumping status quo, which is directly paired with the development of China's anti-dumping legislation where new demands are being brought forward. South Africa’s relationship regarding China, lead to a Memorandum of Understanding in December 1999 where the regional trade protocol was signed between the two countries in terms of textiles, that South Africa won’t impose any duties against China until December 2013, but antidumping duties can be imposed on any other country. South Africa and the European Union have not yet created such a relationship of that between South Africa and China, but South Africa and the European Union, both signed the Trade Development and Co-operation Agreement. This was the first bi-lateral framework agreement between South Africa and the European Union. The final ratification occurred in 2004 and was revised in March 2007. The international trade war against China and the European Union has been won by China, because the WTO recently came to the conclusion that the European Union’s trade policies against China were discriminatory. It should be mentioned that these three countries will play an important role in the development and implementation of international trade relations and regulations and by their collusion, it could only improve the visions of international trade. / Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2011. / Mercantile Law / unrestricted

No abstract / Mini Dissertation (MCom)--University of Pretoria, 2019. / Taxation / MCom Taxation / Unrestricted

The general concert towards environmental sustainability has grown over the last few years. Pressure on firms from lawmakers request conformity with new regulations to ensure environmentally sustainable business operations. This study researches the implementation process of environmental sustainability regulations and the influencing factors in the automotive industry with two exploratory case studies on firms in Germany and Croatia. This research reveals the influencing power firms’ have on the policymakers in their regulations design leading to information inequality among competitors. Also, firms’ different management involvement and structure of the implementation process does not indicate the firms’ sustainability strategy. Environmental sustainability strategy can lead to long term benefits, however requires short-term investments, whereas the industry and competition pressurizes the firms on costs, leading to firms facing a choice between short term competitiveness and environmental sustainability. In order to conform with regulations, firms implement change through modifications and adaptation of products through new technologies.

This thesis is focused on the effects of computerized executive functions training on emotion regulation and affective functioning. The theoretical part summarizes cognition-emotion integration and is based on cognitive neuroscience models suggesting that there are bidirectional links between cortical executive functions centers and cortical centers that regulate emotions. Based on process model of emotion regulation (Gross, 1998) it's supposed that it is possible to make interventions of emotion dysregulation also through cognitive, antecedent-focused strategies. These assumptions are linked with computerized executive functions training. Such training might have positive consequences for emotion regulation and emotion functioning, as it generate frontal activation (Klinberg et al., 2005). The study measures the potential effect of executive functions training on regulation of negative emotions. The main intervention is a personalized, computer-based cognitive training program BrainTwister. This program is widely used for clinical and diagnostics praxis and rehabilitation. To ascertain the everyday ecological validity of the cognitive training intervention and the emotion regulatory and affective consequences, emotion regulatory experiment (IAPS) together with mood and emotion regulation...

National parks legislation of Czech Republic, Slovakia and USA Abstract The thesis offers a look at the legal regulation of national parks in the Czech Republic, Slovakia and the USA. The diploma thesis points out the legal instruments used for nature protection, especially in the Czech Republic and Slovakia. It gives a picture of common as well as different ways, which were often inspired by each other in the creation of means of nature protection. The work is also focused on amendments to nature protection legislation and their gradual development over time. The content of the work is processed by a descriptive method combining legal regulations of different states. Formally divided into ten chapters. The first chapter offers a historical excursion into the development of nature protection with the first introduction of unregulated efforts by individuals or smaller groups to create specially protected areas. The second and third chapters focus on the presentation of the IUCN international classification, nature conservation management or the presentation of international and EU nature conservation institutions. The fourth chapter explains the concept and classification of individual protected areas, with reference to large specially protected areas. Application of concepts and classification through legal...

Interpretation of labour law regulations in the case law of The Supreme Court of the Czech Republic Abstract This thesis examines eight rulings of The Supreme Court of the Czech Republic that were handpicked for their extraordinary relevance in labour law. The author of this thesis attempts to find the solution to the problems solved by The Supreme Court in these rulings and then compares his reasoning and conclusions with the ones provided by The Supreme Court while evaluating the validity of the court's reasoning and conclusions along with whether The Supreme Court found its conclusions in a methodically sound manner. Rulings of cases No. 21 Cdo 4986/2010, 21 Cdo 224/2013, 21 Cdo 2745/2013, 21 Cdo 385/2014, 21 Cdo 5433/2014, 21 Cdo 3240/2015, 21 Cdo 1276/2016 and 21 Cdo 1276/2016 were the ones selected for analysis. The subject matter of the rulings listed above is as follows: When can an empoyer terminate a non- compete clause, whether or not specifying the applicable reason for termination in a medical opinion is needed in order to use said medical opinion as grounds for such termination, whether obstacle to work on the employee's part takes precedence over obstacle to work on the employer's part or vice versa, the relation between entitlement to severance pay and compensation provided by the Labour...

A new Swedish tobacco law was decided in 2018 which originated from an EU-directive from 2014. The aim of the directive is to integrate the member states’ legislation on tobacco control and to minimize the risks of young people getting in touch with tobacco. And furthermore, the aim of the Swedish law is to minimize the negative health effects from tobacco use. This research shows that the new tobacco regulation in Sweden has led to a decrease in smoked cigarettes among students in Sweden as well as an experienced decrease in risk to be exposed to second-hand smoking. This means the new law has led to positive effects on cigarette smoking amongst students and that the aim of the law therefore is fulfilled to at least some point. The majority of the smokers have though continued to smoke as much as before, which means the legislation does not succeed to reach everyone. To reach more people, further efforts are needed. Thus, governance through legislation on EU and national level is not enough, and the problem therefore requires efforts on multilevel. To continue the decrease, Sweden should take action in educative efforts to reach broader levels in its governance.

1 Regional rulemaking Abstract The diploma thesis deals with regional rulemaking with a focus on legal regulations of regions. The aim of the thesis is to explain the constitutional and theoretical anchoring of the creation of regional legal regulations, to describe the process of their creation, issuance, state supervision and repeal, and to examine the actual extent of law-making of regions. The first part defines the basic concepts, constitutional and legal bases and conditions for making and issuing legal relations of regions, which are of two kinds. Generally binding ordinances are issued according to Article 104 Paragraph 3 of the Constitution as legal regulations in the independent competence of regions. The thesis discusses their legal nature and the need for further legal authorization for their issuance, taking into account current case law. According to Article 79 Paragraph 3 of the Constitution, regions then issue regulations for which they always need legal authorization. The following part of the thesis is devoted to the process of creating and issuing regional legal regulations. It describes the adoption of regional legal regulations and their particulars, their publication and the possibility of repeal. There are uncertainties in the legal regulation of the issue of regional legislation,...

Medical technology industry which produces the whole range of medical devices from eye droppers to computer tomography scanners is characterized by serious learning problems of industry stakeholders due to its high technological complexity and product diversity. Majority of firms populating the sector are small companies with no revenues, and therefore, depending strongly on venture capital to get their products on the market. At the same time due to technologies which are successfully launched, this industry employs highly qualified staff, promotes jobs and tax revenues. The industry progress is fueled by process of incremental innovation which occasionally produces technological breakthroughs. Medical device regulations, i.e. the mechanism of granting by a state to a manufacturer the rights to market her products in return of proof of their safety and effectiveness/performance, are an important element of innovation ecosystem of medical technology industry. They serve as a tool for decreasing uncertainty of stakeholders’ interactions on the market, ensuring public safety and legitimacy for manufacturers and their products. Supportive medical device regulations improve the investment climate in the industry by reducing related risks, and, hence, contribute to promotion of innovation in the short run and better and cheaper healthcare in the long run. In the regional context, therefore, particular design of medical devise regulations can be a source of competitive advantage of the whole region in the international arena. The present study compares two dominant regulatory frameworks: American and European. It attempts to answer the question: Which specific features of national/regional medical device regulations contribute to sustaining or improvement of a current and future position of a country/region on a world leadership chart? The two approaches are studied at present as well as in dynamics, the parameters determining the regulatory approach success are pointed out and then specific traits of regulatory approaches underpinning success parameters are defined and conjectures are made regarding the future trends of development for each of the two approaches. It has been shown that US and EU regulatory frameworks are likely to ensure similarly high safety level of devices, while European approach seems to be more efficient. Such traits of European framework as use of international performance standards and diversified responsibility among actors involved into regulatory process contribute to its higher efficiency.

Interest in indirect (secondary) refrigeration systems has grown since the discovery of the negative effect of environmentally hazardous refrigerants and leakage problems from direct expansion systems. Among the positive effects of indirect systems are: decreased quantities of primary refrigerant, factory built units and confinement of refrigerant to the machine room. Ground source heat pumps, ice rink and indirect system solutions for supermarket refrigeration are examples where indirect refrigeration systems are being used in Sweden. The secondary fluids circulating in the secondary systems are of great interest as its choice can affect heat transfer process; the overall performance of system; corrosion problems and maintenance costs as well as acceptable risks for the environment in case of leakage from the secondary system. A secondary fluid should have low viscosity, high thermal conductivity, high volumetric heat capacity, low freezing point, be non-corrosive, non-explosive, non-flammable, environmentally friendly, non-toxic, give low pressure drop in the system, have good material compatibility, chemically stable and have low cost. The market for secondary fluids worldwide and in Sweden is complex and a comprehensive overview of the available secondary fluids has not been available. The purpose of this thesis is to compile most of the existing secondary fluids on the Swedish market and present them briefly in this report. Different brands of secondary fluids on the Swedish market based on ethylene and propylene glycol, ethyl alcohol, potassium formate, potassium acetate, calcium chloride and other blends are presented in the thesis. Some of the most common brands are: Eco MPG, Dowcal 200, Dowcal N, Zitrec FC, Zitrec LC, Antifrogen L, Frigogel Neo, Heliogel CS80, Brineol MPG, Glytherm 20, Zitre MC, Dowcal 100, Antifrogen N, Neutragel Neo, Brineol MEG, Glytherm 10, Antifrogen Sol HT, Freezium, Hycool, Antifrogen KF, Brine 25, Swedbrine 25, Brenntag KBS, Brineol Bioethanol, E-Therm KBS Bio, Thermol, Zitrec S, Temper, Pekasol 50, Pekasol 2000, Greenway RTU, Greenway Heat Pump -30, greenway Solar -30, Thermera R and Thermera AC. Additionally, it is important to underline that a permit for installation of ground source heat pumps in Sweden is required. Swedish laws and regulations regarding secondary fluids and ground source heat pumps are complex and difficult to overview on municipalities’ levels.