Cette thèse s’inscrit dans la ligne directrice des travaux cherchant à discuter/expliquer les déterminants des taux de change dans un contexte de régime flexible. En particulier, elle se focalise sur l’examen de la dynamique du taux de change Euro-Dollar Américain en se référant en particulier aux fondamentaux et aux flux d’ordre, en lien avec les approches monétaristes et microstructurelles. Deux aspects du comportement du taux de change sont explorés : sa dynamique et sa volatilité. A ces fins, cette étude accorde une importance particulière au fait que le nouveau concept à savoir le flux d’ordre est une approximation fiable de fondamentaux macroéconomiques inobservables et/ou non quantifiables. Les résultats mettent en évidence que la dépréciation initiale de l’Euro face au Dollar découle principalement d’une forte expansion monétaire en Europe et d’une sortie massive de capitaux vers les Etats-Unis. Par ailleurs, cette étude montre que les instabilités des modèles monétaires détectées empiriquement sont le résultat d’une spécification inappropriée des déterminants du taux de change et que le niveau de stabilité de la relation de long terme va de pair avec le degré de désagrégation des flux d’ordre. Quant à l’étude des déterminants macroéconomiques de la volatilité du taux de change, cette thèse a revisité, sur un plan théorique, l’approche GARCH-MIDAS de Engle, GhysEls et Sohn (2006,2013). Ensuite, sur un plan empirique, cette étude a comparé les estimations et les prévisions fournies par les deux approches (classique et renforcée) où il a mis en avant la supériorité, en termes de qualité explicative prévisionnelle, du GARCH-MIDAS augmenté par une marche aléatoire. / This thesis is part of the guideline of works seeking to discuss / explain the determinants of exchange rates in a flexible regime context. In particular, it focuses on examining the behavior of the Euro-US dollar exchange rate by referring in particular to fundamentals and order flows, in connection with monetarist and microstructural approaches. Two aspects of exchange rate behavior are explored: its dynamics and volatility. For these purposes, this study places particular emphasis on the fact that the new concept of order flow is a reliable approximation of unobservable and / or unquantifiable macroeconomic fundamentals. The results show that the initial depreciation of the Euro against the US Dollar stems mainly from a strong monetary expansion in Europe and a massive capital outflow to the United States. Moreover, this study shows that the instabilities of the empirically detected monetary models are the result of an inappropriate specification of the determinants of the exchange rate and that the level of stability of the long-term relationship goes hand in hand with the degree of disaggregation of the flows. order. As for the study of the macroeconomic determinants of exchange rate volatility, this thesis revisits, on a theoretical level, the GARCH-MIDAS approach of Engle, GhysEls and Sohn (2006,2013). Then, on an empirical level, this study compared the estimates and forecasts provided by the two approaches (classical and reinforced), where it highlighted the superiority, in terms of forecast quality, of GARCH-MIDAS augmented by a random walk.

<p>This project &quot / An application of multiple regression in exchange rate arrangement&quot / focused on the processes followed by different countries when choosing an exchange rate regime for currency stabilization. It analyses the consequences faced by emerging markets as a result of changes in volatility of developed countries&rsquo / currencies (American Dollar, Japanese Yen, EURO, British Pound and the Canadian Dollar).</p>

The understanding of central banking has evolved several times in the history. Different economic and political conditions shaped the structure of monetary policy and the stance of central banks. The Central Bank of Republic of Turkey (CBRT) also has experienced several reactionary policy shifts throughout its history. Nowadays, majority of central banks have started to follow financial stability programs after the Global Financial Crisis of 2008-09. The CBRT was one of the followers of financial stability targeting and has started to implement a new monetary policy structure after the Global Financial Crisis. The new monetary policy of the CBRT in which the financial stability was put nearby price stability came up with new challenges. Therefore in this thesis, we elaborate on the challenges of the CBRT and propose policy suggestions for the possible deficiencies of the new structure of the CBRT. We argue that the experiences of the CBRT in the inflation targeting period and the macroeconomic conditions of both during and post crisis period have shaped the new structure of the monetary policy, and the new policy mix of the CBRT may not be successful in all its targets at the same time because of the existence of &ldquo / macroeconomic quadrilemma&rdquo / tradeoffs as well as because of the ineffectiveness of the tool portfolio of the CBRT.

In this thesis, we analyze premium relationship of American depositary receipts (ADR) and their underlying shares. Several researchers have previously identified the main variables influencing the construction of ADR premium of cross-listed companies. The aim of this study is to investigate to what extent the main variables affect differently the construction of ADR premium in crisis period. For the purpose of the study, two periods are defined. The period from June 2006 to October 2007 represents the non-crisis period whereas the period from October 2007 to March 2009 represents the crisis period. Our cross-listing sample consists of companies that have level II and level III ADR listed on the NYSE and the NASDAQ over the two periods. The tested variables influencing the premium are the liquidity, the currency exchange rate, the home and US market and the volatility. The liquidity is measured according to two ratios, the Amihud ratio and the turnover ratio. The currency exchange rate is the current exchange rate denominated in US dollar. The home markets are the reference indexes of the home country to which the underlying share of the ADR belong. The S&amp;P 500 Index is used as a proxy for the US market. Finally, the US market volatility is analyzed with the CBOE VIX volatility Index. Multiple and simple OLS regressions are used to analyze the impacts of variables on ADR premium. The T-statistic is chosen to test the explanatory power of variables. The regressions are divided in three main parts. The first one is dedicated to the liquidity variables, then the second one to the home and US market, currency exchange rate and CBOE VIX volatility Index. Finally the last part keeps only the variables with the stronger explanatory power in order to define two equations of the factor influencing mostly the premium. We have found that crisis strongly modifies the relationship between ADR premium and the main variables. In crisis period, the regressions show that liquidity becomes a factor with a greater explanatory power of ADR premium. However the other main variables experience the opposite effect with a much lower T-test in times of crisis. It seems that the currency exchange rate, the home and US market as well as the volatility lose their explanatory power in times of crisis to the benefit of liquidity variables.

This study aims to analyze the causes and consequences of sudden stops in international capital flows with special reference to the recent Turkish experience. We aim to investigate also the vulnerability of the Turkish economy to a sudden stop and compute the required change in the real exchange rates for a current account adjustment in the face of a sudden stop. The assessment of the economic and structural indicators, which are assumed to be related with the resilience of the economy against sudden stops, such as openness and dollarization, refers that the risk of experiencing a sudden stop has increased in Turkey in the last two years, despite a decrease in its exposure to the destructive effects of such shocks thanks to the structural improvements in the economy. Our empirical results based on a small open economy model with tradables and non-tradables suggest that a sudden stop that requires the closing of the current account imbalance in Turkey would necessitate a real depreciation of around 36 percent as of May 2008 under the assumption that international reserves were not used in order to mitigate the level and the effects of the adjustment. Although the effects of such a real depreciation may be milder due to the decreased currency mismatches in the public and banking sector, there is still the risk of experiencing a financial crisis following a sudden stop because of the high liability dollarization in the real sector.

In this thesis the relationship between Brent oil prices, LME copper prices, Turkish gold and silver spot prices, XU100 index, interest rate and exchange rate is examined. Their long run Granger causality relationship is investigated by looking at Wald statistics. The short run relationship between them is examined by using generalized impulse responses. The data range is from January 2, 2002 to February 24, 2011. Due to the oil crisis in 2008, we divide the data into three periods: January 2, 2002 to December 31 as first period, 2007, from January 1, 2008 to December 31 as second period, 2008 and January 1, 2009 and February 24, 2011 as third period. We conduct each test separately for these periods but in third period we use Toda-Yamamoto procedure since maximum order of integration is 1.

In this paper we estimate the short-term and long-term relationship between stock prices and exchange rates for the sample of US and Asian markets during the period 2004 – 2014. Monetary variables include money supply, interest rates, foreign exchange rates, and the consumer price index. All the data are monthly indices and have been examined using multivariate co integration analysis and Granger causality analysis. The empirical analysis employed provides evidence of a positive co-integrating short- run relationship between these variable with Granger causality found to run from stock prices to the exchange rate during the sample period in Japan. For US, significant relationships were not been established. The results for Japan confirm the conclusion of other studies that stock returns are significant predictors of short – run exchange rate movements especially in period of financial crisis. We also apply LS model in order to estimate a linear regression. / Στην εργασία αυτή θα εκτιμηθεί η βραχυπρόθεσμη και μακροπρόθεσμη σχέση μεταξύ των τιμών των μετοχών και των συναλλαγματικών ισοτιμιών για το δείγμα των αμερικανικών και ασιατικών αγορών κατά την περίοδο 2004-2014. Νομισματικές μεταβλητές περιλαμβάνουν την προσφορά χρήματος, τα επιτόκια, τις συναλλαγματικές ισοτιμίες και τον δείκτη τιμών καταναλωτή. Όλα τα στοιχεία είναι μηνιαία και έχουν εξεταστεί σύμφωνα με πολυπαραγοντική ανάλυση και την ανάλυση της αιτιότητας. Η εμπειρική ανάλυση που χρησιμοποιείται παρέχει απόδειξη της θετικής σχέσης μεταξύ αυτών των μεταβλητών με Granger αιτιότητα από τις τιμές των μετοχών προς την συναλλαγματική ισοτιμία κατά τη διάρκεια της περιόδου του δείγματος στην Ιαπωνία. Για την Αμερική, σημαντικές σχέσεις δεν έχουν τεκμηριωθεί. Τα αποτελέσματα για την Ιαπωνία επιβεβαιώνουν το συμπέρασμα άλλων μελέτών ότι οι αποδόσεις των μετοχών είναι σημαντικοί παράγοντες πρόβλεψης των βραχυπροθεσμων διακυμανσεων των συναλλαγματικών ισοτιμιών,ιδίως σε περίοδο οικονομικής κρίσης. Μπορούμε επίσης να εφαρμόσουμε το μοντέλο LS, προκειμένου να εκτιμηθεί μια γραμμική παλινδρόμηση.

<p>This project &quot / An application of multiple regression in exchange rate arrangement&quot / focused on the processes followed by different countries when choosing an exchange rate regime for currency stabilization. It analyses the consequences faced by emerging markets as a result of changes in volatility of developed countries&rsquo / currencies (American Dollar, Japanese Yen, EURO, British Pound and the Canadian Dollar).</p>

La présente étude offre un panorama sur les interactions et les liens qui existent entre la volatilité des taux de change et les échanges internationaux. L’objectif de ce travail est donc de présenter théoriquement cette relation, puis d’examiner empiriquement l’existence de cette relation de causalité entre le commerce international et la variabilité des taux de change. La littérature portant sur la question se considère dans l'ensemble comme contradictoire et supporte plusieurs controverses qui ne nous permettent pas de conclure clairement quant à la relation en question. Nous essayerons de pousser ces recherches un peu plus loin en réexaminant cette évidence pour le canada et en offrant une investigation empirique sur l’existence éventuelle d'un impact significatif de la volatilité sur les flux désagrégées des exportations sectoriels du canada vers son partenaire, les États-Unis. Nous y examinons la réponse empirique de 5 secteurs d’exportations canadiennes aux variations du taux de change réel effectif entre le canada et les États- Unis. Toutefois, nos résultats obtenus ne nous permettent pas de conclure quant à la significativité relative d’un impact de volatilité de taux de change sur les exportations sectoriels désagrégées destinées aux États-Unis. Dans l’ensemble, même si on admet que les signe des coefficients estimés de la variable de risque dans chaque secteur est négatif, nous arrivons à la conclusion que la volatilité ne semble pas avoir un impact statistiquement significatif sur le volume réelle des exportations du Canada vers les États-Unis. / This study provides an overview on the interactions and linkages between the volatility of exchange rates and international trade. The objective of this work is to present this relationship theoretically and examine, empirically the existence of this causal relationship between international trade and exchange rate variability. The literature on the subject considers himself across as contradictory and supports several controversies that do not allow the clear conclusion about the relationship in question. We try to push this research a step further by reviewing the evidence for Canada and providing an empirical investigation on the possible existence of a significant impact of volatility on sectoral disaggregated flows of Canadian exports to its trading partner, the United States. We empirically examine the response of five sectors of Canadian exports to changes in real effective exchange rate between Canada and the United States. However, our results do not allow us to conclude about the significance of an impact on volatility of exchange rates on disaggregated sectoral exports to United States. Overall, even if we admit that the sign of the estimated coefficients of the exchange risk variable in each sector is negative, we reach the conclusion that the volatility does not seem to have a statistically significant impact on the real volume of exports from Canada to the United States.

The growth performance of the South African economy over the past two and a half decades has been disappointing. The economy has not reached the high growth rates of the 1960s, which is desperately needed to alleviate poverty in the country. While the sources of growth have been a subject of much debate, recently the notion that the Real Exchange Rate (RER) level of a country matters for growth has attracted attention. While it is generally expected that the value of the currency should not remain constant and that the exchange rate fluctuates over time, in the long-term, it is expected to converge to an equilibrium level South Africa follows an inflation targeting framework and a free floating exchange rate regime. The exchange rate has been highly volatile since the abolishment of the dual exchange rate system in 1995. This implies that there were periods of overvaluation and undervaluation from the equilibrium level; in other words the rand experienced times of misalignment. In the event of misalignments, the RER is moved to levels which make it difficult for an economy to sustain international competitiveness over the long-run, and this is harmful to growth rates in the economy. This is especially true for countries, such as South Africa, which is heavily dependent on exports. The RER is therefore very powerful and has been argued to be the cause of loss of competitiveness and growth slowdowns. This study investigates this notion for South Africa. The main aim of this study is therefore to investigate the effects of RER misalignment on economic growth in South Africa. This implies that the study aims to determine the level of RER equilibrium, the misalignment in the real value of the rand, and how this misalignment has affected economic growth in the country. The Behavioural Equilibrium Exchange Rate (BEER) approach is followed to determine the Equilibrium Exchange Rate (EER), which allows for the use of fundamental macroeconomic variables to determine the real equilibrium level of the rand. Identified fundamental variables, which are the main drivers of the current RER in South Africa, include GDP per capita, trade openness, terms of trade, gross fixed capital formation and the real interest rate differential. A Vector Error-Correction Mechanism (VECM) is used in the estimation of the Real Equilibrium Exchange Rate (REER). Misalignment is calculated as the difference between the actual and the equilibrium real exchange rate. It is found that during the period under investigation (1985 to 2011) there have been substantial misalignments in the RER of the rand, though the currency was mostly overvalued. It is also shown that the rand does revert to its equilibrium level over time. The least square method is used to determine the effect of this RER misalignment on economic growth. Additional variables such as the initial level of GDP per capita, trade openness, terms of trade as well as gross fixed capital formation, are included in the growth specification. Trade reforms emphasise the importance of export-led growth in a commodity-rich economy, such as South Africa. The results indicate that the RER misalignment has a positive coefficient; this implies that a misalignment in the rand has not necessarily been harmful to economic growth. Therefore, it can be concluded that in the case of South Africa, misalignment is generally stimulating growth, but more so when the currency is undervalued. The results therefore show that the RER should be kept at competitive levels in order to boost economic growth in the country. The results also show support for the strategy of export-led growth in South Africa. / Thesis (MCom (Economics))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013.