Studier om oljepriser och finansiella marknader är relativt få i jämförelse med de studier som finns om förhållandet mellan oljepriser och makroekonomiska variabler. Olja betraktas som en av de viktigaste produktionsfaktorerna, vilket innebär att förändringar i oljepriser påverkar företags kostnader och därmed aktiemarknaden. Att studera förhållandet mellan oljepris och aktiemarknader är av vikt för ett flertal intressenter, bland annat investerare, banker ochportföljförvaltare. Investerare får till exempel svårigheter att maximera aktieavkastning om de inte förstår sambandet mellan oljepris och finansiella marknader. I studien analyserades förhållandet mellan oljepris och den svenska aktiemarknaden med koppling till ränta och växelkurs. Studien baserades på en kvantitativ undersökning med deduktiv ansats, utifrån data över tidsperioden 1991 till 2016. De statistiska tester som genomfördes var en korrelationsanalys, en bivariat och en multipel regressionsanalys. Resultaten visade att det finns ett positivt förhållande mellan oljepris och den svenskaaktiemarknaden. Vidare observerades ett negativt förhållande mellan ränta och den svenska aktiemarknaden och ett positivt förhållande mellan växelkurs och den svenska aktiemarknaden. Studiens första hypotes gällande de grundläggande variablerna förkastades eftersom det ursprungliga antagandet var att ett negativt förhållande skulle råda mellan oljepris och aktiemarknaden i Sverige. Däremot visade studien stöd för resterande två hypoteser. Studiens resultat är inte applicerbart på alla aktiemarknader utan kan begränsas tillbörser i oljeimporterande, utvecklade länder med liknande ekonomisk och politisk struktur som i Sverige. Vidare forskning inom området är nödvändig. Framtida studier bör inkludera fler variabler och ha större fokus på de bakomliggande orsakerna till förändringar i oljepris och deras eventuella koppling till aktiemarknader. Det kan även vara av värde att inkluderasocioekonomiska och politiska faktorer och undersöka oljeprisets effekt inom olika branscher och sektorer på aktiemarknaden. / Studies on oil prices and financial markets are relatively few in comparison to the studies on the relationship between oil prices and macroeconomic variables. Oil is considered to be one of the main production factors, which means that changes in oil prices affect corporate costs and thus the stock market. Studies of the relationship between oil price and stock markets areimportant for a number of stakeholders, including investors, banks and portfolio managers. For example, investors get difficulties in maximizing share returns if they do not understand the correlation between oil prices and financial markets.In the study, the relationship between oil prices and the Swedish stock market and its connection with interest rates and exchange rates was analyzed. The study was based on a quantitative survey with a deductive approach, with data over the period 1991 to 2016. The statistical tests conducted were a correlation analysis, a bivariate and a multiple regression analysis. The results showed that there is a positive relationship between oil prices and theSwedish stock market. Furthermore, a negative relationship between interest rates and the Swedish stock market was observed and also a positive relationship between the exchange rate and the Swedish stock market. The study's first hypothesis regarding the basic variables was rejected, since the original assumption was that a negative ratio would prevail between oil prices and the Swedish stock market. On the other hand, the study showed support for the remaining two hypotheses. The study's results are not applicable to all stock markets but can be limited to financial markets in oil importing, developed countries with similar economic and political structure as in Sweden. Further research in the field is necessary. Future studies should include more variables and focus more on the underlying causes of changes in oilprices and their possible links with stock markets. It may also be useful to include socioeconomic and political factors, as well as to investigate the effect of oil prices in different sectors in the stock market.

This paper studies the home-country determinants of outward FDI with a focus on nine empirically recognized host-country determinants of inward FDI, namely market size, labor cost, exchange rate, inflation, interest rate, political risks, corruption, openness, and technology. Based on a panel with 183 observations from BRICS and five developed countries (Australia, Germany, Japan, UK, US), evidence is found that market size, inflation, interest rate, political risks, and openness have significant influence on FDI outflows. Moreover, the results of this study show that there are striking differences between developing and developed countries regarding to the drivers for outward FDI.

Potentially valuable information about the underlying data generating process of a dependent variable is often lost when an independent variable is transformed to fit into the same sampling frequency as a dependent variable. With the mixed data sampling (MIDAS) technique and increasingly available data at high frequencies, the issue of choosing an optimal sampling frequency becomes apparent. We use financial data and the MIDAS technique to estimate thousands of regressions and forecasts in the quarterly, monthly, weekly, and daily sampling frequencies. Model fit and forecast performance measurements are calculated from each estimation and used to generate summary statistics for each sampling frequency so that comparisons can be made between frequencies. Our regression models contain an autoregressive component and five additional independent variables and are estimated with varying lag length specifications that incrementally increase up to five years of lags. Each regression is used to forecast a rolling, one and two-step ahead, static forecast of the quarterly Yen and U.S Dollar spot exchange rate. Our results suggest that it may be favourable to include high frequency variables for closer modeling of the underlying data generating process but not necessarily for increased forecasting performance. / Graduate / 0501 / 0508 / 0511 / benjamincann@gmail.com

The thesis analyses the trend in external economic balance of the Czech Republic since 2000. The main instruments for the analysis were found in level of balance of payments and external debt statistics. The emphasis is also placed on exchange rate of Czech currency which is considered to be one of the leading determinants of external economic relations. The main goal of this paper lies in examination of past, present and also expected future trend in external balance with respect to various indicators and to comparison with other EU members, especially with Central Europe region (Poland, Slovakia and Hungary). The thesis should provide general overview of external economic relations of the Czech Republic in situation when some European countries are being threatened by deep debt crisis and in some cases the life-line from European union or International Monetary Fund must come.

Master's Thesis deals with currency risk influence on particular bussiness company. The target is based on suggestion of particular measures for risk hedging. Information is gained directly from accounting and from the author's knowledge about the company. Influence of risk is studied primarily separately in relation with gross frofit a nd then in relation with net profit of the firm. Suggestions for currency risk hedging come from the requirements of shareholders, who expect the maximal elimination of the currency risks. For currency risk management were proposed two variants: currency swap and Bull Spread option strategy, which were then theoreticaly rated.

[pt] O objetivo deste trabalho é investigar empiricamente uma possível relação de causalidade entre fluxos de capitais (e abertura financeira de um modo geral) e o crescimento econômico de longo prazo dos países. Utilizando uma amostra de 70 países para o período de 1970-2004 foram realizadas uma série de estimações econométricas em painel em vista de se medir o impacto de um fluxo mais elevado de capitais sobre a produtividade das economias. Uma vez que a literatura documenta uma possível assimetria neste efeito, no sentido de que capitais externos devem ser benéficos somente para países que já possuem uma capacidade absorciva mínima, ou seja, que são capazes de converter de forma eficaz esses capitais para investimentos produtivos que alavancam o crescimento, utilizamos termos de interações nas regressões. Mais especificamente testou-se o papel que o aprofundamento financeiro de um país, medido como a razão do volume de crédito doméstico privado sobre o PIB, desempenha nesta relação entre fluxos de capitais e crescimento. Os resultados obtidos indicam que, para economias com razão crédito/PIB maior que um nível de threshold que varia entre 25 e 30%, o impacto de maiores fluxos de capitais é positivo e significante. Para abaixo desse threshold o impacto é negativo. Uma vez que fluxos excessivos de capitais externos exercem forte pressão de apreciação da taxa real de câmbio de um país, e que tal apreciação pode ser maléfica ao crescimento da produtividade uma vez que impõe perdas significantes aos setores de bens tradables, pode ocorrer que países com baixo aprofundamento financeiro cresceram a taxas menores em resultado de maiores fluxos de capitais devido a uma apreciação excessiva do câmbio real. No entanto, as estimações das regressões entre desalinhamentos da taxa real de câmbio e crescimento apontam um efeito significante e negativo do ponto de vista estatístico, porém insignificante do ponto de vista econômico. / [en] The objective of this paper is to investigate empirically a possible causal relation between capital flows (and financial openess in a widely fashion) and long run economic growth. With a sample of 70 countries in the period ranging from 1970 to 2004 we estimated econometric panels to test for the presence of a productivity growth enhancing effect of higher capital flows. Since the literature points out an assimetric effect in the sense that foreign capital is desirable only for countries which have attained a certain level of absorptive capacity, that means, which are more able to convert them to productive capital, interactive terms were included in the regressions. More specifically, we tested the role of the financial depth, measured as the ratio of domestic private credit over GDP, on the relationship between capital flows and growth. The results obtained show that economies which have already attained a certain ratio of credit over GDP greater than a threshold that varies between 25% and 30% has a positive and significant impact of capital flows on growth. Below this threshold, this impact is negative. Since excessive capital flows exerts a pressure of strong appreciation of the real exchange rate of a country and that appreciation may be negative to productivity growth since it imposes significant losses to tradables sectors, it is possible that countries with a low financial depth had grown less because of the effects of appreciation of the exchange rate caused by capital flows. However, the regression estimates between real exchange rate misalignments and growth show a negative significant effect by a statistical standpoint but insignificant by an economic standpoint.

Denna studies huvudsakliga syfte var att analysera sambandet mellan den svenska aktiemarknaden och guldpriset. Guldet har en viktig roll i finansmarknaden samtidigt som området saknar forskning i Sverige. Genom detta skapades ett intresse att studera aktiemarknadens samband med guldpriset i Sverige. Forskning kring aktiemarknadens samband till guldpriset är splittrad på global nivå där resultaten både kan vara negativa, positiva och en del där inget samband existerar. Studiens underliggande syfte var att analysera sambandet mellan den svenska aktiemarknaden och ränta, tillväxt och valutakurs.Studien är begränsad till att analysera kvartalsvis data inom 23 år mellan 1995 och 2018 i Sverige. Uppgifterna har sedan analyserats i en korrelationsanalys och en multipel linjär regressionsanalys. Resultaten visar att det finns ett negativt samband mellan guldpriset och aktiemarknaden. Resultatet visar också att det finns ett negativt samband mellan ränta och aktiemarknad. Studiens resultat visar också att det finns ett positivt samband mellan tillväxt och aktiemarknad. Slutligen visar resultatet att det inte finns något signifikant samband mellan valutakurs och aktiemarknad. / The main aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between gold price and the swedish stock market. Since gold has a major role in financial systems, the interest arose because of the lack of research on the gold price relationship to the stock market in Sweden. That as well as divided view of if gold price relationship is negative, positive or not related to the stock market, has created the interest. The underlying aim of the study was to analyze therelationship between interest rate, economic growth and exchange rate with the dependent variable stock market.This study was limited by analyzing quarterly data in 23 years between 1995 and 2018 on the swedish market. Data was collected and analyzed in statistical programs named Apple Numbers and SPSS. Data was analyzed in a correlation analysis and a regression analysis. The result showed that there is a negative relation between gold price and stock market. The result also shows that there is a negative relation between between interest rate and stock market. It also shows that there is a positive relation between economic growth and stockmarket. Lastly the result shows that there is no significant relation between exchange rate and stock market.

Cette thèse est organisée en trois chapitres. Chaque chapitre correspond à un article dans les domaines de la finance internationale et du commerce international. Chapitre 1: Une analyse empirique du cycle électoral des taux de change réel: Asie de l'Est vs. Amérique Latine. Dans cet article, nous analysons les fluctuations des taux de change réels pendant les élections en Asie de l'Est, et nous effectuons une comparaison avec les expériences des pays d'Amérique latine. Tout d'abord, nous avons trouvé un nouveau type de cycle électoral de taux de change réel pour l'Asie de l'Est, qui s'oppose à celui des pays d'Amérique Latine. Ensuite, nous étudions les politiques utilisées par les politiciens pour influencer le taux de change pendant des élections. Chapitre 2: Populisme du taux de change. Les résultats empiriques ont montré que les économies d'Amérique Latine et de l'Asie de l'Est présentent des cycles électoraux du taux de change opposés. Les taux de change ont tendance à se déprécier pendant la période qui précède les élections et à s'apprécier ensuite pour les économies d'Asie de l'Est alors que le phénomène opposé se déroule dans les économies d'Amérique Latine. Cet article propose un modèle théorique qui explique le cycle électoral du taux de change dans ces deux régions. Le mécanisme derrière le cycle est engendrée par les politiciens qui essaient de signaler qu'ils sont du type de l'électeur médian, biaisant leur politique en faveur de la majorité de la population avant les élections. Les forces motrices du populisme d'inversion du taux de change dans ses deux régions sont les effets distributifs du taux de change réel et les différences de taille relative des secteur des biens échangeables et le secteur des biens non échangeables dans ses deux régions. Chapitre 3 : La décomposition du déclin du commerce international pendant les crises financières. La crise financière mondiale de 2008-2009 a été accompagnée d'une forte baisse du commerce international, ce qui pose la question sur le rôle de la finance sur le commerce international. Nous contribuons à cette littérature en étudiant l'impact de la crise sur les échanges bilatéraux, en utilisant les données de 103 exportateurs, 188 importateurs et 27 secteurs pour 1995-2009. Tout d'abord, nous analysons les réponses des échanges bilatéraux à la crise financière quand le choc frappe soit le pays exportateur soit le pays importateur. Ensuite, cet article contribue au débat sur l'effondrement du commerce international pendant les crises. Est-ce que la chute du commerce international est provoquée par des chocs de demande ou des chocs d'offre? Enfin, nous étudions l'impact de la crise financière sur la marge extensive du commerce, qui peut être une indication de l'impact permanent sur le commerce. / This thesis is comprised of three chapters. Each chapter corresponds to an article in the field of international finance and international trade. Chapter One: An Empirical Analysis of Real Exchange Rate Election Cycle: East Asia vs. Latin America. Empirical literature depicts an exchange rate cycle around elections in Latin America: exchange rates tend to be more appreciated before than after elections. In this paper we analyze the behavior of real exchange rates (RERs, hereafter) around elections in East Asia, and perform a broad comparison with the experiences of Latin America countries. Our contributions to the empirical literature on exchange rate election cycle are threefold. First, we find a new type of RER election cycle in East Asia region, which is opposite to one of Latin America. Second, we investigate the possible policies used by the policy-maker to influence the RER around elections. We find that RER variation around elections can be partially captured by changes in international reserves. Our results are consistent with international reserves being used by policy-makers to influence exchange rates and produce its election cycle, and we find that international reserves increase in the month preceding elections in East Asia, but decrease in Latin America. Third, we show that in both regions the RER election cycle is clearly identified before central bank reform, but the cycle disappears in the post-reform data, indicating that monetary policy is one of the channels through which the RER election cycle is generated. Chapter Two: Exchange Rate Populism. Empirical findings have shown that East Asian and Latin American economies present opposite exchange rate electoral cycles: exchange rates tend to be more depreciated before and appreciated after elections among East Asian economies, and the opposite is true in Latin America. This paper proposes a theoretical model that explains the opposite exchange rate electoral cycle in these two regions. In a setup where policy-makers differ in their preference bias towards non-tradable and tradable sector citizens, the RER is used a noisy signal of the incumbent's type in an uncertain economic environment. The mechanism behind the cycle is engendered by the incumbent trying to signal he is median voter's type, biasing his policy in favor of the majority of the population before elections. The driving forces of the opposite exchange rate populism in these two regions is the RER distributive effects and the difference of the relative size of tradable and non-tradable sectors in these two regions. Chapter Three: The Decomposition of Trade Collapse during Financial Crises. The global financial crisis of 2008-2009 was accompanied by a sharp decline in international trade, which raises the question on the role of finance on international trade. We contribute to this literature by investigating the impact of financial crises on bilateral trade, using data of 103 exporters and 188 importers at 27 sectors-disaggregation from 1995 to 2009. Firstly, we analyze the responses of bilateral trade to financial crisis and the shock hits the exporting country or the importing country. Secondly, this paper investigates whether the trade collapse following crisis is caused by demand or supply shocks. Thirdly, we investigate the impact of financial crisis on the extensive margin of trade, which may be an indication of its permanent impact on trade.

Les trois chapitres suivants examinent: 1) si les taux de change réels d'Asie du Sud-Est sont nonlinéaire, 2) l'inférence bayésienne sur le modèle de série temporelle nonlinéaire avec des applications sur le taux de change réel,et 3) la cyclicité et effet de rebond dans le marché boursier.Depuis la fin des années nonante, les analyses théorique et empirique consacrée au taux de change réel suggèrent que la dynamique pourrait être bien estimés par les modèles non linéaires. Le premier chapitre examine cette possibilité utilisant les données mensuelles de l'ASEAN-5, et il s'étend la recherche existante dans deux directions. Tout d'abord, nous utilisons récemment mis au point des tests de racine unitaire ce qui permettra d'assouplir les modèles non linéaires stationnaires dans le cadre du d'autre alternative que l'couramment utilisés à SETAR ou ESTAR modèle. Deuxièmement, bien que différents modèles nonlinéaires survivre aux tests de mis-spécification, une expérience Monte Carlo à partir de généralisées fonctions de réponse impulsionnelle est utilisé pour comparer leur pertinence relative. Nos résultats i) soutenir l'hypothèse de retour nonlinéaire à la moyenne , et donc la parité de pouvoir d'achat, dans la moitié des cas et ii) indiquent MRLSTAR et ESTAR comme les plus probables processus générant des taux de change réels.Le deuxième chapitre analyse ACR modèle. Nous proposons une approche bayésienne complète d'inférence et une attention particulière est portée sur les paramètres des variables de seuil. Nous discutons le choix des distributions a priori et proposer une chaîne de Markov algorithme de Monte Carlo pour estimer les paramètres et les variables latentes. Une étude de simulation et de l'application à des données taux de change réelles illustrer l'analyse.Le troisième chapitre explore que les différentes formes de recouvrements dans les marchés financiers peuvent présenter dans un modèle de Markov Switching. Elle s'appuie sur les effets de rebond d'abord analysé par Kim, Morley et Piger [2005] dans le cycle des affaires et généralisé par Bec, Bouabdallah et Ferrara [2011] pour permettre une plus souple de type rebond.Nos résultats i) montrer que l'effet de rebond est statistiquement significative et importante dans tous les cas, mais l'Allemagne où la preuve est moins claire et ii) l'impact négatif permanent de marchés baissiers sur l'indice est notablement réduite lorsque le rebond est explicitement pris en compte. / The following three chapters investigate: 1) whether Southeast Asian real exchange rates are nonlinear mean reverting, 2) bayesian inference on nonlinear time series model with applications in real exchange rate, and 3)cyclicality and bounce-back effect in stock market. Since the late nineties, both theoretical and empirical analyses devoted to the real exchange rate suggest that their dynamics might be well approximated by nonlinear models. This paper examines this possibility for post-1970 monthly ASEAN-5 data, extending the existing research in two directions. First, we use recently developed unit root tests which allow for more flexible nonlinear stationary models under the alternative than the commonly used Self-Exciting Threshold or Exponential Smooth Transition AutoRegressions. Second, while different nonlinear models survive the mis-specification tests, a Monte Carlo experiment from generalized impulse response functions is used to compare their relative relevance. Our results support the nonlinear mean-reverting hypothesis, and hence the Purchasing Power Parity, in half the cases and point to the Multiple Regime-Logistic Smooth Transition and the Self-Exciting Threshold AutoRegressive models as the most likely data generating processes of these real exchange rates.Various nonlinear threshold models are employed to mimic the real exchange rate dynamics. A natural question arises: Which model does the best job of modeling the real exchange rate process? It is difficult and not straightforward to formally compare the nonlinear models within classic approach. In the second chapter, we propose to use Bayesian approach to address this issue. The second part of my dissertation actually uses a Bayesian method to estimate some nonlinear time series models, the ACR model, SETAR model, and MAR model. We propose a full Bayesian inference approach and particular attention is paid to the parameters of the threshold variables. We discuss the choice of the prior distributions and propose a Markov-chain Monte Carlo algorithm for estimating both the parameters and the latent variables. A simulation study and the application to real exchange rate data illustrate the analysis. Our empirical results of the second chapter show that i) Bayesian estimations closely match those of the Maximum likelihood for French real exchange rate vis-a-vis Deutsche Mark; ii)the speed of real exchange rate's adjustment to equilibrium level is overestimated if heterogeneous variances in two regimes is not taken into account; iii) ACR model is preferred to other nonlinear threshold models, SETAR and MAR; iv) within ACR class models, the suitable transition function form is selected based on Bayes factor.This paper proposes an empirical study of the shape of recoveries in financial markets from a bounce-back augmented Markov Switching model. It relies on models first applied by Kim, Morley et Piger [2005] to the business cycle analysis. These models are estimated for monthly stock market returns data of five developed countries for the post-1970 period. Focusing on a potential bounce-back effect in financial markets, its presence and shape are formally tested. Our results show that i) the bounce-back effect is statistically significant and large in all countries, but Germany where evidence is less clear-cut and ii) the negative permanent impact of bear markets on the stock price index is notably reduced when the rebound is explicitly taken into account.

Cette thèse a pour objectif d‟étudier les déséquilibres globaux avec un modèle multinational empirique en stock-flux cohérent. La dernière crise financière de 2008, qui a été suivie par une crise économique mondiale, a reconfiguré l‟évolution de nombreuses variables macroéconomiques. Les déséquilibres globaux se sont fortement résorbés et le maintien de cet ajustement résulte essentiellement de facteurs macroéconomiques conjoncturels, en raison de l‟effondrement de la demande. Compte tenu des changements majeurs durant ces dernières années, nous examinons dans notre recherche les perspectives de croissance future aux États-Unis, en Chine et en Europe dans le cas des poursuites des politiques économiques actuelles, à l‟horizon 2030. Pour cela, nous utilisons d‟abord le modèle C.A.M développé par F. Cripps, ensuite nous estimons notre propre modèle multinational à cinq régions. L‟analyse se focalise sur l‟évolution des déséquilibres globaux, la croissance économique et le taux de change. Les projections du scénario de base de notre modèle multinational, dans le cas de la poursuite des politiques actuelles, montrent que l‟ajustement des déséquilibres externes est maintenu au prix de déséquilibres internes. / This thesis aims to study the global imbalances with an empirical multinational stock-flow consistent model. The last financial crisis, which was followed by a global economic crisis, has reconfigured the evolution of many macroeconomic variables. Global imbalances have strongly resorbed and this continuing adjustment results mainly from cyclical macroeconomic factors, due to the collapse in demand. Given the major changes in the recent years, we analyze in our research growth prospects in the United States, in China and Europe in the case of the continuation of current economic policies, over the period running up to 2030. For that purpose, we first use the C.A.M model developed by F. Cripps. We then estimate our own five bloc multinational model. We focus on analyzing the evolution of global imbalances, the economic growth and the exchange rate. The baseline scenario projections of our multinational model, in the case of the continuation of the current economic policies, show that the adjustment of the external imbalances is maintained at the cost of internal imbalances.