La inversión extranjera directa (IED) es uno de los elementos más importantes para el desarrollo de las economías emergentes por la transmisión de tecnología que genera. La literatura muestra que el tipo de cambio real y su volatilidad son unos de las principales determinantes de la entrada de IED. Asimismo, a pesar de que se ha investigado empíricamente la relación entre estas variables con la IED, la literatura no establece un signo claro, y los resultados varían según la economía que se analice. Por ello, considerando la importancia del tema, el presente estudio investiga la relación entre las variables mencionadas para el caso peruano para el periodo 1996 - 2019, utilizando el modelo de cointegración de Johansen y el modelo VEC para la relación de largo plazo. Los principales hallazgos del estudio revelan que, en el largo plazo, el PBI y la apertura comercial tienen una relación positiva con la IED, pero los términos de intercambio y el tipo de cambio real tienen una relación negativa. La volatilidad, por su parte, se estima con los modelos ARCH – GARCH, pero para el caso peruano el impacto resulta no ser significativo en el largo plazo sobre la IED. / Foreign direct investment (FDI) is one of the most important elements for the development of emerging economies due to the transmission of technology it generates. The literature shows that the real exchange rate and its volatility are one of the main determinants of the inflow of FDI. Also, although the relationship between these variables with FDI has been empirically investigated, the literature does not establish a clear sign, and the results vary according to the economy being analyzed. Therefore, considering the importance of the subject, this study investigates the relationship between the variables mentioned for the Peruvian case for the period of 1996 - 2019, using the Johansen cointegration model and the VEC model for the long-term relationship. The main findings of the study reveal that, in the long term, GDP and trade openness have a positive relationship with FDI, but the terms of trade and the real exchange rate have a negative relationship. Volatility, on the other hand, is estimated with the ARCH - GARCH models, but for the Peruvian case the impact turns out not to be significant in the long term on FDI. / Trabajo de investigación

Thesis (M. Commerce (Economics)) -- University of Limpopo, 2016 / The purpose of this paper is to ascertain the impact of the real effective exchange rate on South Africa‟s trade balance and whether the J-curve phenomenon and the Marshal-Lerner condition are satisfied in the economy. Using data spanning the period 1980Q1 – 2014Q4, the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) bounds test as well as the Johansen cointegration test were employed to test for the long run cointegrating relationship between the variables. The ARDL approach was employed to estimate both the long run and short run models as well as to ascertain whether the Marshal – Learner condition as well as the J-curve phenomenon are satisfied in the RSA economy. The results from the cointegration tests show that there is a stable long run equilibrium relationship between the trade balance, real effective exchange rate, domestic GDP, money supply, terms of trade and foreign reserves. The results from the Autoregressive Distributed Lag long run model show that a depreciation of the ZAR improves the trade balance, thus confirming the MarshalLerner condition. The results further reveal that domestic GDP and money supply both have a significant negative impact on the trade balance in the long run with the terms of trade reported positive as well. Foreign reserves were not found to significantly affect the trade balance in the long run. In the short run, the ARDL error correction model shows that a ZAR depreciation leads to a deterioration of the trade balance, thus confirming the J-curve effect for the RSA economy. The terms of trade effect was reported positive in the short run, thus confirming the Harberger-LaursenMetzler effect (HLME) in the process. Money supply, domestic GDP and foreign reserves are also found to have a significant negative impact on the trade balance in the short run. Finally, the error correction model reveals that about 26% of the disequilibrium in the trade balance model is corrected in each quarter.

The enactment of the North America Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) was intended to reduce tariffs on most goods by 2008 among Canada, the United States, and Mexico, and to create the largest regional market outside the European Union. Early research conducted to investigate the relationships between tariffs elimination and trade volume focused mainly on macrolevel effects with mixed results, without acknowledging the possible influence from exchange rate fluctuations. After 20 years, NAFTA has provided the opportunity to observe a significant reduction in tariffs between 1994 and 2013. Skepticism regarding the relationship between trade liberalization and the regional economy, and the controversy still surrounding NAFTA, suggests that other factors might influence trade, making the current study relevant. The purpose of this study was to investigate possible relationships between exchange rate fluctuations and trade volume during a period when tariffs were eliminated. This study focused on 2 basic theories of preferential trade and the exchange rate, and data were collected on imports-exports between Mexico and the United States. Regression analyses showed a relationship between exchange rate fluctuation and trade volume when tariffs are eliminated. The findings may help exporters and unions understand the implications of other factors affecting trade. The findings may also help union leaders understand how other economic factors may have implication on global economy rather than focusing solely on trade agreements, and to better strategize in addressing social issues of concern related to globalization.

[pt] Tradicionalmente, muitos trabalhos têm estudado os efeitos das intervenções cambiais esterilizadas nas taxas de câmbio, tanto empiricamente quanto teoricamente, encontrando resultados mistos. Mais recentemente, a literatura de finanças internacionais têm procurado explicar os desvios na Paridade Coberta da Taxa de Juros (PCJ), que vem sendo observado entre as moedas das economias desenvolvidas após a Grande Crise Financeira de 2008. Neste trabalho, ligamos as duas literaturas ao estudar o efeito das intervenções cambiais nos desvios na paridade coberta de juros. Nossa amostra consiste nas intervenções realizadas pelo Banco Central do Brasil entre os anos de 2009 e 2020. Este período contempla o programa de intervenções pré-anunciadas de 2013, implementado no contexto do Taper Tantrum, e que já mostrou ter afetado significantemente as taxas de câmbio (Chamon, Garcia e Souza (2017) ). Para avaliar os efeitos, construímos uma série contrafactual utilizando a metodologia ArCo, desenvolvida por Carvalho, Masini e Medeiros (2018), e também estimando funções impulso resposta utilizando Local Projection, desenvolvida por Jordà (2005). Os resultados indicam que a venda de dólares no mercado futuro aumentam os desvios na PCJ, enquanto que compras de dólares tem o efeito oposto. A oferta de dólares via contratos de recompra diminui os desvios no curto prazo. As intervenções no mercado a vista apresentam resultados inconclusivos. / [en] Traditionally, much has been written about the effects of FX (foreign exchange) sterilized interventions on exchange rates, both theoretically and empirically, with mixed results. More recently, the international finance literature has tried to explain the deviations from the well-known Covered Interest Parity (CIP) condition that have, since the 2008 Great Financial Crisis, arisen among advanced economies currencies. Here, we originally merge these two strands of the literature by analyzing the effects of sterilized FX interventions on the CIP (Covered Interest Parity) deviation. Our sample is composed of Brazilian Central Bank FX interventions between 2009 and 2020. This period contains a major program of announced FX interventions in response to the Taper Tantrum, in 2013, which has already been shown to have significantly affected the level of the exchange rate (Chamon, Garcia, and Souza (2017)). To gauge the effects, we build a counterfactual employing the ArCo methodology, developed by Carvalho, Masini, and Medeiros (2018), and also make use of Jordà (2005) Local Projections. The results indicate that selling US dollars in the futures market increases CIP deviations while buying US dollar futures has the opposite effect. Offering US dollar repo credit lines points to a short-lived decrease in the deviation. The number of sterilized sales or purchases of spot currency seems not to be high enough to lead to conclusive results.

This dissertation consists of three essays on capital controls and exchange rate regimes. The first essay, under the background of international monetary policy trilemma, empirically investigates the validity of the proposition that holding the degree of exchange rate stability constant, a decrease in capital mobility through imposition of capital controls will enhance monetary independence. Using a panel dataset covering 88 countries for the 1995-2010 period and system GMM estimation, this paper finds that 1) capital controls help improve a country’s monetary independence; 2) the effectiveness of capital controls depends on the types of assets and the direction of flows they are imposed; 3) the choice of exchange rate regime has important impact on the effectiveness of capital controls on monetary independence. The second essay examines the role of capital controls on economic growth. Conventional wisdom suggests that allowing international capital flows improves domestic investment and growth by providing extra resources through international capital market, yet the flows can be misallocated to finance speculative or low-quality domestic investments. Using a panel dataset covering 78 countries over 1995-2009, this paper finds that 1) capital control policies promote economic growth after taking into account a country’s de facto level of capital flows; 2) controls on capital inflows helps a country’s economic growth, but not controls on outflows; 3) restrictions on different asset types affect growth differently. Capital controls on equity type flows are less effective than controls on debt type flows or direct investment. The third examines the role of exchange rate flexibility on current account balances. Global imbalances have become an important issue for economists and policy makers. Greater exchange rate flexibility is often suggested as a means to achieve faster and more efficient adjustment in the current account. However, previous empirical studies show little support for this hypothesis. This essay revisits this issue with a large panel dataset and Threshold VAR model and finds that 1) the speed of the current account adjustment is higher in a regime with greater exchange rate variability; 2) some existing popular exchange rate classifications may not capture actual exchange rate variability as well as expected.

本研究觀察了1992年1月20日至2003年2月28日美元兌台幣的匯率資料，分成樣本內、樣本外兩部分進行預測，此外也收集了相同時間的日圓、英鎊、港幣兌台幣的資料做比較，用Takagi-Sugeno Fuzzy﹝朱修明，2001﹞模型和Cubist決策樹模型來預測匯率。 用Takagi-Sugeno Fuzzy模型預測匯率，具有非線性模型的準確性，也兼顧了線性模型之結果簡潔易懂的特質。在變數個數少的時候，就可以達到所要求的預測準確度，此時產生的預測規則容易瞭解，歸屬度函數也易於辨別，檢定過後可知和隨機漫步模型沒有差別。 使用Cubist決策樹模型時，若產生的規則等同於隨機漫步模型，則預測準確度和隨機漫步沒有差別。但若產生出來的規則不同於隨機漫步模型時，則匯率預測準確度明顯低於隨機漫步模型。

This paper investigates whether Tobin tax would be effective to reduce exchange rate volatility. When the rational speculators observe different temporarily shocks and take Tobin tax into account, the exchange rate will have either stable or unstable path through speculators’ changing optimal holdings. If the effect of current account shock dominates the effect of interest differential shock, the imposition of tax will stabilize the currency. This result is consistent with Tobin’s view. On the contrary, if the effect of interest differential shock dominates the effect of current account shock, the imposition of tax will destabilize the currency. The best policy in this case is to let international capitals move freely.

自從Krugman於1991年提出「目標區與匯率動態」﹙Target Zones and Exchange Rate Dynamics﹚一文，將隨機微分方程的數學技巧，應用於匯率目標區政策的研究之後，匯率目標區的研究便成為國際金融領域的新寵。其最重要的概念就是透過目標區的宣告，可使匯率之波動較為和緩，也就是所謂的「蜜月效果」；而蜜月效果的存在與否，則取決於民眾對於匯率走勢的預期看法，此看法又決定於民眾對目標區政策的信賴程度。 一般既有的文獻，皆假設民眾對於貨幣當局所宣示的目標區政策皆為確定情況，然而匯率目標區政策在貨幣當局考量現實情況下，也會與其他政策相同，存在不確定性的情形。本文主要討論當貨幣當局施行目標區政策存在各種不確定性（如：邊界干預措施、邊界水準值，等…）時，政策之效果；且若民眾對政策之不確定性的猜測行為並非一成不變之下，會隨現實情況調整時，目標區政策之效果有何不同。 而藉由數學模型的推導以及利用數值模擬的方式，可以得知不確定狀況下之匯率目標區政策，在部份的情況下仍具有蜜月效果，但相較於確定情況下之目標區政策，其蜜月效果皆是較小的。此外若民眾可以利用市場資訊，如：市場基要值之變化，作為猜測貨幣當局行為的依據，且民眾的猜測行為若是正確的，則是具有幫助匯率穩定的效果。

金融危機的發生不但使受創國經濟活動萎縮，也影響世界經濟的成長，其發生的原因固然不盡相同，但毫無例外的，均與經濟結構的失衡以及金融政策或管理的失當有關。在過去的歷史中，金融危機在不同的國家、不同的時間一再地發生，金融危機不僅使個人及社會財富損失，而且造成社會及經濟問題，同時亦提高政治的不穩定性。本文旨在探討1992年歐洲貨幣制度（EMS）的匯率機制（ERM）危機、1994年墨西哥金融危機、1997年亞洲金融危機、及1998年俄羅斯金融危機等四大金融危機。首先就金融危機的定義、徵兆、及類型，加以文獻檢視並分別說明。其次，就金融危機形成原因的予以探討，說明金融危機成因的理論模型，其演變可分成第一代、第二代、及第三代金融危機模型。此外，對於資訊不對稱在金融市場所形成逆選擇與道德風險的問題，及與金融危機的關係，亦一併敘述。 經檢視以上四大金融危機發生的背景、成因、類型，及各次金融危機發生之前的徵兆與現象；探討各次金融危機發生後，各國的因應對策；比較各次金融危機的差異與相同之處；並分析國際貨幣基金 (IMF) 在各次金融危機中所扮演的角色；以及由各國處理金融危機的歷史經驗中，獲得結論如下: ERM金融危機加速區域金融合作的推展，墨西哥及俄羅斯政府未能信守承諾加速金融危機的爆發，國際大規模資金反轉流出及擴散效應，引爆亞洲金融危機，政府的干預及國際的援助促使亞洲金融危機早日解除；健全的實質經濟結構優於貨幣制度的考量，妥善導引國際間資本的移動勝於加強管制，金融危機的發生促使受創國加速金融改革，強化國際最後奧援者的機制有其必要性。為預防金融危機的發生，我們的建議為：循序推動金融自由化，健全法規體制，建立完善的金融監理及預警制度，妥善導引及管理外資，積極參與國際及區域金融機制，尊重中央銀行對匯率的操作策略，及積極培養優秀金融人才。 關鍵詞: 金融危機、資訊不對稱、匯率 / Financial crises results in the inability of financial markets to function efficiently, which leads to a sharp contraction in economic activity. They have not only affected the economic development of the countries in some region but also had deep negative consequences all over the world. They have occurred throughout history resulting in the loss of national and international public and personal wealth, creating politically uncertainty and shaking the foundations of the national, regional and international economic and social order. This paper attempts to explore focus mainly on four major financial crises in the 1990s: the crisis of “Exchange Rate Mechanism” of European Monetary System in 1992, the “Mexican Financial Crisis” in 1994, the “Asian Financial Crisis” in 1997, and the “Russian Financial Crisis” in 1998. Firstly reference is to explicate separately the definition, symptom and types of financial crisis, with to documentation. Secondly research causes of the financial crisis, and the contributing factor mode can be categorized in first-, second-, and third-, generation models. Further more it is to interpret the problems of adverse selection and moral hazard affected by asymmetric information, and the connection with the crisis. Through surveying background and causes of four financial crises and the symptom and phenomenon prior to the crisis, the paper concludes by drawing lessons from the crises experience to policymaking in emerging market countries. Therefore it brings to the conclusion as follows: government’s intervention and international assistance helped end the financial crises; healthy and essential economic structure is superior to consideration of currency system; properly guide the movement of international capitals is more important than tightening control; occurrence of financial crisis urges injured nations to speed up financial reform; and it is necessary to strengthen the mechanism for an international lender of last resort. According to the study findings, the policy suggestions for avoiding the financial crises are: to promote financial liberalization gradually; establish a healthy regulating system; build up a good supervising and early warning system; properly guide and manage foreign capitals; participate actively in international and regional financial structure; respect central bank’s operational strategy toward the exchange rate; and actively train great financial talents. Keywords: Financial Crisis, Asymmetric Information, Exchange Rate

中國在世界貿易舞台上所扮演的角色日益重要，人民幣的均衡水準成為十分熱門的議題。本文為貿易財與非貿易財部門的相對生產力找尋新的代理變數來檢視Balassa-Samuelson效果，以解決中國物價指數因受政府控制而難以反映實際生產力的問題。此外，亦將對人民幣匯率的預期引進實證模型中，以量化分析來探討人民幣是否具有自我實現的行為。本文實證結果顯示人民幣均衡匯率與相對生產力、貿易開放程度、熱錢數目間有長期關係。貿易財與非貿易財相對生產力與熱錢數目的上升可能帶動人民幣升值；貿易開放程度則與均衡匯率呈反向關係。 / As China plays an important role in the world economy, the research on the real exchange rate in China has received a lot of attention. This study chiefly contributes to adopt a more reliable proxy different from previous studies to capture the Balassa-Samuelson effect; in addition, we formerly introduce the expectation of Renminbi into the empirical model. This paper empirically investigates the behavior of the real exchange rate in China during the period from 1980 to 2005. Particularly, we provide a single-equation in an empirical framework which takes the specific features and characteristics in China economy into account. The empirical evidence shows that the degree of openness, the volume of hot money, and the relative productivity of traded to nontraded sectors are key factors to the determination of the long-run equilibrium real exchange rate in China. Both the increases in the relative productivity and an anticipated appreciation in the real exchange rate eventually may lead to a real appreciation in the currency. In contrast, the influence for opening up to the world economy is that the real exchange rate may depreciate.