Le projet de code civil rédigé en 1789 par Jean de Dieu d'Olivier se rapproche très nettement, tant sur la forme que sur le fond, du Code Civil de 1804. Aussi, est-il permis de penser qu'Olivier est un des pères du Code Civil français. / The draft [of the] Civil Code written in 1789 by Jean de Dieu d'Olivier appears very close to the Civil Code of 1804. Also,it is possible to consider Olivier as one of the fathers of the French Civil Code.

De longue date, la Birmanie a connu des codifications officielles variées telles que les Dhammathats, le Code birman provenant de la codification indienne de la Common Law et les compilations de lois et de jurisprudence. En revanche, le droit birman de la famille appliquait le principe de la personnalité des lois, se trouvant ainsi exclu de toute codification. Or, depuis l’adoption de la Constitution birmane de 2008, le Parlement birman est désormais compétent pour légiférer dans ce domaine du droit. Dans le même temps, le droit des contrats, le droit des biens et le droit des sociétés inclus dans le Code birman sont devenus désuets au regard de la pratique des affaires locales. Ainsi, la Birmanie cherche désormais à moderniser son droit en vue d’assurer une sécurité juridique et un État de droit. C’est pourquoi, en se fondant sur ces objectifs, une codification est opportune dans le domaine du droit civil. Si l’unité politique de la Birmanie est la priorité des Birmans, une codification telle qu’un Code civil, permettrait une unité du droit menant ainsi à cet objectif. Dans ce contexte, le Code civil français, figure de proue dans la codification, serait une source d’inspiration non négligeable dans l’élaboration d’un tel projet. / For long-time, Myanmar has experienced official and various codifications such as Dhammathats, Burma Code related to the Codification of Indian Common Law, compilations of law and case law. However, Myanmar Family law applied personal law and was excluded of any codification. Since the adoption of Myanmar Constitution 2008, Myanmar Parliament has jurisdiction to enact in this field of law. In the meantime, Contract law, Property law and Company law, included in Burma Code, are now obsolete with regard to local business practice. Thus, Myanmar is now seeking to modernize its law to ensure legal certainty and rule of law. Therefore, based on these purposes, codification of Myanmar civil law is timely and welcome. If the Political unity is the current priority for Myanmar people, codification such as Civil Code provides Legal unity leading to that objective. In this context, French Civil Code, figurehead in codification, will be a significant inspiration for the project development.

Le Consulat de Mer de Nice est une juridiction commerciale et maritime souveraine, composée de magistrats professionnels, qui a évolué dans le cadre politique des Etats de la Maison de Savoie de 1613 à 1855. A la Restauration, cette institution singulière, se trouve « à l'interface » de deux systèmes juridiques, le système pluraliste du jus commune d'un côté et de l'autre le système moniste français porté par la codification napoléonienne. Le rôle ambigü de cette vaste entreprise d'uniformisation, idée chère à l'Etat et au commerce international, est au cœur du travail jurisprudentiel des magistrats du Consulat de Mer de Nice de 1814 à 1843. A partir de cette date, il n'y a plus qu'une source du droit en matière commerciale, le Code de commerce sarde qui recopie à l'identique le Code de commerce français de 1807. Le statut accordé au droit français, droit à la fois « étranger », territorial et national, par les magistrats du Consulat, ministère public et juges, préfigure cette évolution globale vers l'unification, tant dans l'intérêt étatique que pour la faveur du commerce. / The Consulat de Mer de Nice is a commercial and maritime supreme court, made up of professional Magistrates. It developed within the Etats de Savoie's political sphere from 1613 to 1855. During the Restauration, this unique institution finds itself halfway between two different legal systems, the pluralist system of the jus commune on one side, and the French one tier system brought by Napoléon’s codifications on the other. From 1814 to 1843, the Consulat de Mer’s Magistrates have an ambiguous standardizing task, important both to the state and to international law. As from 1843, the Sardinian commercial Code, a copy of the French commercial Code of 1807, has become the only source of law. The value attached to french law, a foreign, territorial and national law all at the same time, foretells of the global evolution towards standardization, both in the state’s interest and to develop/ease trade.

Codification of law in France under the First Empire The purpose of my thesis is to analyze genesis of preparation of six codes in France, to explain all influences and to show importance of this codification for the rest of the world. The scope of my thesis research is wider than just a description of codification works between years 1804-1815. The first part of this work explores the basis for codification. Sources of law, roman law, natural law, age of enlightenment, Declaration of the Rights and of the Citizens and legislative procedure under the First empire. The second part is composed of five chapters. Chapter one describes French Civil code promulgated in 1804. This chapter is composed of following subchapters: genesis of codification between years 1789-1804, the major figures of codification, systematics, related laws, selected paragraphs of Civil code and language quality. Chapter two is about Code of civil procedure (Code de procedure civile, 1806). It is composed of three subchapters: genesis, systematic and characteristics of this code. Chapter three describes Commercial Code (Code de commerce, 1807). This chapter includes genesis of commercial law from 16th century. The rest subchapters analyze genesis, systematic and characteristics of this codification. Chapter four is composed of...

This dissertation examines whether the lack of ready access by trustees to a codified set of their fiduciary duties is contributing to poor governance of trusts and whether setting out these duties in the Trust Property Control Act would promote good governance. Chapter 1 considers whether corporate law reform is an appropriate basis for comparison when considering the codification of trustees’ fiduciary duties. It suggests that corporate law is a useful comparator because it has well-developed law in relation to fiduciary duties, which has also shaped trust law. Twenty plus years after the Trust Property Control Act was enacted, South Africa’s socio-economic environment has changed dramatically and trusts are today used extensively and for many purposes. Trust law needs to keep pace with this change, as well as current thinking on good governance. It also needs to better serve today’s vast number of trustees of varying skill and experience. The dissertation asks what lessons can be learned from considering the partial codification of directors’ fiduciary duties in the Companies Act 2008 and whether the proposed codification will advance governance of trusts and benefit beneficiaries in fundamental ways. It uses primary and secondary sources and comparative research in considering the approach to codification of fiduciary duties in New Zealand, Australia and England. The newly enacted New Zealand Trusts Act 38 of 2019 is particularly relevant and timely. Chapter 2 examines the theory of and rationale for codification, and the arguments of its opponents, generally, as well as specifically in relation to the Companies Act 2008. It also considers the influence of King IV. Chapter 3 examines fiduciary duties identified in trust cases with a view to formulating a body of core duties incorporated into the partial codification proposed in the subsequent chapter. These amendments are suggested as part of a multi-pronged approach to improved governance in trust law. The final chapter concludes that although the partial codification of directors’ fiduciary duties in the Companies Act offers, in principal, useful guidance, it cannot serve as a template for amendments to the Trust Property Control Act. By contrast, the legislative action proposed in chapter 4 is consistent with international trends in governance and should advance the cause of good governance in trust law. / Mini Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2019. / Private Law / LLM / Unrestricted

Une étude critique de l'état actuel du droit international privé vietnamien à la lumière de la codification québécoise révèle les défauts de ce droit en l'absence de codification et démontre par la suite que la codification est la seule voie pour y remédier. Cela implique une réfutation des thèses qui sont avancées contre une telle codification et le développement des outils permettant d'effectuer cette œuvre avec succès. Ainsi, après avoir défendu l'intérêt de la codification du droit international privé vietnamien, la thèse s'interroge sur les perspectives de sa mise en œuvre, tant sur le plan d'organisation que sur la structure et la forme du futur code. Des solutions sont soutenues en faveur d'une codification autonome et ordonnée selon les catégories juridiques, à la différence du modèle québécois, compte tenu des caractéristiques et besoins du système juridique vietnamien. En revanche, les abondantes expériences de cette province canadienne de tradition civiliste, la mobilisation des ressources humaines et l'organisation de sa grande recodification civile effectuée avec succès en 1994 constituent une source de référence utile pour le codificateur vietnamien. Sous l'angle de la modernité, de la prévisibilité, de la flexibilité et de l'efficacité du droit international privé, des solutions substantielles de la matière sont soigneusement discutées dans l'objectif de construire un cadre général pour le développement cohérent des solutions particulières dans le futur code. Les conclusions tirées se fondent sur le résultat des analyses critiques et comparatives des sources législatives, jurisprudentielles et doctrinales provenant de différents pays, notamment celles du Québec et du Vietnam, ainsi que celles existant au niveau international et régional, portant sur des questions d'importance majeure du droit international privé contemporain. Il s'agit notamment des notions de base du droit international privé, des principes directeurs du rattachement que sont l'autonomie de la volonté et la proximité, de la pluralité des méthodes, de l'autorité de la règle de rattachement, et de l'intervention de l'ordre public en droit international privé. / A critical analysis of the current Vietnamese private international law in the light of Quebec codification reveals many shortcomings of this law in the absence of codification and subsequently shows that codification is the only way to remedy them. This implies a refutation of thesis advanced against such codification and the development of different means to carry out this work successfully. Thus, after having defended the interest of the codification of Vietnamese private international law, the thesis questions the prospects for its implementation, both in terms of organization, and the structure and form of the future code. Solutions will be developed in favor of an autonomous codification that is structured with legal categories, unlike the Quebec model, considering the characteristics and needs of the Vietnamese legal system. The abundant experiences of this Canadian province of civil law tradition, especially in terms of mobilization of human resources and organization of the Quebec civil law recodification carried out successfully in 1994, constitute a useful source of reference for the Vietnamese codifier. From the perspective of modernity, predictability, flexibility and efficiency of private international law, substantial solutions of the matter are carefully discussed with a view to build a general framework for a consistent development of specific solutions in the futur code. The conclusions drawn are based on the results of critical and comparative analysis of various sources – including legislation, cases and scholarly writing – from different countries, particularly those of Quebec and Vietnam, as well as those existing at the international and regional level, dealing with important issues of contemporary private international law. These include the basic notions of private international law, the guiding principles which are party autonomy and proximity, the plurality of methods, the authority of private international law rules, and the public order intervention in private international law.

Ce mémoire propose quelques réflexions sur la relation entre la communication et le droit. Sa rédaction est faite dans une approche personnelle liée au parcours académique de l'auteur. Le mémoire est rédigé dans un style excursionniste, c'est-à-dire qu'il touche à différents éléments ici et là. Cette approche permet à l'auteur, au gré de son questionnement, de mieux problématiser la question du rapport entre le droit et la communication. Ce mémoire touche-à-tout propose de regarder, sous différents angles théoriques, la relation d'implication mutuelle de solidarité entre le droit et la communication qui est liée au fond à leur caractère social. Dans la première partie, il est essentiellement question du dualisme animant le droit et la communication. Cette section propose de regarder les similitudes et les différences entre les dualismes que nous retrouvons dans les deux domaines. Dans un second chapitre, l'auteur s'attarde aux multiples facettes de l'être humain, à l'autonomie du sujet et à la personnalisation des messages. Dans la seconde partie, il est question de la société moderne et du double caractère, juridique et communicationnel, dont elle jouit. Enfin, la deuxième portion de cette partie traite de la dogmatique, de l'institution ainsi que du travail de codification. Dans la troisième partie, il est question de la chaîne d'interprétations en herméneutique générale et son application dans la sphère juridique avec les adaptions que celles-là nécessitent. En somme, il est question de la méthode du juriste et particulièrement de celle du juge, véritable figure représentative de l'institution. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : Communication, Droit, Institution, Interprétation, Personne, Sujet, Société moderne.

Les expériences rares, qu’elles soient positives ou négatives, surprennent par leur avènement inopiné et brutal. Toutefois, le plus surprenant reste l’incapacité des organisations à en tirer des leçons appropriées. Les expériences rares challengent les approches traditionnelles de l’apprentissage organisationnel fondées sur la réplication et l’amélioration progressive. De plus, les expériences rares sont souvent complexes : elles sont composées d’une grande variété d’éléments qui interagissent de façon incertaine. De ce fait, elles sont marquées par un niveau élevé d’ambiguïté causale qui peut conduire à un apprentissage superstitieux. Dans ces conditions, la littérature souligne la nécessité de mettre en oeuvre un apprentissage délibéré fondé sur la codification des connaissances. Mais la codification est une arme à double tranchant, qui peut rigidifier l’organisation et la littérature reste assez silencieuse sur comment réaliser une « bonne codification ». Ce travail de thèse s’intéresse alors à la question suivante : comment développer et mettre en oeuvre une stratégie de codification appropriée pour faciliter un apprentissage organisationnel délibéré à partir d’une expérience rare et complexe ? Cette recherche menée au sein de l’Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire s’appuie sur étude de cas réaliste critique. Elle vise à étudier deux apprentissages délibérés mis en place au sein de l’institut pour apprendre de deux accidents nucléaires graves : l’accident Fukushima Daiichi et l’accident Three Mile Island. Les résultats obtenus identifient trois mécanismes générateurs clés du processus de codification, leurs modes d’activation et la façon dont ils se combinent. Ces mécanismes s’activent grâce à la fois au contexte environnemental et à l’apparition de structures dédiées à la codification, puis se combinent pour former différentes configurations qui supportent deux cycles distincts d’apprentissage. Ces deux cycles sont essentiels pour apprendre d’une expérience rare et complexe. / Rare experiences, whether they are positive or negative, surprise by their unexpected and brutal occurrence. However, more surprising is organizations’ incapability to draw lessons from such rare experiences. Indeed, these experiences challenge traditional approaches of organizational learning based on replication and incremental improvement. In addition, rare experiences are often complex: they are composed of a large variety of elements that interact in uncertain ways. As a result, rare experiences are characterized by a high level of causal ambiguity that can lead to superstitious learning. In these circumstances, the literature emphasizes the need to implement deliberate learning based on knowledge codification. However, codification is a double-edged sword, which can produce organizational rigidity. Besides, research remains quite silent on how to achieve a "well-performed codification”. This research addresses the following question: how to develop and implement an appropriate codification strategy to facilitate deliberate organizational learning from rare and complex experiences? This research is conducted in the Institute of Radioprotection and Nuclear Safety. It is based on a critical realist case study which aims to study two deliberate learning process implemented within the institute to learn from two serious nuclear accidents: Fukushima Daiichi accident and Three Mile Island accident. Our results identify three key generative mechanisms of the codification process, their activation modes and how they are combined. These mechanisms are activated by both the environmental context and the emergence of dedicated structures to codification. The combination of these mechanisms forms different configurations that support two distinct learning cycles which are essential for learning from a rare and complex experience.

It is no longer news that organizations are now highly dependent on knowledge assets as a primary source of competitive advantage. It is for this reason that knowledge is considered as powerful because it one aspect that guarantees sustainable source of success of any organization. This thesis survey the postulation of knowledge codification and non-codification in the knowledge management perspective in a chosen company. The study of knowledge management perceives codification and noncodification as knowledge that can be retained, reused, shared and management. However, the existing studies pay little or no attention as to how both codificationand non-codification can be adopted at same time in an organization as a process to better improve value. In these regards, the research poses to examine, how both concepts can be used by human resource managers to foster knowledge within the organization. The research was carried out by examining several departments with special interest on the Human Resource Section of a consulting and service providing company (Competence Call Center) situated in Barcelona, Spain. It is important to note that this company has several branches and as such have a central repository where knowledge is stored for use and reuse by all workers. The study was actioned using a qualitative approach where interviews were made to the participants. Being a consulting and service providing company, the study focused on finding how codification of knowledge and human resource management practices which is linked to non-codified knowledge can be used to foster the sharing of knowledge in the organization and also, to know how the company codifies knowledge in such a way that it is not lost and can be reused by workers. The study finds that CCC being a company that check contents on social media platforms, such as Facebook, has a central repository were knowledge is stored, and a major finding is that such knowledge is stored in different languages which can be accessible to employees. Even though we examine the Barcelona branch of this company, it was discovered that all branches have similar working culture (cultural-fit) entailing that during recruitment decisions, that some sort of cultural training especially in information technology (IT) is carried out by the Human resource management department. These findings indicates that the knowledge domain of this company is of a codified nature and can be easily accessed but in addition CCC also ensures that noncodified knowledge is shared between workers through HRM practices. In the analysis, focus is on how codified and non-codified knowledge is shared inside the company. By this statement, we pose to say that the knowledge sharing is more than just codifying information or sharing non-codified knowledge, in contrast knowledge sharing is to create, to share, to retain and to reuse knowledge between individuals, individuals sometimes find difficult the process of knowledge sharing. Hence, in the adoption of codified and non-codified knowledge within the organization, the combination of working culture and other structured strategies or standardized professional roles for individual development, can pave way for the employee transparency and aid in improving individual domain knowledge.

The position and concept of custom in contemporary international law Summary: The purpose of this thesis is to analyze the position and concept of customary law in contemporary international law. The terms "position" and "concept" are used in the meaning of the actual status of the custom within the system of sources of the international law, as well as in the meaning of "value" or "usefulness" of customary law in contemporary international society, also regarding the discussion of authors concerning increasing pace and extent of international relations as a potential ground for diminishment or refusal custom as a valid source of international law. The reason why we chose this topic is, amongst others, to show that even today, under contemporary situation, customary law still have the value within the system of the sources of international law, and its' position should not be abolished or even significantly diminished. The thesis consists of three main chapters. First chapter provides the look into the history, theory and position of custom as a socio-legal phenomenon in different legal cultures in order to describe the key aspects of the view of each of those cultures on intrastate (or intra-cultural) custom and customary law, allowing to stress certain similarities and differences. Subsection one of this...