Diversas políticas regionais não tiveram êxito na redução das desigualdades existentes no Brasil devido à idéia de que é preciso promover o desenvolvimento a qualquer custo numa região atrasada. Vinculado aos aspectos teóricos da Nova Geografia Econômica e, em particular, das economias de aglomeração, esse artigo argumenta que as desigualdades são inerentes até mesmo em regiões desenvolvidas e que o estímulo a essas regiões devem ser incentivados, elevando a produtividade das mesmas. Especificamente, o objetivo dessa tese é mostrar a existência e a localização das desigualdades regionais na região Sul do Brasil e em cada uma das mesorregiões de seus Estados sob uma perspectiva multidimensional, através de 16 variáveis ligadas às áreas de infra-estrutura pública, urbanização, educação, renda, população, identidade local, geografia e finanças públicas (IBGE, 2000) por meio de técnicas de estatística multivariada. Por fim, foram obtidos diversos indicadores que classificaram a região Sul e as mesorregiões de cada um de seus Estados em diferentes níveis de desenvolvimento. Revelou-se que Santa Catarina, sozinha, possui 60% dos municípios mais desenvolvidos da região Sul, seguido pelo Paraná e Rio Grande do Sul, além de que apenas 2 (duas) mesorregiões do Estado de Santa Catarina, 3 (três) do Paraná e 4 (quatro) do Rio Grande do Sul possuem a maioria dos municípios desenvolvidos, dentre outros indicadores que apontam para desigualdades intra e inter-estaduais na região Sul. Tais resultados comprovam que até mesmo regiões consideradas desenvolvidas - mesmo que em termos relativos, se comparada a outras regiões do Brasil - possui diferentes níveis de desenvolvimento, não constituindo-se tal fato em "um mal em si mesmo", mas sim uma conseqüência natural das economias de aglomeração presentes em uma região em detrimento de outra (s). / Several regional policies have not been successful in reducing existing inequalities in Brazil due to the idea that it is necessary to promote development at any cost in a less developed region. Connected to theoretical aspects of the New Economic Geography and, in particular, aspects of economies of agglomeration, this article argues that inequalities are inherent even in developed regions and that these regions must be stimulated, raising thus their productivity. The specific objective of this paper is to show the existence and the localization of the regional inequalities in the South region of Brazil and in each mesoregion of its States. This will be accomplished with a multidimensional perspective, through 16 variables linked to areas of public infra-structure, urbanization, education, income, population, local identity, geography and public finances (IBGE, 2000), by means of techniques of multivariate statistics. Finally, we have obtained several pointers that classified the South region and the mesoregions of each of its States into different levels of development. The research has shown that Santa Catarina alone has 60% of the more developed cities of the South region, followed by Paraná and Rio Grande do Sul. Furthermore, just 2 (two) mesoregions from the State of Santa Catarina, 3 (three) from Paraná and 4 (four) from Rio Grande do Sul have the majority of developed cities, among other pointers that indicate intra and interstate inequalities in the South region. Such results prove that even regions considered to be developed even if in relative terms they are compared to other regions in Brazil have different levels of development. This fact does not comprise "an evil in itself", but a natural consequence of the economies of agglomeration present in one region in detriment to others.

Kim, Straub, and Keyes introduced the statistical temperature molecular dynamics (STMD) algorithm to overcome broken ergodicity by sampling a non­-Boltzmann flat energy histogram as noted in Kim, Straub, and Keyes, Phys. Rev. Lett. 97: 050601 (2007). Canonical averages are calculated via reweighting to the desired temperature. While STMD is promising, its application has been almost entirely to simple or model systems. In this dissertation the implementation of STMD into the biosimulation package CHARMM is used to simulate the methionine enkephalin pentamer peptide with a methione terminal cap in a droplet of CHARMM TIP3P water molecules. Chain thermodynamics is analyzed from the novel perspective of the statistical temperature as a function of potential energy, $TS(U), automatically generated by STMD. Both the minimum in the slope of $TS(U), and the peak in the heat capacity as a function of temperature, calculated via reweighting, indicate a collapse transition at Tθ ≈ 253K. Distributions of dihedral angles are obtained as a function of temperature. Rotamer regions found in the literature are reproduced, along with unique regions not found previously, including with advanced algorithms, indicating the power of STMD enhanced sampling.

The high-pressure behaviour of the lanthanide series of metals has been the subject of study since the work of Percy Bridgman in the 1940s. Differences in said behaviour between the different lanthanide metals are attributed to the increasing occupation of the 4f electron shell as Z increases. Upon compression, or as Z decreases, the trivalent lanthanides (La to Lu, excluding Eu and Yb) undergo a common phase transformation sequence through various close packed structures: hcp → Sm-type (the structure adopted by samarium at ambient conditions) → dhcp → fcc → distorted fcc (d-fcc). Upon further compression, the lanthanide metals experience a first order transition to a "volume collapsed" phase. Many studies have focused on the low-Z members of the series, since the various phase transitions occur at much lower pressure where it is comparatively easy to collect high quality data. By contrast, the other members of the series have received comparability little attention, and there are even fewer reports of the structural behaviour of the lanthanide metals at high pressure and high temperature. This thesis contains the results of angle-dispersive x-ray powder diffraction experiments at high pressure and high temperature of the various members of the lanthanide metals. Ce has been the subject of many previous studies, but a systematic x-ray diffraction study of the fcc/d-fcc phase boundary has never been attempted. Furthermore, the location in P-T space of the high temperature fcc/bct/d-fcc triple point has only been inferred, due to the lack of data on the fcc/bct phase boundary at high temperature. The high-pressure high-temperature phase diagram of Ce is presented and discussed. La is unique amongst the lanthanide metals due to its empty 4f shell at ambient conditions. Despite this, La undergoes the common lanthanide transformation sequence up to the d-fcc phase, after which it undergoes a re-entrant transition back to the fcc phase at 60 GPa. The diffraction peaks of d-fcc La are shown in this thesis to undergo changes in intensity upon compression, indicating a transformation to the oI 16 structure found in Pr. La is one of the few elements whose behaviour has been unknown above 100 GPa, and results of La's structural behaviour upon compression to 280 GPa are presented and discussed. At 76 GPa, La begins a transition from the fcc phase to a new phase with the bct structure. Finally, the d-fcc→fcc re-entrant phase transition has been determined at various temperatures, and the d-fcc stability region has been mapped out. Finally, x-ray diffraction experiments were performed on Gd up to 100 GPa and ~700 K, to determine the structure of the d-fcc phase and the "volume collapsed" phase. While d-fcc Gd does not undergo pressure-induced changes similar to its low Z brethren, the d-fcc Gd remains stable up to 41 GPa at 700 K, putting a constraint on the d-fcc stability region. The data collected on Gd's "volume collapsed" phase cannot be fitted to the currently accepted mC4 structure. This has implications for our understanding of the lanthanide series as a whole, since most of of the heavier members, and some of the lighter lanthanides, are reported to adopt the mC4 structure.

Orientador: Raul Borges Guimarães / Banca: José da Rocha Carvalheiro / Banca: Áurea Maria Zöllner Ianni / Banca: André Roberto Martin / Banca: Christovam Barcellos / Resumo: A tese apresentada parte da premissa de que o processo de descentralização iniciado na política de saúde brasileira a partir da Constituição Federal de 1988, e que tinha como caminho a municipalização dos serviços de saúde, é uma estratégia de democratização das relações entre as unidades federadas do nosso país. Com o passar do tempo, principalmente os anos 1990, o desenvolvimento necessário do Sistema Único de Saúde houve de abordar um dos princípios organizativos ainda pouco desenvolvido até então: a regionalização e a hierarquização dos serviços de saúde. O dispositivo normativo que veio a ser construído para esse fim foram as Normas Operacionais da Assistência à Saúde - NOAS, dos anos de 2001 e 2002. Porém, esse princípio, da forma como foi construído e sua proposta de operacionalização significou, nesse período estudado, um... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The process to decentralize public health in Brazil had a great result when the Federal constitution was published in 1988, because it was an opportunity to stress the principles of relationship between the federate units of our country. In 1990's later, the development of the Brazilian Unified Health System, named SUS, had to approach one of the central principles still little boarded until then: regionalization and hierarchical services. In order to construct this, the Operational Norms of the Healthcare was defined between 2001 and 2002. However, our research points up how a real risk of retrocession in the advances gotten for the deepening of the... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Our regional borders and its administration play an important role forpublic transport in Sweden. Every region (län) is required by law to havea regional public transport authority that's in charge of planning thepublic transport. To get an understanding of the regional administrationfor public transport we also need to understand regions. Informationabout the regions was gathered by conducting interviews with representsfrom every region. The policy documents for every regions publictransport was also an integral part to understand the plans and visions ofthe region. Based on the interviews it became apparent that regionalrestructuring is an interesting concept and could be beneficial to thepublic transport but the main interest they were concerned by wascooperation. The social relations and the historical development of regional and local administration is also an important part of this study.

Using a New Economic Geography (NEG) model, this study estimates the relationship between regional per capita income and the market accessibility of regions. This accessibility cannot be observed directly, so it has to be constructed. We follow a two-step-procedure as suggested by Redding and Venables (2004) and use results of a gravity-type model to infer \real market potential". To this end, we make use of a novel dataset of bi-regional trade ows between (and within) 254 European NUTS-2 regions (for 26 European countries excluding Bulgaria and Romania) for the year 2010. In a second step we test the hypothesis that access to domestic as well as to large foreign markets increases factor incomes. We find evidence that supports this hypothesis on a regional level. This also holds when we control for other potential income determinants. In order for the estimates to be unbiased, we additionally take the spatial structure of the data into account. Our findings indicate that, although the specification derived from theory should be able to capture some spatial spillovers, additionally controlling for spatial autocorrelation in the residuals is necessary to fit the European data. (authors' abstract) / Series: Department of Economics Working Paper Series

The purpose of this project was to identify and evaluate nucleotide sequences enhancing translation of proteins in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. Candidate sequences were placed in the 5´-untranslated region (UTR) or 3´ UTR respectively and evaluated in a CHO-based expression system with a fluorescent Fc-fusion protein as a model protein.Five plasmid vectors were constructed, two of which designed to have a randomized nucleotide library in their 5´ and 3´ UTR respectively, and three of which designed to hold varying repeats of a known enhancing translation (ET) sequence in their 5´ or 3´ UTR. The plasmid constructs were transfected into CHO cells and the protein expression was analyzed both by fluorescence intensity in single cells using flow cytometry and in bulk by monoclonal antibody titer analysis based on Protein A affinity.The main result is that both flow cytometry and titer analysis indicate that insertion of five repeats of the ET in the 5´UTR has a negative effect on protein expression as compared to the control which had no ET repeats. Results related to the insertion of three ETs in the 5´ UTR were ambiguous. The titer analysis indicated that it had a negative effect on the protein expression compared to the control which had no ET repeats, whereas the flow cytometry results suggest that the effect is negligible. Transfection of library plasmids was unsuccessful; hence no library expression analysis results were achieved. Due to the time constraints of the project, the reason for the unsuccessful transfection of library plasmids was not investigated, but the LTX transfection method is stated as a highly plausible cause.Based on the outcome of this study, two recommendations for future work are suggested. The first one is to continue the focus on UTR sequences in terms of library screening, and to improve the method of transfecting library plasmid constructs into CHO cells using lipofection. The second suggestion for further studies is to test different UTR sequence lengths without involving potential ETs, to rule out the effect and positions of the ETs and investigate the expressional effect of UTR length solely.

Learning from one’s experience is crucial for success. If a companylearns to share knowledge in an effective way their mistakes will befewer and could lead to more productive ways of working, largerprofits and increased competitiveness.The purpose of this study has been to investigate formal andinformal knowledge management within a consultant firm’s projectbusiness, as well as investigating how far the various sorts ofknowledge travel through the organisation. The purpose has also beento develop an understanding for what encourages knowledge sharing inan organisation with several national offices distributed over largegeographical areas.This abductive study has been designed as a case-study at aconsultancy firm were the authors have done qualitative research byconducting both formal and informal interviews and observations, aswell as studied the company’s governing documents. The studyattempt to show to what degree the consultants follow their formalknowledge management, like the governing documents and for whatreasons do they follow or not follow their knowledge managementroutines. Factors which seems to promote or inhibit both formal andinformal knowledge sharing for the employees, as well as factors forknowledge sharing between the different regions in Sweden have beenpicked out. By doing so, potential improvements for the organisations“local” knowledge management routines have been defined. The aimhas also been to find ways to improve organisations knowledgefeedback with focus on the knowledge sharing between differentgeographic locations.Our research findings seem to both align with and oppose previousresearch. Often knowledge sharing is not done when a project istoo similar to another project, which is the opposite to previousresearch and that the common notion of “knowledge is power” doesnot seem to be a factor that hinders the knowledge shared in thestudied organisation. It is concluded that the company needs a datalibrary to be able to easily share knowledge across the regions anddevelop both institutional and organisational factors. They also need toclean up their governing documents and operation managementsystem and make sure to have both carrots and sticks when it comesto managing both formal and informal knowledge.

This diploma thesis is focused on evaluation of foreign direct investment inflow to the Czech Republic, evaluation of their territorial and sectoral structure, analysis of regional distribution FDI on territory of the Czech Republic and their impacts on development of South Bohemian region.

Diversas políticas regionais não tiveram êxito na redução das desigualdades existentes no Brasil devido à idéia de que é preciso promover o desenvolvimento a qualquer custo numa região atrasada. Vinculado aos aspectos teóricos da Nova Geografia Econômica e, em particular, das economias de aglomeração, esse artigo argumenta que as desigualdades são inerentes até mesmo em regiões desenvolvidas e que o estímulo a essas regiões devem ser incentivados, elevando a produtividade das mesmas. Especificamente, o objetivo dessa tese é mostrar a existência e a localização das desigualdades regionais na região Sul do Brasil e em cada uma das mesorregiões de seus Estados sob uma perspectiva multidimensional, através de 16 variáveis ligadas às áreas de infra-estrutura pública, urbanização, educação, renda, população, identidade local, geografia e finanças públicas (IBGE, 2000) por meio de técnicas de estatística multivariada. Por fim, foram obtidos diversos indicadores que classificaram a região Sul e as mesorregiões de cada um de seus Estados em diferentes níveis de desenvolvimento. Revelou-se que Santa Catarina, sozinha, possui 60% dos municípios mais desenvolvidos da região Sul, seguido pelo Paraná e Rio Grande do Sul, além de que apenas 2 (duas) mesorregiões do Estado de Santa Catarina, 3 (três) do Paraná e 4 (quatro) do Rio Grande do Sul possuem a maioria dos municípios desenvolvidos, dentre outros indicadores que apontam para desigualdades intra e inter-estaduais na região Sul. Tais resultados comprovam que até mesmo regiões consideradas desenvolvidas - mesmo que em termos relativos, se comparada a outras regiões do Brasil - possui diferentes níveis de desenvolvimento, não constituindo-se tal fato em "um mal em si mesmo", mas sim uma conseqüência natural das economias de aglomeração presentes em uma região em detrimento de outra (s). / Several regional policies have not been successful in reducing existing inequalities in Brazil due to the idea that it is necessary to promote development at any cost in a less developed region. Connected to theoretical aspects of the New Economic Geography and, in particular, aspects of economies of agglomeration, this article argues that inequalities are inherent even in developed regions and that these regions must be stimulated, raising thus their productivity. The specific objective of this paper is to show the existence and the localization of the regional inequalities in the South region of Brazil and in each mesoregion of its States. This will be accomplished with a multidimensional perspective, through 16 variables linked to areas of public infra-structure, urbanization, education, income, population, local identity, geography and public finances (IBGE, 2000), by means of techniques of multivariate statistics. Finally, we have obtained several pointers that classified the South region and the mesoregions of each of its States into different levels of development. The research has shown that Santa Catarina alone has 60% of the more developed cities of the South region, followed by Paraná and Rio Grande do Sul. Furthermore, just 2 (two) mesoregions from the State of Santa Catarina, 3 (three) from Paraná and 4 (four) from Rio Grande do Sul have the majority of developed cities, among other pointers that indicate intra and interstate inequalities in the South region. Such results prove that even regions considered to be developed even if in relative terms they are compared to other regions in Brazil have different levels of development. This fact does not comprise "an evil in itself", but a natural consequence of the economies of agglomeration present in one region in detriment to others.