This dissertation shows how organizations, including local government and police, and residents within Seattle, Washingtons East Precinct define and police the contours of community, neighborhoods and public space. Under the rubric of public safety, these players create territorial geographies that seek to include only those who fit the narrowly conceived idea of a neighbor. Territoriality is exercised against the social Other in an attempt to build a cohesive community while at the same time excluding those who are seen as different or as non-conformant to acceptable behaviors in the neighborhood. This research provides a framework through which to examine how community policing produces an urban citizen subject and an idea of who belongs in public space. This work also combines discourses of abjection and public space showing how the two are linked together to form a contingent citizenship. Contingent citizenship describes a particular relationship between geography and citizenship. As I frame it, contingent citizenship is a public citizenship where one must conform to a social norm and act in a prescribed, appropriate way in the public sphere or fear repercussions such as incarceration, public humiliation or barring from public parks. This dissertation, through a synthesis of the literatures on abjection, public space and social control, provides an empirical example of how community policing controls, regulates and/or expels those socially constructed as the Other in public space. This dissertation also brings a geographic lens to questions of abjection, public space and social control. This dissertation is a comprehensive survey and analysis of how discourses surrounding public space produce a space that is exclusionary of those who are not conceived as citizens by structures intact within the city. This research shows how not all citizens (in the legal sense) fit the socio-cultural model of citizenship. Such contingent citizens are subject to more surveillance and policing in public space. Additionally, this research contributes to growing literature regarding how abjection plays into representations and understandings of public space.

Using Taiwanese data this dissertation attempts to test five criminological theories against one another. Alternative models are derived from social control, strain, differential association, power-control, and conflict theories to obtain a critical test. Furthermore, social control, strain, differential association, and power-control theories assume the causes of official delinquency will be the same as the causes of self-reported delinquency. Conflict theory, focusing on judicial judgements, has been applied mainly to official delinquency. Various statistical techniques--crosstabulation, Pearson correlation, factor analyses, logit regression, ordinary least squares regression, and Chi-squares difference test computed from EQS--are used to identify the equations. These five theories are presumed to apply in the entire sample and in a male sample. The data show that social control theory and conflict theory are partly supported, but differential association, power control and strain theories are not. The best fitting model suggested in this analysis for an Asian society is comparable to prior models found in studies in the United States and Canada.

This study tests the validity of two theories of crime: economic choice (as manifest in the criminal career paradigm) and social control. The test of these two theories is primarily methodological, in that four types of crime data (official and longitudinal (Uniform Crime Reports), official and cross-sectional (Bail Decisionmaking Study), self-report and longitudinal (National Youth Survey), and self-report and cross-sectional (Seattle Youth Study)) and a variety of graphical and statistical techniques are used to compare findings on (1) the stability of the age distribution of crime, (2) the prevalence of offense specialization, and (3) the differences in the causes of participating in crime compared to the causes of frequency of criminal activity among those individuals committing crimes. The findings on the relation between age and crime show the general shape of the age-crime curve is stable across year of the data or curve, type of data, cohort, and age group. The tests for offense specialization reveal that offenders are versatile. An individual's current offense type is not predictable, with much accuracy, on the basis of prior offending. Again, the lack of offense specialization held across type of data, but age, race, and gender distinctions also failed to alter significantly the observed pattern of versatility. Findings on the causes of participation in crime and frequency of criminal activity among active offenders showed only trivial differences in the set of statistically significant predictors for each operationalization of crime and delinquency. Two distinct operationalizations of frequency also showed no substantial difference in the set of statistically significant predictors. Similar to the findings on age and crime, and offense specialization, the pattern of results for the participation and frequency analyses held across type of data. In sum, the results tended to support the predictions of social control theory over those of the economic choice-criminal career view of crime.

As the population ages and income disparities increase, issues affecting older adults and marginalized individuals are examined more frequently. Despite this, little attention is paid to the community experiences of women over the age of fifty who face marginalization, criminalization and homelessness. This study is an institutional ethnography of older marginalized women in Ottawa, focusing on their identities, lives and their experiences of community life. Its findings are based on ethnographic fieldwork as well as interviews with 27 older marginalized women and 16 professionals working with this group. The women described their identities, social networks, daily activities and navigations of their communities as well as the policy and discursive framework in which their lives are situated. Regardless of whether the women had housing or were staying in shelters, upheaval, uncertainty and change characterized their experiences in the community, reflecting their current circumstances, but also their life courses. Their accounts also revealed how, through social support, community services, and personal resilience, older marginalized women negotiate daily life and find places and spaces for themselves in their communities. As an institutional ethnography, this research foregrounds participants’ responses, framing these with theoretical lenses examining mobilities, identity, social capital, governmentality, and stigma. Specifically, it uses the lenses of mobilities and identities to understand the nature of their community experiences, before moving outward to examine their social networks and the world around them. Governmentality theory is also used to describe the neoliberal context framing their community experiences. The study concludes with a reflection on the research and a set of policy recommendations arising from the study.

Rome was among the largest cities in Europe during the Republic era, with a population that was diverse in social status and ethnicity. To maintain public order and social control of such a large, continually growing and shifting population that encompassed mixed cultures and Roman citizens, the Roman elites had to use various methods to keep the peace and maintain social stability. As religion was so deeply ingrained into every aspect of Roman life, it is worth taking a deeper look into how those in charge used it to maintain peace and relative control in Rome and its territories. Chapter 1 offers a brief look at the history of Roman religion, its terms and definitions, and the idea of social control as it pertains to this thesis. Chapter 2 shows the motivations of the Roman elite classes in their use of religion to maintain public order and enforce social control of the mass population. Couched in the need to uphold the Pax Deorum or Peace of the Gods, religious piety and order was cultivated as a means to protect the Republic from harm. Chapter 3 explains how the Patrician and Plebeian classes directed the attention of the residents of Rome with a calendar that was filled with rituals, sacrifices, festivals, and market days. In keeping a busy religious schedule, the people of Rome maintained a constant and direct relationship with the gods. Chapter 4 discusses the importance of women in the roles of priestesses and officers in religious cult to sustain the religious health and welfare of the city of Rome and the smaller communities within the city they inhabited. Chapter 5 examines the use of execution as a religious means of enforcing public order and social control. The chapter explores different means of execution and how they were placed into the realm of religion as a means to rid the populace of impurity and cultivate the piety of the Republic. Chapter 6 brings all of these elements together to show that the people of the Roman Republic believed in their gods and believed that the religious rites and practices that they maintained were instrumental in keeping the Pax Deorum. It was this belief that the ruling Patrician and Plebeian classes regulated to make sure that public and social order were upheld and preserved.

O Conselho Municipal de Saúde é um importante instrumento de interlocução regulada e institucionalizada na formulação de diretrizes e na fiscalização e avaliação da política de saúde no Brasil. Este estudo analisa a atuação do Conselho Municipal de Saúde de Franca - SP. Nosso objetivo foi conhecer a dinâmica do CMS no processo de gestão, financiamento e controle da política de saúde do município e como a administração municipal reconhece o Conselho como seu interlocutor na gestão do setor saúde. A pesquisa foi realizada entre fevereiro de 2004 a julho de 2005 e utilizada a abordagem qualitativa de pesquisa em saúde. A partir da análise documental das Atas do CMS, de matérias de jornais veiculadas na cidade no mesmo período e das entrevistas com os conselheiros municipais identificamos assuntos temáticos que nortearam a discussão de nosso estudo. Assim, constatamos um grande esforço dos conselheiros em assumir seu papel no desempenho de suas funções, porém encontramos alguns limites que dificultam a efetividade do controle social. Podemos citar assim, a questão político-partidária dos membros do conselho e a manipulação por parte da administração municipal. Encontramos também potencialidades para efetivação do direito à participação nas decisões que vão desde a capacitação dos conselheiros até a criação de mecanismos para dar maior visibilidade ao Conselho e assim propiciar que este possa dar voz as demandas da população. / Municipal Council of Health is an important instrument of regulated dialogue and institutionalized in the formulation of guidelines and in the surveillance and evaluation of the politics of health in Brazil. This study analyzes the performance of Municipal Council of Health of Franca-SP. Our objective was to know the dynamics of the CMS in the management process, financing and control of the politics of health of the municipal district and as the municipal administration recognizes Council as its interlocutor in the administration of the section health. The research was accomplished among February from 2004 to July of 2005 and the qualitative approach of research in health was used. Starting from the documental analysis of the Minutes of the CMS, of matters of newspapers transmitted in the city in the same period and of the interviews with the municipal counselors we identified thematic issues that orientated the discussion of our study. Like this, we verified a great effort of the counselors in assuming their role in the acting of their functions; however we found some limits that hinder the effectiveness of the social control. We can mention like this, the issue political-adherent of the members of the council and the manipulation by the municipal administration. We also found potentialities for the effectiveness of the right to the participation in the decisions that are going from the counselors' training to the creation of mechanisms to give larger visibility to Council and like this to propitiate that this can give voice the demands of the population.

My creative practice addresses two research questions: how does ubiquitous computation affect the visual operations of the contemporary control society and what does this mean for the use of visual media in contesting such control? Through photographic and video work in digital formats, I explore the movements and arrests of informatic flows that constitute the operation of control, and the potential for resistance that may be felt in the turbulence of the interface, as a dynamic threshold where such flows meet. In this turn to the interface, I theorise the impacts of computationality on the loss of the image as a stable site of representational resistance, with the unsettling of perspectival representation in the topology of informational space and the ambiguity of a digital visuality whose software hides as it shows. When brought together with recent work on the de-materialisation wrought by informational Capital, the digital image comes to be seen as an instantiation of anxiety about the abstracted nature of power that increasingly operates as control. It is less to the digital image itself, but rather to the circulations and patternings of data expressed as light on the screen, that we must attend if we are to confront the digital visuality of control. The ‘image-machine of control' is the infrastructure that modulates these data circulations and patternings through inciting the making, sharing and watching of images. Drawing on affect theory, I emphasise the role that affects of insecurity, at the level of the dividuated subject and the abstracted socius, play in inciting an interactivity with the screen on which the State and Corporation alike rely for their accumulation and circulation of data. The digital-visual interface, being the encounter with the screen, becomes a sitemoment to explore its dynamic boundary condition, whose turbulence of data flows may open up ‘lines of flight' from the striated grid of control. These lines of flight help us see beyond the workings of the faciality system, and the subject-object relations of the gaze. Specificity of positioning in scopic regimes of control still matters, but posthumanist theorising suggests that such positioning be understood as vector and not point, whose movements we need to stay in touch with. Using digital photography to open up the everyday practice of image-making to its potential to disrupt the informatic flows of control, my first photographic work, medium specific, makes use of photomontage to look at the topology of informational space through its ‘folds', as a first experiment in disrupting the tempo of the image-machine's visual incitements through a ‘pleating' of its data. I use haptic photography in the pieces figure ground, surface gaze and touch light to stay in touch with the smooth space of the interface as a time-space of contingency, potentially resistant to the gridded striations of control. My exploration of the contingency of the interface continues with two video works, look screen and moving still, which address its vibrational ontology. I put the concept of the vibrational interface to use in confronting the rhythms of control deployed by the image-machine. Being a rhythm of not only circulation but also capture, not merely movement but also arrest, I suggest that understanding the ontology of the interface in terms of its vibrational forces is useful for disrupting, through its moving stillness, the rhythm of flow and stasis on which control depends. Both videos use visual and sonic vibrations to set up counter-rhythms and oscillations, whose trembling may release energies for change.

Orientador: Kester Carrara / Banca: Sandra Gimeniz-Paschoal / Banca: Maria de Lourdes Morales Horiguela / Banca: Olga Maria Piazentim Rolim Rodrigues / Banca: Tânia Maria Santana De Rose / Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho de pesquisa é analisar a utilização do escopo educativo, utilizado nas modernas propostas de parcerias da FEBEM com as ONGS, utilizando-se do conceito de reeducação como forma de legitimar práticas de vigilância e controle social. Parte da hipótese de que o verniz educativo, com ideal civilizador e emancipador, pode, de forma sutil, conferir maior poder de domínio e maximizar as estratégias de vigilância social. Dessa forma, pretendeu-se verificar as formas de utilização dos conceitos de educação e cidadania como estratégia de diluição da repressão e do domínio sobre os adolescentes infratores. Portanto, quando a vigilância social é diluída no nobre ideal da educação, aproveitando-se da sua propalada capacidade de promover a cidadania, a autonomia e a liberdade, sua eficácia é maximizada, pela invisibilidade das estratégias do poder. Para isso efetuou-se a pesquisa em uma ONG que efetua atendimentos a adolescentes infratores através de contrato de parceria com a FEBEM. O estudo foi dividido em três etapas para possibilitar maior profundidade na analise e maior compreensão da estratégia. Como primeiro estudo etapa da pesquisa procedeu-se o exame dos processos de aplicação das medidas sócio educativas de Liberdade Assistida; no segundo estudo fez-se uma entrevista com os pedagogos, psicólogos e educadores do projeto através da aplicação de um roteiro de entrevista semi-estruturado, remetido a todos os técnicos do projeto; no terceiro estudo buscou-se analisar as conseqüências da parceria ONG/FEBEM aos adolescentes por meio da verificação da quantidade de adolescentes que são penalizados com a medida sócio educativa de Liberdade Assistida antes e após a celebração da parceria FEBEM/ONG. Com base no referencial teórico e nas analises processadas conclui-se que o propósito educacional dilui e oculta uma estratégia de vigilância, controle e normalização. / Abstract: Analyzing the utilization of educational scope is the goal of this work of research, that was used in the modern proposals of partnership of the FEBEM along with the ONGS, by the renowned and seductive term education as a way to legitimize violence practices and social control. It starts on the hypothesis that the role of education with its noble civilizing and emancipating ideal can smoothly ascribe a larger dominant power and make stronger the strategies of social vigilance. At this point, one intended to verify how the education and citizenship concepts have been applied to strategies for repression extinction and for dominance upon the misadjusted adolescents. However, once the social vigilance is extinct into the noble ideal of education, by taking advantage of its divulged capacity of promoting the citizenship, autonomy, and the freedom, its effectiveness is maximized through invisibility of the strategies of power. For so much, a research was carried out in the ONG of Santa Cruz do Rio Pardo city, which provides occupations to misadjusted adolescents by the partnership deal with the FEBEM. The study has been divided into three steps in order to permit a deeper analysis and wider understanding of the strategy. As the first step study of the research, we have got the exam of the processes of application of the social educative measures of Watched Freedom; in the second study an interview with the educators, psychologists, and teachers of the project through the application of a list of semi-structured questions, concerned to all technicians of the project; in the third study, we sought to analyze the consequences of the partnership ONG/FEBEM to the adolescents through the verification of the quantity of adolescents who have been punished within the social educative measures of Watched Freedom before and after the celebration of the partnership ONG/FEBEM. Based on the theoretical reference and on the analyses carried out, we could conclude. / Doutor

O Conselho Municipal de Saúde é um importante instrumento de interlocução regulada e institucionalizada na formulação de diretrizes e na fiscalização e avaliação da política de saúde no Brasil. Este estudo analisa a atuação do Conselho Municipal de Saúde de Franca - SP. Nosso objetivo foi conhecer a dinâmica do CMS no processo de gestão, financiamento e controle da política de saúde do município e como a administração municipal reconhece o Conselho como seu interlocutor na gestão do setor saúde. A pesquisa foi realizada entre fevereiro de 2004 a julho de 2005 e utilizada a abordagem qualitativa de pesquisa em saúde. A partir da análise documental das Atas do CMS, de matérias de jornais veiculadas na cidade no mesmo período e das entrevistas com os conselheiros municipais identificamos assuntos temáticos que nortearam a discussão de nosso estudo. Assim, constatamos um grande esforço dos conselheiros em assumir seu papel no desempenho de suas funções, porém encontramos alguns limites que dificultam a efetividade do controle social. Podemos citar assim, a questão político-partidária dos membros do conselho e a manipulação por parte da administração municipal. Encontramos também potencialidades para efetivação do direito à participação nas decisões que vão desde a capacitação dos conselheiros até a criação de mecanismos para dar maior visibilidade ao Conselho e assim propiciar que este possa dar voz as demandas da população. / Municipal Council of Health is an important instrument of regulated dialogue and institutionalized in the formulation of guidelines and in the surveillance and evaluation of the politics of health in Brazil. This study analyzes the performance of Municipal Council of Health of Franca-SP. Our objective was to know the dynamics of the CMS in the management process, financing and control of the politics of health of the municipal district and as the municipal administration recognizes Council as its interlocutor in the administration of the section health. The research was accomplished among February from 2004 to July of 2005 and the qualitative approach of research in health was used. Starting from the documental analysis of the Minutes of the CMS, of matters of newspapers transmitted in the city in the same period and of the interviews with the municipal counselors we identified thematic issues that orientated the discussion of our study. Like this, we verified a great effort of the counselors in assuming their role in the acting of their functions; however we found some limits that hinder the effectiveness of the social control. We can mention like this, the issue political-adherent of the members of the council and the manipulation by the municipal administration. We also found potentialities for the effectiveness of the right to the participation in the decisions that are going from the counselors' training to the creation of mechanisms to give larger visibility to Council and like this to propitiate that this can give voice the demands of the population.

The purpose of this study it to research the role and public perception of security surveillance on a university campus. The research measured variables such as age, gender, class standing political affiliation, and one's residence whether on campus or off campus. This study is focused on how students view security surveillance, and whether they see security surveillance as an important tool for the safety of the public or a threat to privacy. A student survey was administered to undergraduate students asking how they felt about crime on campus and whether crime was a problem that could be solved by security cameras. The research indicates that the majority of students do not view security surveillance as a threat to their privacy, and that security cameras are an important tool in combating crime.