abstract: Although much has been done to examine the relationship between unemployment and crime, little consideration has been given to the impact neighborhood-level factors such as informal social control may have on the strength of unemployment as a predictor of crime. The present study seeks to fill this gap by assessing whether the declining crime rates over a period of surging unemployment under the financial crisis are due to unchanged levels of informal social control. To examine these relationships, the present study utilizes data from Uniform Crime Reports (UCR), calls for service to the police, and the United States Census and American Community Survey. These data are longitudinal in nature covering the period 2007-2011 and are all related to Glendale, Arizona. The results indicate that the financial crisis predicts lower rates of property crimes as well as lower rates of calls for service relative to UCR crimes. Additionally, the present study finds that unemployment is a significant predictor of increases in UCR property crime, UCR violent crime, and engagement in each of my measures of informal social control. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Criminology and Criminal Justice 2016

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / A anÃlise da primeira gestÃo de Manuel Cordeiro Neto na Secretaria de PolÃcia e SeguranÃa PÃblica do Estado do Cearà foi fundamental para entender o discurso e a prÃtica da polÃcia. O objetivo central desta pesquisa concentrou-se em refletir na medida policial de determinar o uso do trabalho de presos correcionais e âdesocupadosâ nas obras pÃblicas de construÃÃo e reforma como uma medida eivada de uma diretriz polÃtica calcada na concepÃÃo e nos ideais de trabalho racional e instruÃÃo, visando à construÃÃo e organizaÃÃo do Estado e a implantaÃÃo de formas de controle social no Cearà e, principalmente, na cidade de Fortaleza de 1935 a 1941. A metodologia utilizada baseia-se nos parÃmetros informados pela histÃria social, com os quais se buscou analisar as fontes documentais do APEC e dos jornais O Povo e O Nordeste. No CearÃ, os mecanismo de controle social nÃo foram adotados somente no espaÃo urbano, mas tambÃm no campo onde se deu uma das maiores expressÃes de repressÃo policial, ou seja, a extinÃÃo da comunidade do CaldeirÃo. Entendendo-se a cidade e o campo como experiÃncias histÃricas, indagamos como a funÃÃo e o poder da polÃcia foram percebidos nas relaÃÃes sociais, a partir da anÃlise da identidade dos presos correcionais, das motivaÃÃes de suas prisÃes, da manutenÃÃo de instituiÃÃes de carÃter social e da construÃÃo e reforma dos prÃdios do aparato policial; como repercutiu na sociedade um controle social baseado no discurso do trabalho e da instruÃÃo; e em que medida esse mecanismo de controle foi eficaz. / The analysis of the first management of Manuel Cordeiro Neto on police and public security Secretary of the State of Cearà was fundamental to understand the discourse and practice of the police. The central objective of the research was concentrated on reflecting the extent of police determine the use of the work of prisoners and correctional "unoccupied" on public works construction and reform as a measure riddled in a policy directive based on design and in the ideals of rational and instruction work, aimed at construction and organization of the State and the deployment of forms of social control in Cearà andmainly in the city of Fortaleza in 1935 to 1941. The methodology used is based on parameters established by social history, analyzing documentary sources of the APEC and newspapers O Povo e O Nordeste. In CearÃ, the social control mechanism were adopted not only in the urban space, but also in the country where one of the biggest expressions of police repression, i.e. the extinction of the community CaldeirÃo. Understanding the city and the countryside as historical experiences, we inquired as to function and the power of the police were perceived in social relations, starting from the analysis of the identities of the prisoners, their motivations correctional prisons, the maintenance of social institutions and the construction and renovation of the buildings of the police apparatus; as reflected in society a social control based on the speech of labour and education; and to what extent this control mechanism has been effective.

Orientador: Marcio Bilharinho Naves / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-09T23:43:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jinkings_Isabella_D.pdf: 1507577 bytes, checksum: 183a08fcdad0b08346f76389119d6c09 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: As transformações recentes do capitalismo mundial apontam para movimentos simultâneos de privatização e desregulamentação da vida social e econômica, de ataque aos direitos democráticos e de fortalecimento dos aparatos coercitivos do Estado. A adoção de políticas de segurança de ¿tolerância zero¿ nos EUA é expressiva destes movimentos constitutivos da globalização do capital, sob o predomínio do neoliberalismo, que convertem amplos segmentos sociais em deserdados das condições básicas à sobrevivência. Cada vez mais distanciado das políticas sociais e comprometido com o capital transnacional, o Estado neoliberal apresenta-se crescentemente fortalecido em seus mecanismos repressivos, fenômeno que alguns autores analisam como a ¿emergência do Estado Penal¿ em substituição ao chamado Estado de bem-estar social. Este trabalho, tendo como modelo os EUA, objetiva analisar em que medida tal fenômeno manifesta-se no Brasil. É relevante tal estudo no Brasil, devido à sua subordinação aos dinamismos das economias capitalistas centrais e suas graves desigualdades, onde os custos sociais e políticos do modo como o capital se reproduz na atualidade são muito mais dramáticos / Abstract: The worldwide capitalism has undergone transformations in recent years pointing to simultaneous movements of privatization as well as social and economic deregulation, attacks on the democratic rights and strengthening of the coercive State apparatus. The adoption of ¿zero tolerance¿ security policies in the USA expresses these movements which have been represented by capital globalization, under the neoliberalism supremacy, which converts wide social segments into disinherited of survival basic conditions. The neoliberal State is getting distant of social policies, more committed with the transnational capital and it has presented itself increasingly strong in its repressive mechanisms, phenomenon that some authors analyze as the ¿emergency of the Penal State¿ in substitution for the Welfare State. This present work has the USA as a model and its objectives are to analyze how that phenomenon reveals itself in Brazil. This study in Brazil has been considered relevant due to its subordination to the dynamism of the central capitalism economies and its severe inequalities, where the social and political costs of the way capital reproduces itself nowadays are much more dramatic / Doutorado / Ciencias Sociais / Doutor em Ciências Sociais

As the population ages and income disparities increase, issues affecting older adults and marginalized individuals are examined more frequently. Despite this, little attention is paid to the community experiences of women over the age of fifty who face marginalization, criminalization and homelessness. This study is an institutional ethnography of older marginalized women in Ottawa, focusing on their identities, lives and their experiences of community life. Its findings are based on ethnographic fieldwork as well as interviews with 27 older marginalized women and 16 professionals working with this group. The women described their identities, social networks, daily activities and navigations of their communities as well as the policy and discursive framework in which their lives are situated. Regardless of whether the women had housing or were staying in shelters, upheaval, uncertainty and change characterized their experiences in the community, reflecting their current circumstances, but also their life courses. Their accounts also revealed how, through social support, community services, and personal resilience, older marginalized women negotiate daily life and find places and spaces for themselves in their communities. As an institutional ethnography, this research foregrounds participants’ responses, framing these with theoretical lenses examining mobilities, identity, social capital, governmentality, and stigma. Specifically, it uses the lenses of mobilities and identities to understand the nature of their community experiences, before moving outward to examine their social networks and the world around them. Governmentality theory is also used to describe the neoliberal context framing their community experiences. The study concludes with a reflection on the research and a set of policy recommendations arising from the study.

This thesis articulates a conceptual understanding of police power in North America, identifying how this power manifests itself on the street, in hopes of illuminating the power dynamic that enables instances of misconduct to occur. The works of Michel Foucault, Frantz Fanon, and Louis Althusser are deployed as the theoretical frameworks through which police power is analyzed. The Foucauldian perspective presents police power as a function of juridico-scientific disciplinary forces in society. This analysis is supplemented with an examination of police power as a post-colonial phenomenon, drawing on Fanon's work as a framework through which discriminatory police practices are examined. Finally, police power is examined within the context of capitalist production, and the repressive and ideological state apparatuses, as theorized by Althusser, to identify the class dimension that influences policing in North America. / Arts, Faculty of / Political Science, Department of / Graduate

Contemporary American capital punishment contains many processual elements, such as the prisoner's last meal and the cleansing of his body immediately before death, that serve no concrete, practical purpose but share a nature with ritual practices. In this project, I utilize a hermeneutic phenomenological lens to identify and list these ritual elements. I also use concepts drawn from the structural functionalist tradition to both analyze the specific purposes the elements serve within individual parts of the death penalty and to discuss the overarching result of the inclusion of these elements within the process as a whole. Ultimately, I find that the ritual elements present in the capital punishment process serve a social control purpose, insulating and reinforcing the death penalty as a whole. Ritual works to do this by controlling the behavior and image of the prisoner and emotionally soothing both participants of the process and the public at large.

abstract: Blalock’s (1967) minority threat perspective is one of the most empirically investigated theories of crime control in criminological literature. A large body of research has tested this perspective and established a link between minority context and increased criminal justice controls. The perceived threat mechanisms hypothesized to facilitate this link, however, have received relatively scant attention. In addition, no multidimensional scale of perceived minority threat has been developed. These oversights have significantly impeded the advancement of research testing the empirical validity and generalizability of Blalock’s premises across racial and ethnic groups. Against this backdrop, this dissertation extends prior work by conducting three separate but interrelated studies. The first study focuses on the development and validation of a multidimensional Perceived Latino Threat Scale (PLTS). The second study investigates how the PLTS can inform the relationship between Latino context and punitive border control sentiment. The third and final study assesses the psychometrics of another multidimensional scale of perceived threat—the Perceived Black Threat Scale (PBTS), and examines the structural invariance and distinctness of the PBTS and PLTS. Using data collected from two college samples, I relied on a variety of different methods across the three empirical studies, including confirmatory factor analyses, bivariate and partial correlation analyses, and ordinary least squares regression. Overall, the findings suggest that both the PLTS and PBTS are multidimensional constructs that are structurally invariant and empirically distinct. In addition, perceived Latino threat significantly influenced punitive border control sentiment, but did not surface as a mediating mechanism linking ethnic context to immigration attitudes. Furthermore, whereas objective Latino population context did not demonstrate significant effects on either perceived Latino threat or punitive border control sentiment, the results emphasized perceived Latino context as a key moderator in the relationship between perceived Latino threat and punitive border control sentiment. Thus, the findings support the multidimensionality of perceived threat, as well as the hypothesized link between perceived threat and punitive controls, but raises key concerns about the generalizability of Blalock’s perspective to explain the threat-control process of Latinos. Implications for theory and research are discussed. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Criminology and Criminal Justice 2020

This study was designed to determine the predictive validity of a police officer selection program and identify the contribution made by each major selection device to the total program. Police officers employed by the Portland Police Bureau who had completed three years of post-probationary employment were randomly assigned to a validation group and a cross-validation group on a two for one basis respectively. Beta weights were computed for the written test, interview and psychological scores in the validation group. The regression formula was then applied to the data in the cross-validation group. A cross-validation R of 0.12 was obtained between the predicted performance criterion scores and the actual performance scores. When the interview variable was removed from the equation the cross-validation R increased to 0.16. Neither validity coefficient reaches statistical significance. Reasons were offered for believing that the low magnitude of the coefficients was attributable to restriction in range in the predictor variables and the unreliability of the criterion variable.

This study examined the influence of social control and differential association on an individual\'s alcohol consumption.  It was hypothesized that the four bonds of social control: attachment, involvement, commitment, and belief will decrease the likelihood of engaging in excessive drinking behaviors (Hirschi 1969). Hawdon\'s (1996) revised version of involvement that accounts for differences in the visibility of activities will be used instead of the traditional idea of involvement. This study compared the drinking behavior of college and non-college students. It was also hypothesized that having peer groups that engage in excessive drinking behaviors will influence the amount of alcohol that an individuals consume, because they are attempting to remain a part of that peer group (Sutherland 1947). This study used the Add Health  data set to tests these hypotheses. / Master of Science

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