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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
241

Camundongos C57BL/6 alojados em ambiente enriquecido apresentam menor consumo de etanol após estresse. / C57BL/6 mice housed in enriched environment present lower ethanol consumption after stress.

Marianno, Priscila 05 March 2015 (has links)
A retomada do consumo de etanol após abstinência é uma característica da dependência. O enriquecimento ambiental (EA) parece minimizar os efeitos de drogas de abuso, assim como a naltrexona (NTX). O estudo avaliou se EA, durante abstinência e associado ou não à NTX, alterou o consumo de etanol. Camundongos C57BL/6 foram expostos ao etanol 2h/dia. Após fase de aquisição, os animais foram separados em grupos. Os animais foram alojados em condições padrões e o outro em EA, 24h/dia ou 3h/dia. Após privação, os animais voltaram a ter acesso ao etanol semanalmente. Na última semana, tiveram acesso ao etanol por 24h e antes da reexposição foram submetidos ao estresse de contenção por 1h. Só neste caso, os grupos EA apresentaram uma redução no consumo de 24h. Ainda, outro experimento foi realizado associando o EA a baixas doses de NTX, mas não foram observadas alterações. Os resultados sugerem que o EA pode ajudar o animal a lidar melhor com o estresse, o que o protegeria de um comportamento de maior consumo de etanol. / The excessive ethanol consumption after abstinence is a feature of addiction. Environmental enrichment (EE) appears to minimize drug cravings, as well as naltrexone (NTX). The study evaluated whether EE during abstinence and with or without NTX, altered ethanol consumption. C57BL/6 mice were exposed to ethanol 2h/day. After an acquisition phase, mice were distributed into groups. The animals were housed in standard condition and the other in EE, 24h/day or 3h/day. After withdrawal, the animals returned to ethanol access weekly. On the last week, mice had access to ethanol for 24h and before re-exposure were subjected to restraint stress for 1h. EE groups decreased the ethanol consumption when mice had 24h free access to ethanol. Another experiment was performed with EE in association to low doses of NTX, but no differences in consumption were observed. The results suggests that EE may help the animal to cope better with stressful situations, resulting in blunted ethanol drinking.
242

Enriquecimento ambiental para gatos domésticos (Felis silvestris catus L.): A importância dos odores / Environmental enrichment for domestic cats (Felis silvestris catus L.): The importance of odors

Guandolini, Gisele Cristina 22 May 2009 (has links)
A transferência de odores entre os gatos e o meio ambiente ocorre por meio de contatos corporais, como também pela eliminação de excretas. Pelo enriquecimento ambiental é possível promover a exibição de comportamentos mais próximos dos naturais e extinguir comportamentos não desejáveis, contribuindo, assim, para a saúde física e psicológica dos animais. Este trabalho teve como objetivo promover estímulos no ambiente para que os gatos desempenhassem comportamentos característicos da espécie. Foram utilizados gatos domésticos (Felis silvestris catus L.), castrados (por volta do primeiro ano de vida) ou não, de ambos os sexos. Os animais foram mantidos todos juntos em um abrigo de gatos, cuja população era de aproximadamente 110 indivíduos, sendo 41 machos e 69 fêmeas. Cinco testes foram realizados durante dezesseis meses e foi registrado: quais os comportamentos são manifestados na área dos testes (grooming, urinar, defecar e verificações olfativas), quais indivíduos realizaram mais esses comportamentos (fêmeas, machos e machos castrados) e qual categoria animal apresentou maior número de contato. Foram utilizados o método animal focal e a amostragem do comportamento. Observou-se que existe diferença significativa nos contatos entre machos e fêmeas (Fr= 10, 362, p= 0, 006) e averiguou-se que essa diferença também ocorre quando os grupos são agregados (contatos F_M-M_M e contatos F_F-F_M). Fêmeas e machos castrados, quando comparados pelo teste Wilcoxon, apresentaram diferenças significativas no tempo dedicado ao comportamento de grooming(z= 2,95, p= 0,036). Os gatos são indivíduos bastante curiosos, o que facilita o desenvolvimento de um enriquecimento ambiental mais barato com o alcance de respostas comportamentais adequadas. / The transfer of odors between the cats and the environment occurs through physical contact, but also for disposal of excreta. For environmental enrichment can promote behaviors closer view of the natural and extinguish unwanted behaviors, thus contributing to the physical and psychological health of animals. This work aimed to promote the environment for stimuli that cats play behaviors characteristic of the species. We used domestic cats (Felis silvestris catus L.), castrated (around the first year of life) or not, of both sexes. The animals were kept together in a shelter for cats, whose population was approximately 110 individuals, 41 males and 69 females. Five tests were conducted over sixteen months and was recorded: which behaviors are manifested in the area of testing (grooming, urinate, defecate and verification olfactory), which made most people these behaviors (females, males and castrated males) and which category of animal presented more contact. We used the method of sampling and focal animal behavior. It was observed that there is significant difference in contacts between males and females (F = 10, 362, p = 0, 006) and checked that this difference also occurs when the groups are aggregated (F_M contacts and contacts F_F-M_M-F_M ). Females and castrated males, when compared by Wilcoxon test showed significant differences in time devoted to grooming behavior of (z = 2.95, p = 0.036). Cats are very curious people, which facilitates the development of an environmental enrichment cheaper with the range of appropriate behavioral responses.
243

Avaliação de diferentes dietas líquidas associadas ao enriquecimento ambiental no desempenho e comportamento de bezerros leiteiros / Avaliation of diferents liquid diets associated to environmental enrichiment on performance and behaviour of dairy calves

Marcos Donizete da Silva 09 November 2018 (has links)
O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de duas dietas líquidas , associadas ao uso de enriquecimento ambiental (EA) em bezerros alojados individualmente. O delineamento experimental foi um fatorial 2 x 2, sendo avaliadas duas dietas líquidas (leite ou sucedâneo lácteo) e ausência ou presença de EA (bico de mamadeira e coçador). Foram utilizados 24 bezerros recém-nascidos da raça Holandês, distribuidos em 4 tratamentos: Leite, Leite + EA, Sucedâneo, Sucedâneo + EA. O sucedâneo lácteo continha em sua composição 22,33 % PB, 15,96% EE e 1,07% de FDN, na matéria seca, e foi diluído para uma concentração de 14% de sólidos. O leite apresentava 3,37% PB, 3,38% EE na matéria seca e 12,25% de sólidos. Os animais foram alojados em abrigos individuais e tinham livre acesso a água e ao concentrado. Foi utilizado um programa alimentar step up/step down, com desaleitamento realizado aos 56 dias de vida. Não houve efeito da associação das diferentes dietas líquidas com EA sobre o desempenho dos animais (P>0,05), mas houve tendência (P<0,082) de redução do consumo de concentrado para animais com acesso ao EA. O desempenho animal foi sigificativamente afetado pelo fator idade (P<0,05). A associação de dieta líquida com EA não afetou os parâmetros metabólicos, mas animais aleitados com leite apresentaram maiores concentrações de B-Hidroxibutirato e ureia plasmática (P>0,05). Da mesma forma, a combinação de dietas com EA não afetou o escore fecal, mas animais aleitados com sucedâneo apresentaram fezes mais fluidas (P>0,05). Não houve alteração no repertório comportamental dos animais em função de diferentes dietas líquidas associadas ao EA (P>0,05). Durante o período de avaliação de duas horas após o aleitamento da manhã, os animais passaram a maior parte do tempo em ócio (60%), seja em pé ou deitado. Os outros 40% do tempo foram gastos com atividades relacionadas a alimentação, como pastejando (8,5%), consumindo concentrado (3,8%); atividades fisiológicas, como dormindo (5,45%), ruminando (1,3%), defecando (0,6%), urinando (0,1%); ou ainda atividades comportamentais, como explorando o ambiente (6,3%) e se lambendo (6,7%). Os animais utilizaram o EA por aproximadamente 1,4% do tempo somente e vocalizaram durante 1,7% ou realizaram mamada não nutritiva por 1,9%. Houve tendência (P<0,0627) para redução na vocalização e função da disponibilidade de EA. O fornecimento de diferentes dietas líquidas associadas ou não ao EA não afetaram o desempenho, metabolismo ou comportamento animal. No entanto, não se descarta a possibilidade de ganhos no bem-estar dos animais com o uso de enriquecimento ambiental uma vez que, os animais vocalizam menos durante o processo de desaleitamento. / The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of two liquid diets, associated to the use of environmental enrichment (EE) in individually housed calves. For the evaluation a 2 x 2 factorial experimental design, with two liquid diets (milk or milk replacer) and absence or presence of EE (bottle nipple and scraper) evaluated. Twenty-four newborn Holstein calves were distributed in to four treatments: Milk, Milk + EE, Milk replacer, Milk replacer + EE. The milk replacer contained 22.33% CP, 15.96% EE and 1.07% NDF, in the dry matter, and was diluted to a concentration of 14% solids. The milk presented 3.37% CP, 3.38 EE in the dry matter and 12, 25% solids. The animals were housed in individual shelters and had free access to water and concentrate. A step up/step down diet program was used, with weaning performed at 56 days of age. There was no effect of the association of different liquid diets with EA on the performance of the animals (P> 0.05), but there was a tendency (P <0.082) to reduce the concentrate intake for animals with access to EE. The animal performance parameters were significantly affected by the age factor (P<0.05). The association of liquid diet with EE did not affect metabolic parameters, but milk-fed animals had higher concentrations of B-Hydroxybutyrate and plasma urea-N (P>0.05). Likewise, the combination of liquid diets with EE did not affect fecal score, but animals fed with milk replacer had more fluid faeces (P>0.05). There was no change in the behavioral repertoire of the animals as a function of liquid diets associated with EA (P> 0.05). During the two-hour evaluation period after liquid diet feeding, the animals spent most of their time in leisure (60%), either standing or laying down. The other 40% of the time was spent on feeding related activities such as grazing (8.5%), consuming concentrate (3.8%); physiological activities, such as sleeping (5.45%), ruminating (1.3%), defecating (0.6%), urinating (0.1%); or behavioral activities, such as exploring the environment (6.3%) and self-grooming (6.7%). The animals used the EE for approximately 1.4% of the time only, and vocalized for 1.7% or performed non-nutritive feeding for 1.9%. There was a trend (P <0.0627) for reduction in vocalization and function of EE availability. Feeding different liquid diets associated or not with EA did not affect performance, metabolic or animal behavior. However, the possibility of improved animal welfare with the use of environmental enrichment is not ruled out since the animals vocalize less during the process of weaning.
244

Companies in private law : attributing acts and knowledge

Leow, Rachel Pei Si January 2017 (has links)
This thesis is about corporate attribution in private law. Unlike human persons, companies are artificial legal persons. They lack a physical body with which to act, and a mind with which to think. English law therefore developed the concept of attribution so that legal rules could be applied to companies. Attribution is the process of legal reasoning by which the acts and states of mind of human individuals acting for a company are treated as that of the company, so as to establish the company’s rights against and obligations owed to other parties. This thesis examines the rules of attribution across the private law of obligations, focusing on the law of contract, tort, unjust enrichment, and selected aspects of equitable liability. Three main arguments are made in this thesis. First, there is a sharp distinction between the rules of attribution and the substantive rules of private law to which they apply. The former belongs in the law of persons, and it concerns when the acts and states of mind of an individual can be attributed to a company. The latter belongs in the law of obligations. Second, the same rules of attribution should be, and have largely been used across the entire expanse of private law. Regardless of the area of private law in which the question of attribution arises, the same question is being asked, and so the law’s answer should be the same. Like should be treated alike. This is normatively desirable, because it ensures coherence across private law. Third, it is therefore possible to state the rules of attribution that apply in private law. The acts of an individual A will be attributed to the company C where they were (i) specifically authorised (‘specific authority’), (ii) where A performs an act within the class of acts that A has power to do on behalf of C, even if A is acting in breach of duty (‘actual authority’), or (iii) where A has either been placed in a position or been held out by C such that a reasonable person in the position of a third party would reasonably believe that A had the power to act for C (‘apparent authority’). A’s knowledge will be attributed to C where it is material to the class of acts that A had specific or actual authority to do on behalf of C. Although commonly thought to be a series of diverse, disparate rules found in different doctrines and different areas of law, the rules of attribution form a remarkably coherent, consistent whole across private law.
245

Pressupostos da obrigação de restituir o enriquecimento sem causa no Código Civil brasileiro / Requisites of the obligation created by unjust enrichment under the Brazilian civil code

Hildebrand, Lucas Fajardo Nunes 23 June 2010 (has links)
O objetivo da dissertação é investigar os Pressupostos da Obrigação de Restituir o Enriquecimento sem Causa no Código Civil Brasileiro. O enriquecimento sem causa, que tem antecedentes romanos, é reconhecido no Brasil independente desde os tempos do Império, passou por uma rejeição quando do advento do Código Civil de 1916, que não o previu expressamente, porém retomou sua força ao longo do século XX, ao fim do qual já era corrente a opinião de que se tratava de fonte de obrigações autônoma. Na vigência do Código Civil de 1916 não havia unanimidade quanto à enumeração e ao preenchimento de sentido dos pressupostos da obrigação restituitória. Uma minoria dispensava os requisitos do empobrecimento e da correlação entre o enriquecimento e o empobrecimento em favor de um novo pressuposto, qual seja, o de que o enriquecimento se dê à custa de outrem. O Código Civil de 2002, nos arts. 884 a 886, regulou expressamente o enriquecimento sem causa como fonte de obrigação, sendo que os autores atuais têm em geral indicado como seus pressupostos a existência de um (i) enriquecimento que ocorra (ii) à custa de outrem sem (iii) justa causa e que (iv) não concorra com outro remédio jurídico (i.e., subsidiariedade), não sendo essenciais os requisitos do empobrecimento e da correlação. O estudo dos principais paradigmas cristalizados na doutrina estrangeira, especialmente na portuguesa e na alemã, permitiu a conclusão de que deve ser adotado o paradigma da divisão do instituto do enriquecimento sem causa, pelo qual se investigam os pressupostos da obrigação de acordo com as suas diversas categorias, a saber, no Brasil, o enriquecimento por prestação, o enriquecimento por intervenção e o enriquecimento por despesas efetuadas por outrem. O enriquecimento por prestação tem por pressupostos o (i) enriquecimento em sentido real que (ii) ocorre por prestação (iii) sem justa causa, entendida esta última como a frustração do fim da prestação. O enriquecimento por intervenção tem por pressupostos (i) o enriquecimento (ii) obtido à custa de outrem (iii) sem causa jurídica ou, mais analiticamente, o (i) enriquecimento em sentido patrimonial (ii) obtido pela intromissão em direitos de outrem, quando na verdade (iii) é reservado pela ordem jurídica ao titular da posição jurídica afetada. Já o enriquecimento por despesas efetuadas por outrem tem por pressupostos o (i) enriquecimento em sentido patrimonial cuja (ii) conservação seja vedada pelo ordenamento jurídico e que decorra de uma (iii) despesa efetuada por outrem, sendo a restituição limitada, na circunstância de o beneficio ser imposto, ao que resultar de dispêndios de necessários. A regra da subsidiariedade não consubstancia um pressuposto propriamente dito, pois não integra o suporte fático da obrigação restituitória, funcionando mais como uma norma de sobredireito que fixa o caráter especialíssimo dos arts. 884 e 885 do Código Civil, e tem um sentido concreto, ou seja, somente obsta a pretensão restituitória o meio jurídico alternativo que concretamente forneça a mesma solução que é garantida pelo instituto do enriquecimento sem causa. Por fim, pela análise de dois grupos de casos comuns na jurisprudência, concluiu-se que, por falta de familiaridade com a lei, os tribunais brasileiros, ao menos quanto aos casos pesquisados, ainda não deram efetividade ao enriquecimento sem causa como fonte de obrigação. / The purpose of the present thesis is to unveil the requisites of the obligation based on the law of restitution according to the Brazilian Civil Code. The law of restitution, which has its roots in the Roman law, has been acknowledged in independent Brazil since the 19th century. In spite of the fact that it has not been expressly stated in the Brazilian Civil Code of 1916, the authors throughout the 20th century have recognized the unjust enrichment as an obligation-creating event. Nevertheless, the doctrine under the Civil Code of 1916 was not unanimous regarding the enumeration and the content of the requirements of the restitutionary obligation. In fact, there was a minority that downplayed the requisites of both impoverishment and correlation between the enrichment and the impoverishment in favor of others, i.e., that the enrichment occurs at the plaintiffs expense. The rise of the unjust enrichment as an obligation-creating event had its climax with the publication of the 2002 Brazilian Civil Code. Specifically, its articles 884, 885 and 886 included the phenomenon amidst the source of obligations. Under the new Code, it has been generally assumed that the requisites underlying the unjust enrichment are the presence of an (i) unjust (ii) enrichment (iii) at the plaintiffs expense that (iv) does not compete with an alternative legal remedy (i.e., rule of subsidiarity). The requirements of impoverishment and correlation aforementioned were abandoned by most authors. An adequate answer to the questions regarding the requisites of the restitutionary obligation, however, demands the analysis of the paradigms crystallized in the foreign doctrine, especially of the German and Portuguese legislation. It has been concluded that the paradigm of the categorization of the unjust enrichment has to be adopted. In compliance with this perspective, the requisites underlying the restitutionary obligation have to be investigated pursuant to the different categories, namely the enrichment through transfers, the enrichment through interference and the enrichment through expenditures made by the plaintiff. The requisites of the restitution based on enrichment through transfers are (i) the enrichment in its objective sense that (ii) occurs through the performance of a conscious and goal oriented patrimonial increment in which it is evident (iii) the failure of this particular goal. Importantly, this goal is sought to be assessed objectively from the unilateral manifestation of the performer, in conformity to the good-faith principle. The restitution based on enrichment through interference has as requirements (i) the enrichment in its subjective sense (ii) obtained through the interference with the rights (iii) legally reserved to the plaintiff. Finally, the requirements of the restitution based on enrichment through expenditures made by the plaintiff are (i) the subjective enrichment (ii) that the law forbids and that is originated from (iii) an expense effectuated by the plaintiff. In the particular case of an imposed enrichment, the restitution is constrained to the incontrovertible benefits resulting from the act of the plaintiff. Because the subsidiarity rule does not integrate the fattispecie of the restitutionary obligation, it does not substantiate a requisite by itself. The subsidiarity rule functions rather as a secondary norm that determines the character of lex specialis of the articles 884 and 885 of the Civil Code. Additionally, the subsidiarity rule has a concrete character, i.e., the restitutionary pretensions are only prevented by an alternative legal remedy that offers an effective solution that is identical to the one ensured by the law of restitution.
246

Efeito de enriquecimento ambiental na auto-administração oral de álcool em ratos / Influence of environmental enrichment in alcohol oral self-administration in rats

Bernardes, Ana Martins Torres 18 April 2008 (has links)
Esta pesquisa estuda a relação entre o ambiente em que ratos se desenvolvem e a auto-administração de etanol (ET) na idade adulta. Usualmente, a pesquisa comportamental com animais em laboratório utiliza sujeitos mantidos em isolamento em caixas individuasi (I). Uma das espécies mais usadas é o rato, um animal social que em habitat natural vive em colônias. Que efeitos tem o isolamento nesses ratos? Propõe-se que a baixa disponibilidade de reforçadores alternativos seja um dos fatores determinantes do abuso de drogas. Algumas pesquisas mostraram que o isolamento, que caracteriza ambientes de baixa disponibilidade de reforçadores, leva a um aumento no consumo de morfina, anfetamina e barbital em relação a ratos criados em ambientes com maior disponibilidade de reforçadores (AE), e mais ET comparados a animais criados em grupo. No entanto, outras pesquisas observaram que animais criados em AE consomem mais ET do que animais criados em isolamento. Utilizando medidas de comportamento operante de ingestão de ET, o presente experimento visou observar se a disponibilidade de reforçadores no ambiente de criação e/ou concorrentes ao álcool no ambiente experimental altera o consumo, o valor reforçador e a elasticidade da demanda dessa droga. Ratos Wistar machos foram criados em I ou em AE. O consumo e o valor reforçador do ET foram medidos nos esquemas operantes de FR2 e Razão Progressiva (RP), respectivamente. O ET foi introduzido por fade in/fade out de sacarose, culminando numa solução de ET 10% adoçada com sacarina 0,25%. O teste de RP foi conduzido para solução de ET, depois para sacarina. Os animais foram submetidos também ao teste de ansiedade no labirinto em cruz elevado e sua atividade motora foi estimada em caixa de atividade. Os ratos I consumiram e responderam significativamente mais pelo ET comparados aos ratos AE. Os ratos I evidenciaram aumento do valor reforçador do ET, mas não da sacarina, medido em RP, quando comparados aos do grupo AE. Os grupos AE e I não apresentaram diferenças significativas em ansiedade. Os animais do grupo I mostraram-se significativamente mais ativos do que os do grupo AE. A elasticidade da demanda foi medida em um modelo concorrente no qual uma alternativa dispensava solução de ET e a outra uma solução isocalórica ao ET, e as exigências em VR foram aumentadas progressivamente, primeiro para a alternativa isocalórica, e depois para o ET. A introdução de reforçadores concorrentes alterou o consumo de ET dos animais criados em I sem alterar o comportamento dos animais criados em AE. A criação nos diferentes ambientes não alterou a elasticidade da demanda por ET, porém alterou a elasticidade da demanda pelo reforçador concorrente. Os animais do grupo I, apesar de consumirem significativamente mais da solução alternativa ao ET, apresentaram uma demanda mais elástica em relação a esse reforçador quando comparados aos do grupo AE. A dependência de drogas, e do álcool em especial, pode e deve ser entendida dentro das mesmas leis que regulam o comportamento em geral, e os modelos de escolha são essenciais para essa compreensão. / This research investigated the influence of different types of rearing environment on ethanol (ET) self-administration in adult rats. Usually behavioral research is conducted using isolated animals (I), one widely used animal is the rat, a social animal that under normal circumstances lives at large colonies. What kind of effects could this unnatural isolation have? It has been proposed that one major factor in drug abuse and dependence is the lack for alternative reinforcers to the drug. Animals raised in limited environments with few reinforcers (I) consume more morphine, amphetamine and barbital than animals raised in enriched environments (EE), which present different opportunities of behavior. These isolated rats have also been shown to consume more ET; however, there are some contradictory results within studies: some have even shown enhanced consumption in EE rats. The present study proposed to investigate whether differential presence of reinforcers during rearing or concurrently to the presentation of ET would influence its consumption, reiforcer value and demand elasticity. Male Wistar rats were raised either in EE or I. Using a self administration paradigm, consumption and reiforcer value were estimated in a FR2 and Progressive Ratio (PR), respectively. ET was introduced by fade in as sucrose was faded out from the solution, resulting in a 10% ET solution sweetened with saccharin 0,25% as the reinforcer solution. The PR procedure was first conducted using the ET solution and then with just the saccharin solution (vehicle). Anxiety was estimated using the elevated cross maze model, and motor activity was accessed in the activity box. I rats consumed and responded more for ET than EE rats in FR2 schedule. They also presented higher reiforcer value for ET in the PR paradigm, but not for saccharin, when compared to EE rats. There was no significant difference between groups in anxiety levels, but I rats were significantly more active. Using a concurrent model, with ET solution and an isochaloric solution as reiforcers, the demand elasticity was accessed by increasingly VRs, first for the isochaloric alternative, then for the ET solution. The introduction of an isochaloric concurrent reiforcer altered ET consumption of I rats, without affecting EE rats consumption. Groups did not differ in demand elasticity for ET, but it was shown that this demand is relatively inelastic while demand for the isochaloric solution is very elastic, especially for I rats, though. I rats consumed more isochaloric solutions than EE rats. Drug abuse and dependency must be understood using the same laws that regulate so called normal behavior, these phenomena do not belong to a special category, and choice models are essential for that understanding.
247

Work-family enrichment experiences among working fathers : evidence from Catalonia

Grau Grau, Marc January 2017 (has links)
Although there is still a gender division of labour in post-industrial countries, evidence seems to suggest that there are some fathers more involved than others, and interestingly, a growing number of fathers that want to be more involved with their children. Using the Catalan Survey on the Use of Time, this thesis aims to understand how paternal time devoted to children under 10 years old differs across educational level, income, age, number of (paid) working hours, occupation and partner’s occupation among other independent variables. Understanding patterns of those fathers involved with their children will presumably give some clues on how to promote gender equality in parenting. Furthermore, it will contribute to the fatherhood literature by expanding the research to Catalonia. Furthermore, while we know that fatherhood involvement is positively related with child outcomes and gender equality, less is known about the benefits of having both work and family roles for working fathers themselves and their jobs. Using the conceptual framework of WFE elaborated by Greenhaus and Powell (2006), this thesis seeks to explore how resources developed at home are positively transferred and applied at work, and vice versa. For that aim, 20 interviews with Catalan working fathers have been conducted. Understanding and shedding light on these hidden sources of enrichment between work and family domains might be a positive way to challenge the disproportionate attention to the conflict perspective in the work-family literature and to counteract the benefits of the “ideal worker” and “organization man”. The methodological contribution of this thesis is that it is the first study to use the Catalan Survey on the Use of Time to look at fathers as well as offering one of the first qualitative studies to examine the work-family enrichment process for fathers. Regarding the empirical contribution, the analysis of the time use data reveals that father’s age, educational level and partner’s occupation is positively associated with paternal time devoted to children. On the other hand, working hours is negatively associated with time devoted to young children. The qualitative analysis suggests that enrichment occurs under certain conditions. Interestingly, the sources of enrichment reported from family to work (invisible rewards) were different from the sources of enrichment reported from work to family. This thesis also suggested that fathers employed in higher-levels occupation were more likely to experience high levels of enrichment, but at the same time high levels of conflict.
248

Avaliação de espelho como ferramenta de enriquecimento ambiental em ovelhas como animal de experimentação

Meyer, Fabiola Schons January 2010 (has links)
Ovinos são modelo animal para diversas pesquisas biomédicas, além de serem estudados nas pesquisas zootécnicas e veterinárias. Em algumas circunstâncias experimentais as ovelhas necessitam ser alojadas sozinhas, sem contato social com coespecíficos. Como são altamente sociais, os ovinos ficam estressados com mudanças no seu ambiente social, especialmente com a separação do rebanho. Isso desencadeia uma série de respostas endócrinas e comportamentais, comprometendo o bem-estar do animal e possivelmente os resultados da pesquisa que está sendo realizada. Uma forma de minimizar esses efeitos é prover um ambiente mais estimulante, através de enriquecimento ambiental. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo verificar a influência do enriquecimento ambiental com espelhos, para ovinos mantidos isolados em ambiente novo, após estresse agudo causado pelo transporte. Vinte e quatro ovelhas foram divididas em quatro grupos: Grupo Espelho, no qual as ovelhas foram mantidas em isolamento social num ambiente enriquecido com um painel de espelho; Grupo OvCo e OvDes, no qual as ovelhas ficaram acompanhadas, respectivamente, de uma ovelha do mesmo rebanho e de um rebanho diferente; Grupo Isolado, no qual as ovelhas foram mantidas em isolamento social e sem enriquecimento ambiental. Cada ovelha foi transportada da propriedade de origem até o local do experimento, sempre no mesmo horário, onde permaneciam até o dia seguinte. Foram realizadas seis coletas de sangue para dosagem de cortisol: basal, na chegada ao local do experimento e duas, quatro, seis e 24 horas após a chegada. O comportamento dos animais foi registrado durante as primeiras 6 horas de permanência no local do experimento, através de uma microcâmera. Nas dosagens de cortisol não foram encontradas diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre os grupos. Houve diferença estatística no momento da chegada, logo após o transporte, em todos os grupos. Observa-se uma tendência do declínio do cortisol nas primeiras duas horas ser mais acentuado no grupo OvCo, menos acentuado no grupo Isolado e os outros dois grupos apresentando valores intermediários. A análise comportamental não evidenciou diferença estatística nos parâmetros número de balidos, número de passos, tempo de interação com o enriquecimento ambiental, tempo de permanência deitada e tempo gasto se alimentando. A latência para iniciar a alimentação foi significativa (P<0,05), sendo maior no grupo OvCo em relação ao OvDes e ao Espelho. O benefício do uso de espelhos como ferramenta de EA para a espécie ovina não ficou evidente no presente estudo para as condições que o mesmo foi executado. / Sheep are animal model for several biomedical research, in addition to being studied in agricultural and veterinary research. In some experimental conditions the sheep need to be housed alone, without social contact with conspecifics. Sheep, being highly social animals, are stressed by changes in their social environment, especially by the separation from the flock. As consequence, a series of endocrine and behavioral responses is triggered, compromising the welfare of the animal and possibly the research results. One way to minimize these effects is to provide a more stimulating environment, through environmental enrichment. This study aimed to verify the influence of environmental enrichment with mirrors for sheep kept isolated in the new environment, following acute stress caused by transportation. Twenty-four sheep were divided into four groups: Mirror Group, in which the sheep were kept in social isolation in an environment enriched with a panel mirror, OvCo and OvDes Groups, where the sheep were accompanied, respectively, by a sheep from the same flock and from a different flock, and the Isolated Group, in which the sheep were kept in social isolation, without environmental enrichment. Each sheep were transported from the farm to the location of the experiment, always at the same time, where they remained until the following day. Serum cortisol analysis were performed at six different time points: baseline, on arrival at the experiment site, and two, four, six and 24 hours after arrival. Animal behavior was recorded during the first 6 hours at the place of the experiment with a camera. Cortisol levels were not statistically different among groups. We observed an increase in cortisol levels at arrival time in all groups. There is a trend towards a faster reduction in cortisol levels in OvCo group, while the reduction seems to be slower in the Isolated sheep, and the other two groups having intermediate values. Behavioral analysis showed no statistical difference in the number of bleatings, number of steps, time of interaction with environmental enrichment, lying, and eating. The latency to start feeding was significant (P <0.05), being higher in group OvCo in relation to OvDes and the Mirror groups. The benefit of using mirrors as a tool of environmental enrichment for the sheep was not evident in this study for the conditions that it was developed.
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Eficiência reprodutiva de camundongos endogâmicos balb/c em diferentes idades de acasalamento, com ou sem enriquecimento ambiental /

Moreira, Virgínia Barreto, 1974- January 2011 (has links)
Resumo: No Brasil, os biotérios de produção precisam atender elevada demanda de animais, com padrões genéticos e sanitários definidos e, por outro lado, existe a necessidade de considerar a crescente preocupação de setores da sociedade e dos órgãos reguladores, que trazem à discussão o tema do bem-estar dos animais de laboratório, em condição de cativeiro, mesmo que não estejam submetidos à experimentação. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar três idades de acasalamento (28, 45 e 60 dias) para camundongos da linhagem BALB/c, alojados em gaiolas enriquecidas ou não e suas influencias no desempenho produtivo. O experimento teve a duração de 310 dias, do primeiro acasalamento até o desmame da última ninhada. Usou-se 60 casais de camundongos da linhagem BALB/c, de padrão sanitário controlado, criados e mantidos em ambiente padronizado. Eles foram distribuídos em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado com arranjo fatorial 3 x 2 (três idades de acasalamento e alojamento com ou sem enriquecimento ambiental). Como forma de enriquecimento da gaiola foram utilizados tubos de papelão (com aproximadamente 10 cm de comprimento e 4 cm de diâmetro), previamente embalados e autoclavados. Foram analisadas características relacionadas à fertilidade, idade ao primeiro parto, intervalo entre partos, número de nascidos e desmamados totais e médio por ninhada, mortalidade pré-desmame e peso da ninhada ao desmame. Não houve efeito da interação enriquecimento x idade de acasalamento sobre as características estudadas. Tanto o enriquecimento, quanto a idade de acasalamento, influenciaram a mortalidade pré-desmame. Nas gaiolas enriquecidas a mortalidade pré-desmame foi mais baixa (P=0,01) que nas não enriquecidas (0,80 e 1,87 respectivamente). O acasalamento aos 28 dias resultou em mortalidade mais baixa (P = 0,01) comparado ao acasalamento aos 60 dias, enquanto o acasalamento... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: In Brazil, the centers for production of laboratory animals need to meet a high demand for rodents with defined genetic and health status and, on the other hand, there is the need to consider the growing concern of the society and of the regulatory agencies regarding captive laboratory animals welfare, even though they are not under research protocols in those centers. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of three breeding ages (28, 45 and 60 days) on mice from the BALB/c strain, housed in enriched or non-enriched cages and their influence on the productive performance. The experiment lasted 310 days, from the first mating to weaning of the last litter. Sixty mouse couples from the BALB/c strain, with controlled health status, raised and kept under standardized environment were used. They were assigned to a completely randomized design in a 3 x 2 factorial arrangement (three breeding ages and cage with or without enrichment). Card paper tubes, approximately 10 cm long and with a diameter of 4 cm, were previously packed and autoclaved and used as cage enrichments. Traits related to fertility, age at first parturition, parturition interval, number born and weaned (total and litter average), pre-weaning mortality rate and litter weight at weaning were analyzed along the entire reproduction period. The breeding age x cage enrichment interaction did not affect any of traits under study, but each of these effects separately affected pre-weaning mortality. In the enriched cages, pre-weaning mortality was lower (P=0.01) than in non-enriched cages (0.80 vs. 1.87 deaths, respectively). Breeding at 28 days resulted in lower mortality (P= 0.01) compared to breeding at 60 days, whereas at 45 days an intermediary value was found (0.60, 2.25 and 1.16 deaths, respectively). No other effects of the treatments were detected (P>0.05) on the traits under study... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Orientador: Ana Silvia Alves Meira Tavares Moura / Coorientador: Vânia Gomes de Moura Mattaraia / Banca: Edson Ramos de Siqueira / Banca: Sueli Blanes Damy / Mestre
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Bezdůvodné obohacení v obchodním právu / Unjust enrichment under business law

Keltner, Miloslav January 2012 (has links)
Unjust enrichment under business law The aim of this work is to analyze the unjust enrichment with its overlap to commercial law. The introduction of the text summarizes the historical development of unjust enrichment from ancient Roman law provisions, including the Austrian General Civil Code and the Civil Code from 1950 up to the history of the currently effective codex published under no. 40/1964 Coll. This historical analysis points out certain analogies with the current regulation and the development of elements that are the foundation of today's unjust enrichment legislation. The following part of the work contains analysis of the current de lege lata legislation of unjust enrichment in the commercial law, the subsequent part constitutes the crucial part of this work that is concerned directly with unjust enrichment in the commercial law. First, it analyses the term of business contractual obligations, then it analyses the relationship between the Civil Code and the Commercial Code and finally it sums up the expert discussion relating to the unjust enrichment in the commercial law and subsequently the author presents his personal view of the problem and the effects of the unjust enrichment, especially on the question of limitation period, are considered briefly. The final chapter consists...

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