Submitted by Sandra Pereira (srpereira@ufrrj.br) on 2017-03-22T13:55:27Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Mariana Gomes Lima.pdf: 3236185 bytes, checksum: 3517b88022c7943663ae0274085cc96a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-22T13:55:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Mariana Gomes Lima.pdf: 3236185 bytes, checksum: 3517b88022c7943663ae0274085cc96a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-23 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico - CNPq / The nematode Angiostrongylus cantonensis has gained notoriety under the public health point of view out of its endemic area in Asia, since in recent years cases of eosinophilic meningoencephalitis have been reported in other continents, such as in the Americas. In Brazil over thirty cases of this zoonotic disease have been recorded and there are reports of the presence of this nematode in 11 states. In its life cycle A. cantonensis has, along their development, need for intermediate and final host, involving predominantly molluscs and rodents, respectively, and different paratenic hosts, humans are accidental hosts. They can also infect a rich variety of terrestrial and aquatic molluscs and in this study, there were used specimens of neotropical planorbids transmitters of schistosomiasis, Biomphalaria straminea and Biomphalaria tenagophila, born and reared in the laboratoryfor experimental infection by A. cantonensis. In order to characterize the resulting physiological profile that host-parasite relationship, the host molluscs were separated into groups of infected and uninfected containing thirty molluscs per group, all made in triplicates. The investigation lasted 21 days, after the pre-patent period molluscs were dissected to collect hemolymph, removal of tissues and use the shell for calcium concentration check. The reproductive biology of both species was observed on the viability of the eggs, as well as (A) Number of eggs/ eggs mass; (B) Number of eggs/mollusc; (C) Number of eggs mass/mollusc and (D) Number of hatched molluscs/mollusc. In the hemolymph there were quantified total protein, glucose, uric acid, urea, the activity of transaminases AST and ALT, lactate dehydrogenase - LDH, and organic acids (oxalic, pyruvic, succinic and lactic). In the cephalopedal mass and digestive gland the glycogen content was measured and in the albumen gland, it was measured the galactogen. The results showed that the snails infected, of both species showed significant reduction in the viability of eggs, 50% for B. straminea and 10% for B. tenagophila. The metabolic status was also strongly affected, with mobilization of glycogen and hemolymph glucose reduction of 68% to B. straminea and 6.48% for B. tenagophila, followed by anincrease of LDH activity of 518.25% to 320.14% B. straminea and to B. tenagophila as well as the concentration of lactic acid, 5,7mM to B. straminea and 0.34 mM for B. tenagophila, and reduction in the concentration of pyruvic and succinic acids. The intense release of gluconeogenic amino acids from protein catabolism reversed the excretory pattern from uricotelic to ureotelic in both B. tenagophila and B. straminea. The tissue injury showed increase of 69% in the concentration of total proteins in the hemolymph of B. straminea and the intense activity of aminotransferases, ALT and AST, an increase of 241.26% and 360%, respectively, compared to the control group. The infection reduced by 51.57% the concentration of total circulating proteins to B. tenagophila, and increased ALT and AST activity at 310% and 280% compared to uninfected snails. The results of this study indicate that the energetic and structural metabolism of both species is strongly affected by the infection, showing the activation of an anaerobic to compensate for the depletion of glicidics stores as well as the change in the excretory pattern depending on the use of substrates protein for the production of ATP. Although studies on clinical, pathological and epidemiological neural angiostrongyliasis have been extensively carried xiii out, data on the metabolic and reproductive profile of snails infected by A. cantonensis are scarce. This pioneering study focused on species of host-parasite relationship certainly contribute to the knowledge of this interaction, as well as to the epidemiology of transmission A. cantonensis in addition to providing new subsidies which can be used in prevention and control of eosinophilic meningitis, zoonosis considered emerging in Brazil. / O nemat?deo Angiostrongylus cantonensis tem ganhado notoriedade sob o ponto de vista da sa?de p?blica fora de sua ?rea end?mica na ?sia, uma vez que nos ?ltimos anos casos de meningoencefal?te eosinof?lica v?m sendo reportados em outros continentes, como nas Am?ricas. No Brasil mais de trinta casos dessa zoonose j? foram registrados e h? relatos da presen?a desse nemat?deo em 11 estados. Em seu ciclo de vida heteroxeno A. cantonensis tem, ao longo do seu desenvolvimento, a necessidade de hospedeiro intermedi?rio e definitivo, envolvendo predominantemente, moluscos e roedores, respectivamente, al?m de v?rios hospedeiros parat?nicos, sendo o homem um hospedeiro acidental. Pode infectar uma rica variedade de moluscos terrestres e aqu?ticos e neste estudo, foram utilizadas para infec??o experimental popula??es nascidas e criadas em laborat?rio de duas esp?cies de planorb?deos neotropicais transmissores da esquistossomose mans?nica, Biomphalaria straminea e Biomphalaria tenagophila. Com a finalidade de caracterizar o perfil fisiol?gico resultante dessa rela??o hospedeiro-parasito, os moluscos hospedeiros foram separados em grupos de infectados e n?o infectados, contendo trinta moluscos por grupo, todos feitos em triplicatas. A investiga??o durou 21 dias, ao fim do per?odo pr?-patente os moluscos foram dissecados para a coleta de hemolinfa, retirada de tecidos e utiliza??o da concha para verifica??o de concentra??o de c?lcio. A oviposi??o dos moluscos de ambas as esp?cies foi observada quanto ? viabilidade dos ovos, assim como (A) N?mero de massas ov?geras/molusco; (B) N?mero de ovos/molusco; (C) N?mero de ovos/massa ov?gera e (D) N?mero de moluscos eclodidos/molusco. Na hemolinfa foram quantificadas as prote?nas totais, glicose, ?cido ?rico, ureia, a atividade das transaminases ALT e AST, lactato desidrogenase - LDH, e os ?cidos org?nicos (ox?lico, pir?vico, succ?nico e l?tico). Na massa cefalopediosa e gl?ndula digestiva, foram mensurados os conte?dos de glicog?nio e na gl?ndula de alb?men, foi mensurado o galactog?nio. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que os moluscos infectados, de ambas as esp?cies, apresentaram redu??o significativa na viabilidade dos ovos, de 50% para B. straminea e de 10% para B. tenagophila. O estado energ?tico tamb?m foi vigorosamente afetado, com mobiliza??o das reservas de glicog?nio, e queda da glicemia de 68% para B. straminea e de 6,48% para B. tenagophila, seguida de uma eleva??o na atividade da LDH de 518,25% para B. straminea e 320,14% para B. tenagophila, bem como na concentra??o do ?cido l?tico, 5,7mM para B. straminea e 0,34 mM para B. tenagophila, e redu??o na concentra??o dos ?cidos pir?vico e succ?nico. A intensa libera??o de amino?cidos gliconeog?nicos a partir do catabolismo proteico inverteu o padr?o excretor de uricot?lico para ureot?lico tanto em B. tenagophila quanto em B. straminea. A les?o tecidual mostrou eleva??o de 69% na concentra??o das prote?nas totais na hemolinfa de B. straminea, bem como a intensa atividade das aminotransferases, AST e ALT, com aumento de 241,26% e 360%, respectivamente, em rela??o ao grupo controle. A infec??o reduziu em 51,57% a concentra??o de prote?nas totais circulantes para B. tenagophila, e elevou a atividade de ALT e AST em 310% e xi 280% em compara??o com os moluscos n?o infectados. Os resultados observados neste estudo indicam que o metabolismo energ?tico e estrutural de ambas as esp?cies foi vigorosamente afetado pela infec??o, mostrando a ativa??o de uma via anaer?bia para compensar a exaust?o das reservas glic?dicas, assim como a mudan?a no padr?o excretor em fun??o da utiliza??o de substratos proteicos para produ??o de ATP. Embora, estudos sobre aspectos cl?nicos, patol?gicos e epidemiol?gicos da angiostrongil?ase neural t?m sido extensivamente realizados, dados acerca do perfil metab?lico e reprodutivo de moluscos infectados por A. cantonensis s?o escassos. Este estudo pioneiro na rela??o parasito-hospedeiro das esp?cies focadas seguramente contribuir? tanto para o conhecimento dessa intera??o, quanto da epidemiologia da transmiss?o de A. cantonensis, al?m de fornecer novos subs?dios que poder?o ser utilizados em medidas de preven??o e controle da meningite eosinof?lica, zoonose considerada emergente no Brasil

Master of Veterinary Clinical Studies / Summary Canine Neural Angiostrongyliasis (CNA) is caused by the obligatory neural migration of Angiostrongylus cantonensis larvae in dogs. Characteristically, cases are juvenile dogs with progressive CNS dysfunction characterised by hyperaesthesia and often associated with eosinophilic pleocytosis of the CSF. In Australia, most cases occur between March and June. The rat lungworm, A cantonensis was first described by Chen in 1935 in Canton, China. While initially called Pulmonema cantonensis the parasite was later reclassified as A cantonensis. A disease diagnosed as eosinophilic meningoencephalitis was first described in 1944 in Taiwan. The same disease was reported in 1948 in the East Caroline Islands but it was not until 1961 that A cantonensis was confirmed as the aetiological agent when a patient in a Hawaiian mental institution, who had died of eosinophilic meningoencephalitis, had A cantonensis larvae recovered from the brain and spinal cord. The first reports of animals infected with A cantonensis were made by Mason in 1976 when he described a syndrome occurring in puppies in the Brisbane area, characterised by urinary incontinence, hind limb paresis and hyperaesthesia, often associated with eosinophilic pleocytosis of the CSF. Reports of infection in other species followed including macropods, bats, horses, primates and birds. Twenty-two cases of suspected CNA were collected prospectively to compare with those previously described, including 37 cases published by Mason in 1983, and to examine the accuracy of an ELISA used to diagnose human neural angiostrongyliasis in Australia. Samples were collected from two control populations in an attempt to validate the ELISA results. In the prospective series of cases, there was a significantly older subpopulation of dogs in addition to “classical” young dogs, suggesting that this syndrome can occur at any age and should be considered a differential in any dog with progressive neurological disease. The mortality rate in the prospective group was lower than in the published group, which is a reflection of the severity of the disease in younger animals as is the case with human patients. Definitive diagnosis of neural angiostrongyliasis in human patients has been achieved by identifying A cantonensis larvae within the CSF or aqueous humour. In dogs, the only definitive way to diagnose CNA has been via necropsy. While many cases of CNA are characteristic and presumptive diagnosis can be made based on typical history, signalment, clinical signs, CSF analysis and response to glucocorticoids, there appear to be an increasing number of cases occurring in older dogs, that displaying focal, atypical clinical signs or that develop permanent sequelae. Serology has been a useful tool in diagnosing neural angiostrongyliasis in humans. In its current form the ELISA is not sensitive or specific enough to allow a definitive diagnosis of CNA to be made using serum but is useful when applied to CSF specimens. Further refinement of the antigen or using monoclonal rather than polyclonal antibodies may improve the accuracy of the serology. Alternatively, methods such as Western Blot, Immuno-PCR or dot-blot ELISA, which have been successfully used to diagnoses angiostrongyliasis in humans, may be worthy of investigation The major differential diagnosis for CNA is neosporosis. Other differential diagnoses include idiopathic eosinophilic meningoencephalitis, parasitic infections including Toxoplasma gondii, Taenia solium, Gnathostoma spinigerum, visceral larval migrans (Toxocara canis) and schistosomiasis, fungal, bacterial, viral and rickettsial infections as well as neoplasia, trauma, drug reactions and toxicities. Treatment of CNA has been limited to glucocorticoids, however there may be adjunct therapies including anthelmintices, cyclosporine, and matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors. In Mason’s series of cases the use of anthelmintics significantly worsened the clinical outcome for patients. It does not appear, however, that the use of these agents in species other than the dog exacerbates clinical signs. Acquired immunity is short lived in rats and mice, which would suggest the same is true in dogs. Routine heartworm and intestinal parasite prophylaxis appears to have no influence on the occurrence of CNA.

Master of Veterinary Clinical Studies / Summary Canine Neural Angiostrongyliasis (CNA) is caused by the obligatory neural migration of Angiostrongylus cantonensis larvae in dogs. Characteristically, cases are juvenile dogs with progressive CNS dysfunction characterised by hyperaesthesia and often associated with eosinophilic pleocytosis of the CSF. In Australia, most cases occur between March and June. The rat lungworm, A cantonensis was first described by Chen in 1935 in Canton, China. While initially called Pulmonema cantonensis the parasite was later reclassified as A cantonensis. A disease diagnosed as eosinophilic meningoencephalitis was first described in 1944 in Taiwan. The same disease was reported in 1948 in the East Caroline Islands but it was not until 1961 that A cantonensis was confirmed as the aetiological agent when a patient in a Hawaiian mental institution, who had died of eosinophilic meningoencephalitis, had A cantonensis larvae recovered from the brain and spinal cord. The first reports of animals infected with A cantonensis were made by Mason in 1976 when he described a syndrome occurring in puppies in the Brisbane area, characterised by urinary incontinence, hind limb paresis and hyperaesthesia, often associated with eosinophilic pleocytosis of the CSF. Reports of infection in other species followed including macropods, bats, horses, primates and birds. Twenty-two cases of suspected CNA were collected prospectively to compare with those previously described, including 37 cases published by Mason in 1983, and to examine the accuracy of an ELISA used to diagnose human neural angiostrongyliasis in Australia. Samples were collected from two control populations in an attempt to validate the ELISA results. In the prospective series of cases, there was a significantly older subpopulation of dogs in addition to “classical” young dogs, suggesting that this syndrome can occur at any age and should be considered a differential in any dog with progressive neurological disease. The mortality rate in the prospective group was lower than in the published group, which is a reflection of the severity of the disease in younger animals as is the case with human patients. Definitive diagnosis of neural angiostrongyliasis in human patients has been achieved by identifying A cantonensis larvae within the CSF or aqueous humour. In dogs, the only definitive way to diagnose CNA has been via necropsy. While many cases of CNA are characteristic and presumptive diagnosis can be made based on typical history, signalment, clinical signs, CSF analysis and response to glucocorticoids, there appear to be an increasing number of cases occurring in older dogs, that displaying focal, atypical clinical signs or that develop permanent sequelae. Serology has been a useful tool in diagnosing neural angiostrongyliasis in humans. In its current form the ELISA is not sensitive or specific enough to allow a definitive diagnosis of CNA to be made using serum but is useful when applied to CSF specimens. Further refinement of the antigen or using monoclonal rather than polyclonal antibodies may improve the accuracy of the serology. Alternatively, methods such as Western Blot, Immuno-PCR or dot-blot ELISA, which have been successfully used to diagnoses angiostrongyliasis in humans, may be worthy of investigation The major differential diagnosis for CNA is neosporosis. Other differential diagnoses include idiopathic eosinophilic meningoencephalitis, parasitic infections including Toxoplasma gondii, Taenia solium, Gnathostoma spinigerum, visceral larval migrans (Toxocara canis) and schistosomiasis, fungal, bacterial, viral and rickettsial infections as well as neoplasia, trauma, drug reactions and toxicities. Treatment of CNA has been limited to glucocorticoids, however there may be adjunct therapies including anthelmintices, cyclosporine, and matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors. In Mason’s series of cases the use of anthelmintics significantly worsened the clinical outcome for patients. It does not appear, however, that the use of these agents in species other than the dog exacerbates clinical signs. Acquired immunity is short lived in rats and mice, which would suggest the same is true in dogs. Routine heartworm and intestinal parasite prophylaxis appears to have no influence on the occurrence of CNA.

Submitted by Jorge Silva (jorgelmsilva@ufrrj.br) on 2017-06-06T18:14:40Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2015 - Vin?cius Menezes Tunholi Alves.pdf: 1609397 bytes, checksum: 1c31fd547893728f1c9c9165ee10137c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-06T18:14:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2015 - Vin?cius Menezes Tunholi Alves.pdf: 1609397 bytes, checksum: 1c31fd547893728f1c9c9165ee10137c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-07-01 / FAPERJ / Angiostrongylus cantonensis Chen, 1935 was first described as a parasite of the pulmonary artery of Rattus norvegicus and Rattus rattus in Canton, China. This helminth is an etiological agent of eosinophilic meningoencephalitis, a zoonotic disease endemic to certain Asian countries, which has recently dispersed to Africa, North and South America, and Caribbean islands. Currently Brazil is considered an area of high risk for the establishment of human angiostrongyliasis, due mainly to the occurrence of naturally infected snails and rodents, acting respectively as definitive and intermediate hosts of this parasite, directly favoring the transmission dynamics of neural angiostrongyliasis. In its life cycle, snails act as intermediate hosts, allowing the development of infective larval forms in the definitive host. In recent years, the metabolic characteristics of experimentally infected snails have been studied in an effort to develop measures to control the pathologies transmitted by these organisms. However, there is little information on the relationship between A. cantonensis and the freshwater snail Biomphalaria glabrata, which is cause for concern, not only because of the importance of this parasite, but also due to the widespread distribution of this snail in Brazil. In this study, the metabolic alterations of B. glabrata resulting from experimental infection by A. cantonensis were evaluated. For this purpose, snails of the pigmented strain were used, reared in the laboratory since oviposition. Two overall groups were formed: control (C1, C2 and C3), with uninfected animals, and treated (I1, I2 and I3), with infected snails. Each subgroup was composed of 10 snails. The entire experiment was performed in duplicate, utilizing a total of 120 snails. After one, two and three weeks of infection, 20 snails from each group were dissected to collect the hemolymph and tissues. The spectrophotometric readings were performed with Doles commercial reagent kits. The biochemical measurement demonstrated that infection by A. cantonensis induced a significant reduction in the hemolymph concentrations of calcium after one week of infection, followed by an increase in the concentrations of this ion in the second week of infection. This situation was accompanied by intense mobilization of CaCO3 in the shell of the infected snails, possibly as an attempt to reestablish the acid-base equilibrium after its alteration during the parasites? development. The histopathology results also demonstrated morphological changes in the digestive gland of infected snails, mainly in the form of granulomatous reactions and areas of metastatic calcification. Variations in the reserves of neutral lipids stored in the digestive gland-gonad complex were also observed. Infection resulted in a significant decrease in the concentrations of cholesterol and an increase in the levels of fatty acid and triacylglycerol after the first two weeks of infection. The increase in the concentration of fatty acid was associated with an increase in lipase activity, indicating that A. cantonensis induces activation of a lipolytic process during development in its intermediate host. Finally, infection by A. cantonensis resulted in changes in the oxidative metabolism of B. glabrata. Besides depletion of the polysaccharide reserves stored in the digestive gland and cephalopodal mass, parasitism by A. cantonensis induced activation of the host?s anaerobic metabolism, resulting not only in an increase in activity of lactate dehydrogenase in the hemolymph, but also reduction of the levels of pyruvic acid and accumulation of lactate. This is an interesting adaptive response of the host to infection, enabling the host, through anaerobic metabolism, to generate energy while still maintaining its redox balance. Additionally, the reduction in the concentrations of oxalic acid in the final parasite development periods suggests its diversion to gluconeogenesis, indicating the involvement of this molecule as a precursor in the synthesis of glucose-6-phosphate. This metabolic condition was accompanied by a deletion in oxidative phosphorylation infected snails (1 and 2 weeks) after infection, suggesting a decrease in the number of mitochondria in the examined tissue, or suppression of enzymatic centers related to oxidative reactions. / O nemat?ide Angiostrongylus cantonensis foi primeiramente descrito como parasito de art?ria pulmonar de Rattus norvegicus e Rattus rattus em Canton, China. Este helminto tem sido mencionado como principal agente etiol?gico da meningoencefalite eosinof?lica humana, uma metazoonose end?mica no continente asi?tico e que recentemente, tem-se disseminado para ?frica, Norte e Sul da Am?rica e Ilhas do Caribe. Atualmente, o Brasil ? considerado ?rea de alto risco ao estabelecimento da angiostrongil?ase humana, justificado n?o somente pela presen?a de moluscos, mas tamb?m roedores naturalmente infectados, que atuam respectivamente como hospedeiros intermedi?rios e definitivos desse parasito, fatores que favorecem diretamente a din?mica de transmiss?o da angiostrongil?ase neural. Em seu ciclo de vida moluscos atuam como hospedeiros intermedi?rios, possibilitando a partir se sua infec??o, o desenvolvimento de formas larvais infectantes ao hospedeiro definitivo. Nos ?ltimos anos, a caracteriza??o de padr?es metab?licos de moluscos infectados experimentalmente, tem sido estudada como base para o desenvolvimento de medidas focadas principalmente no controle de patologias transmitidas por estes organismos. Por?m, quando nos referimos a modelos experimentais utilizando A. cantonensis e Biomphalaria glabrata, os dados ainda s?o escassos, o que preocupa, n?o apenas pela import?ncia do parasito, mas tamb?m pela ampla distribui??o da esp?cie B. glabrata no Brasil. Neste estudo, foram observadas altera??es no metabolismo mineral, lip?dico e oxidativo de B. glabrata, decorrentes da infec??o experimental por A. cantonensis. Para isso, foram utilizados moluscos da linhagem pigmentada criados desde a oviposi??o e mantidos em condi??es laborat?riais. Foram formados dois grupos: controle (C1, C2, C3) com animais n?o infectados e infectados (I1, I2 e I3). Os grupos eram compostos por 10 moluscos. Todo experimento foi feito em duplicata, utilizando um total de 120 moluscos. Ap?s 1, 2 e 3 semanas de infec??o, 20 moluscos de cada grupo eram dissecados para a coleta da hemolinfa e tecidos. As leituras espectrofotom?tricas foram realizadas a partir de kits comercias da marca Doles. As dosagens bioqu?micas demonstraram que a infec??o por A. cantonensis induziu uma diminui??o significativa nos conte?dos hemolinf?ticos de c?lcio ap?s primeira semana de infec??o, seguido por um aumento nas concentra??es desse ?on na segunda semana de estudo. Este cen?rio foi acompanhado por uma intensa mobiliza??o de CaCO3 na concha de moluscos infectados, possivelmente como tentativa em restabelecer o equil?brio ?cido-base alterado durante o desenvolvimento do parasito. Resultados histopatol?gicos demonstraram ainda altera??es morfol?gicas na gl?ndula digestiva de moluscos infectados, caracterizadas principalmente na forma de rea??es granulomatosas e ?reas de calcifica??o metast?tica. Varia??es nas reservas de lip?dios neutros estocados no complexo gl?ndula digestiva-g?noda foram tamb?m demonstradas. A infec??o resultou em um decr?scimo significativo nos conte?dos de colesterol e no aumento dos n?veis de ?cido graxo e triacilglicerol ap?s as duas primeiras semanas de infec??o. O aumento nos conte?dos de ?cido graxo foi associado ao aumento da atividade lip?sica, indicando que A. cantonensis induz de fato a ativa??o de um processo lipol?tico durante etapa de desenvolvimento em seu hospedeiro intermedi?rio. Por fim, a infec??o de A. cantonensis resultou em mudan?as no metabolismo oxidativo de B. glabrata. Al?m da deple??o de reservas polissacar?dicas estocadas na gl?ndula digestiva e massa cefalopodal, o parasitismo por A. cantonensis induziu a ativa??o do metabolismo anaer?bio de seu hospedeiro, resultando n?o apenas no aumento da atividade da lactato desidrogenase hemolinf?tica, mas tamb?m na redu??o dos n?veis de ?cido pir?vico e ac?mulo de lactato. Isso representa uma interessante resposta adaptativa do hospedeiro frente ? infec??o, possibilitando o hospedeiro a partir do metabolismo anaer?bio, gerar energia e ao mesmo tempo mant?m seu balan?o redox. Adicionalmente, a redu??o nas concentra??es de ?cido ox?lico observado nos per?odos finais do desenvolvimento parasit?rio, sugere o seu desvio para a gliconeog?nese, destacando o envolvimento dessa mol?cula como precursora na s?ntese de glicose-6-fosfato. Este cen?rio metab?lico foi acompanhado por uma supress?o na fosforila??o oxidativa de moluscos infectados (1 e 2 semanas) de infec??o, sugerindo uma diminui??o na quantidade de mitoc?ndrias no tecido analisado, ou ainda, na inibi??o de centros enzim?ticos relacionados ?s rea??es oxidativas.

Submitted by Jorge Silva (jorgelmsilva@ufrrj.br) on 2017-05-02T21:37:15Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Tatiane Cristina dos Santos Bonfim.pdf: 2465996 bytes, checksum: 94f74695ec8fd235bfbcd7f4a82aec87 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-02T21:37:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Tatiane Cristina dos Santos Bonfim.pdf: 2465996 bytes, checksum: 94f74695ec8fd235bfbcd7f4a82aec87 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-25 / CNPq / The interaction between intermediate hosts and helminths can cause metabolic and reproductive changes in the host snail, they start using their reserves to maintain its vital functions, immune system activation, repair of tissue damage and also to supply the necessary energy for the parasites development. Investigations of co-infection by different helminths can provide essential information about the biology of their co-existence. Our aims are investigate the reproductive changes, evaluate the activity of lactate dehydrogenase and the concentrations of glucose in the hemolymph and glycogen in the digestive gland complex and cephalopedal mass, and also verify histological and histochemical changes of Biomphalaria glabrata experimentally co-infected with Echinostoma paraensei and Angiostrongylus cantonensis. Five groups of snails i.e. uninfected, with single and double infections, either E. paraensei first (E+A) or A. cantonensis first (A+E) were followed; three times a week during four weeks the numbers of egg masses, eggs and hatched snails were counted. Histological and histochemical samples of the ovotestis, albumen gland, digestive gland complex and cephalopedal mass were collected after four weeks as well samples for the biochemical analysis. The number of egg masses/snail, eggs/snail and hatched snails showed significant differences comparing the control group to all infected groups, especially in group E + A, with the majority of values of parameters analyzed lower than 50% of those observed for control snails. A significant decrease in glucose levels and glycogen content, in contrast an increase of lactate dehydrogenase activity was observed in the infected snails. These results indicate intense energy demand that takes the snail increasing the anaerobic degradation of carbohydrates in the infected snails to obtain energy in an attempt to maintain homeostasis. The histological analysis showed that presence of both parasites in the all organs analyzed and the parasites were associated with cell disorganization. / A intera??o entre hospedeiros intermedi?rios e helmintos pode causar altera??es metab?licas e reprodutivas no molusco hospedeiro, que come?am a usar suas reservas para manter as fun??es vitais, na elabora??o de resposta imunol?gica e repara??o de danos teciduais e tamb?m para compensar a drenagem de nutrientes/energia pelos parasitos em desenvolvimento. Investiga??es sobre as co-infec??es por helmintos de esp?cies diferentes podem fornecer informa??es essenciais sobre a biologia da sua co-exist?ncia, refletindo aspectos mais pr?ximos ?queles que encontramos em condi??es naturais. Nossos objetivos foram investigar as altera??es reprodutivas, avaliar a atividade da lactato desidrogenase e as concentra??es de glicose na hemolinfa e glicog?nio no complexo gl?ndula digestiva-g?nada e massa cefalopediosa, e tamb?m verificar altera??es histol?gicas e histoqu?micas de Biomphalaria glabrata experimentalmente co-infectados com Echinostoma paraensei e Angiostrongylus cantonensis. Cinco grupos de moluscos (n?o infectados, com infec??es simples (Echinostoma paraensei ou Angiostrongylus cantonensis) e dupla, seja E. paraensei primeiro (E + A) ou A. cantonensis primeiro (A + E)) foram acompanhados; tr?s vezes por semana durante quatro semanas o n?mero de massas de ovos, n?mero de ovos e n?mero de moluscos eclodidos foram contados. Amostras para a an?lise histol?gica e histoqu?mica do ovoteste, gl?ndula do alb?men, complexo gl?ndula digestiva e massa cefalopediosa foram coletadas ap?s quatro semanas, assim como amostras para a an?lise bioqu?mica. O n?mero de massas de ovos/molusco, ovos/molusco e moluscos eclodidos dos moluscos infectados apresentaram diferen?as significativas quando comparados com o grupo controle, especialmente no grupo E + A, cuja a maioria dos valores dos par?metros analisados foi inferior a 50% dos valores observados para os moluscos controle. Um decr?scimo significativo nos n?veis de glicose e de glicog?nio, em contraste com um aumento de atividade da lactato desidrogenase foi observado nos exemplares infectados. Estes resultados indicam que a demanda de energia intensa leva o molusco infectado ao aumento da degrada??o anaer?bia de carboidratos para obten??o de energia buscando atender ao aumento da demanda energ?tica, numa tentativa de manter a homeostase glic?mica, por?m redu??es significativas s?o observadas. As an?lises histol?gicas e histoqu?micas mostraram a presen?a de ambos os parasitos nos ?rg?os analisados associados com intensa desorganiza??o celular.

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No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Vera Lúcia Coimbra Moreira.pdf: 173676939 bytes, checksum: 643c5b8525ed51ecdce8f978186dd9ce (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-12-06 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Urban rodents are denominated sinanthropes, commensal, due to their assosciation to human species and for depend of anthropic environment for survive. Historically, these animals are recognized as transmitter’s agents of diseases for humans and domestic animals, since Black Death, in XIV century. However, urban rats transmit many other parasites beyond the bacteria Yersinia pestis, they hot and transmit helminths, however more studies must be developed, after Abu-Madi (2005). The present work intends to accomplish a survey of the helminth fauna of urban rats with zoonotic potential in the districts of Belém-Pa. In the year of preparation of the project (2008), Guamá and Montese (Terra Firme) districts were selected, these two districts with a high index of leptospirosis (SINAN, 2007) and with poor sanitation and garbage accumulation close to houses (clues to rodents presence). In these districts, 16 rodents of genus Rattus were captured, of distinct sex and reproductive age. Captured animals were necropsied at Biotério of ICB/UFPA and helminths found were colleted for studies and identification of species at LBCH-UFPA. Two of the species identified with zoonotic potential, Calodium hepaticum and Angiostrongylus cantonensis, have a worldwide distribution and have Rattus rattus and R. norvegicus as main definitive hosts. Calodium hepaticum is a trichurid nematode that parasitizes the hepatic parenchyma, with capacity to infect many species of mammals, including human. However, this finding is rare. Angiostrongylus cantonensis is a parasite of the pulmonar artery of rodents that, in humans, have their life cycle interrupted during the passage to central nervous system, giving risc to a local inflammatory process known as eosinophilic meningitis, a disease considered endemic in asian countries, with reported cases in Brazil, in Espirito Santo and Pernambuco. This is the first record of these helminths in rats from Belém, that contributes for mapping of occurrence these nematodes and serves as alerts to public health about these zoonosis that urban population and their visitors are exposed. / Roedores urbanos são também denominados sinantrópicos comensais devido a sua associação à espécie humana e, dependência do ambiente antrópico para sua sobrevivência. Historicamente, estes animais são reconhecidos como agentes transmissores de doenças aos homens e aos animais domésticos, desde a disseminação da Peste Negra, no século XIV. Entretanto, ratos urbanos veiculam muitos outros parasitos além da bactéria Yersinia pestis, albergam e transmitem helmintos, aos quais devem ser dedicados maiores estudos, segundo Abu-Madi (2005). Este trabalho objetivou fazer um levantamento da helmintofauna com potencial zoonótico de ratos urbanos em bairros de Belém-PA. À época da elaboração do projeto (2008), foram selecionados Guamá e Montese (Terra Firme), os dois bairros com os índices mais elevados de leptospirose (SINAN, 2007) e com saneamento urbano precário e acúmulo de lixo próximo às casas (indícios da presença dos roedores). Nestes bairros, foram capturados 16 roedores do gênero Rattus, de sexo e idade reprodutiva distintas. Os animais capturados foram necropsiados no Biotério do ICB/UFPA e os helmintos encontrados, retirados para estudo e identificação de espécie no LBCH-UFPA. Duas das espécies identificadas, Calodium hepaticum e Angiostrongylus cantonensis, possuem reconhecido potencial zoonótico de ocorrência mundial, apresentando Rattus rattus e R. norvegicus como principais hospedeiros definitivos. Calodium hepaticum é um nematódeo trichurideo, parasito de parênquima hepático, com capacidade de infectar diversas espécies de mamíferos, incluindo a espécie humana, embora este seja um achado considerado raro. Angiostrongylus cantonensis é um parasito de artéria pulmonar de roedor que, no homem, tem seu ciclo interrompido na passagem pelo sistema nervoso central, desencadeando um processo inflamatório local, conhecido como meningite eosinofílica, enfermidade considerada endêmica em países asiáticos, com casos relatados no Brasil, nos estados do Espírito Santo e Pernambuco. Este é o primeiro registro da ocorrência de ambos os helmintos circulando no município de Belém, através de ratos, o que contribui para o mapeamento da ocorrência destes nematódeos e serve de alerta às instituições de controle de endemias, do risco para a saúde pública sobre estas zoonoses as quais a população da cidade e seus visitantes estão expostos.