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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
101

Synthesis, Characterization and Biological Evaluation of Novel (S,E)-11-[2-(Arylmethylene) Hydrazono] Pyrrolo [2,1-c] [1,4] Benzodiazepine Derivatives

Mingle, David 01 August 2019 (has links)
Pyrrolo [2,1-c] [1,4] benzodiazepine (PBD) is a class of natural products obtained from various actinomycetes which have both anti-tumor and antibiotic activities and can bind to specific sequences of DNA. PBD-dilactam was initially produced using isatoic anhydride and (L)-proline which was then converted to the PBD-thiolactam using Lawesson's reagent. Reaction of thiolactam with hydrazine in ethanol afforded PBD-11-hydrazinyl. Condensation of 11-hydrazinyl PBD with aldehydes possessing various substitutions was performed to obtain (S,E)-11-[2-(arylmethylene) hydrazono] pyrrolo [2,1-c] [1,4] benzodiazepine derivatives. 1HNMR, 13C-NMR, DEPT, IR, GC-MS and X-ray crystallography were used for the characterization. Inhibition activity of the products were carried out using TEM-1, AmpC and P99 β-lactamases. A minimal inhibition growth of 25% was observed for one of the selected PBDs on cancer cell line. A promising result was observed on preliminary cannabinoid binding activity test on one of the compounds.
102

Steric Stabilization of Polylactide particles achieved by Covalent 'grafting-from' with Hydrophilic Polymers

Nugroho, Robertus Wahyu Nayan January 2013 (has links)
Despite numerous advantages of using particles in a wide range of applications, they have one drawback that is their tendency to agglomerate. One way to overcome this problem is to sterically  stabilize the particles by introducing polymeric  chains covalently attached to the surface. Surface modification by covalently attaching polymer chains to the particle surface can be achieved by e.g. a ‘grafting-from’ technique under UV irradiation. In this thesis, polylactide (PLA) particles were surface modified, under UV irradiation, with the hydrophilic monomers: acrylamide (AAm), acrylic acid (AA), and maleic anhydride (MAH). The developed ‘grafting-from’ technique was shown to be nondestructive method for surface modification of PLA particles of two different geometries. The change in surface chemistry of the PLA particles was confirmed by FTIR and XPS, indicating the success of the surface grafting technique. Force interaction between two surface grafted PLA substrates was measured by colloidal probe AFM in different salt concentrations. In order to understand the repulsive force, the AFM force profiles were compared to the DLVO theory and AdG model. Long range repulsive interactions were mainly observed when hydrophilic polymers were covalently attached to the surface of PLA particles, leading to steric interaction. Attractive force dominated the interaction when neat PLA particle was approaching each other, resulting in particle aggregation, even though short range repulsion was observed at small separation distance, i.e. approximately 10 nm. Attractive interaction was also observed when neat PLA was approaching to PAA-grafted PLA substrate. This attractive interaction was much greater than force interaction between two neat PLA substrates.  The surface grafted particles can be used in biomedical application where secondary interactions are important to overcome particle agglomeration such as particle-based drug delivery. / <p>QC 20130529</p>
103

Activation chimiosélective et dérivatisation d’amides et d'alcools : synthèse de plusieurs groupements fonctionnels et hétérocycles

Schulz Bechara, William 12 1900 (has links)
No description available.
104

Análise e implementação de estimadores de estados em processos químicos. / Analysis and Implementation of state estimators in chemical processes.

Rincón Cuellar, Franklin David 27 March 2013 (has links)
Neste trabalho são apresentadas estratégias para a estimação, em processos químicos, de estados, parâmetros e covariâncias do ruído de processo e das medidas que são testadas com dados experimentais. Para a estimação de estados e parâmetros foram implementadas desde a técnica mais tradicional, o filtro estendido de Kalman (EKF) até as mais modernas da literatura, como o filtro de Kalman Unscented (UKF) e o Moving Horizon Estimator (MHE). A técnica Autocovariance Least-Squares (ALS) permite a estimação das matrizes de covariância do processo e das medidas a partir dos estados medidos dos processos analisados. Três processos foram analisados com as técnicas citadas: a reação de hidrólise de anidrido acético, o aquecimento de um reator de polimerização completamente carregado (sem iniciador) e por fim oito reações diferentes de polimerização em emulsão. Os resultados mostraram que uma sintonia por tentativa e erro para as matrizes de covariância não apresenta um desempenho adequado. Adicionalmente, o UKF mostra um melhor desempenho, quando comparado com o EKF para o monitoramento de processos de polimerização regime em batelada com covariâncias obtidas através de otimização direta. Quando a estimação da covariância com a técnica ALS é implementada e os resultados utilizados em estimadores estocásticos, o desempenho dos estimadores recursivos melhora consideravelmente. Além disso, o MHE mostrou ser uma ferramenta robusta para o monitoramento do coeficiente global de troca térmica (UA) e do calor gerado pela reação para a polimerização em emulsão em regime semi-contínuo. Finalmente, duas características vantajosas da metodologia proposta devem ser destacadas: a independência em relação ao valor inicial para o estado UA e o fato de um único conjunto de matrizes de covariância (quando obtida pela técnica ALS) poder ser utilizado em reações diferentes, sem necessidade de sintonizar novamente as matrizes para cada reação. / In this work, strategies for state, parameter and covariance estimation in chemical processes are presented and tested with experimental data. For state and parameter estimation techniques have been implemented that spread from the traditional Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) to the most modern techniques from literature, such as the Unscented Kalman Filter (UKF) and the Moving Horizon Estimator (MHE). The Autocovariance Least-Squares technique (ALS) allows the covariance matrices of the process and measurement noise to be estimated based on the measured states of the processes analyzed. Three cases were studied using these techniques: the hydrolysis of acetic anhydride, the warming-up stage of a fully charged polymerization reactor (without initiator) to the desired temperature and finally, eight different emulsion polymerization reaction runs. Results showed that determining covariance matrices by trial and error does not lead to an adequate performance. Additionally, the UKF presents a better performance than the EKF for batch polymerization processes with covariance matrices obtained by direct optimization. When the estimation of the covariance is performed by the ALS technique and they are used in a stochastic estimator, the performance of the recursive estimators is considerably improved. Furthermore, the MHE proved to be a robust tool for monitoring the overall heat transfer coefficient (UA) and the heat of reaction for fedbatch emulsion polymerization. Finally, two positive features of the proposed methodology must be highlighted, its low dependency on the initial state condition of UA and the fact that a unique set of covariance matrices (when obtained by the ALS technique) can be used for different reaction runs, without the necessity of tuning the matrices again for each reaction.
105

Avaliação de técnicas calorimétricas aplicadas ao monitoramento de processos químicos. / Calorimetric technique evaluation applied for chemical processes monitoring.

Hirota, Wilson Hideki 01 September 2009 (has links)
A crescente demanda por produtos poliméricos com propriedades cada vez mais estritas tem forçado o desenvolvimento de técnicas de monitoramento em linha cada vez mais precisas e robustas. Infelizmente, grande parte das principais propriedades poliméricas não são quantificáveis em linha a partir das metodologias analíticas atualmente disponíveis e, portanto, na prática, as propriedades finais dos látices poliméricos são obtidas através da caracterização off line de amostras discretas coletadas do processo, resultando em um tempo de análise longo e indesejado para qualquer algoritmo de controle em tempo real. Por outro lado, como as reações de polimerização são altamente exotérmicas é possível quantificar continuamente a taxa de calor gerado pela reação a partir das medidas de temperatura e do balanço de energia que, por sua vez, pode ser usada para obter importantes informações acerca do estado do processo. Entretanto, esta técnica requer a atualização contínua do coeficiente global de troca térmica ao longo da reação, uma vez que este parâmetro está sujeito a variações temporais significativas. Portanto, o presente trabalho tem por objetivo analisar a viabilidade da aplicação conjunta dos conceitos da calorimetria e dos observadores não-lineares para a estimação dos estados de um processo químico. Para isso, serão analisadas duas reações químicas distintas: a) uma reação de hidrólise de anidrido acético, b) uma reação copolimerização em emulsão. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que essa metodologia é extremamente dependente dos parâmetros de sintonia do observador de estado, inviabilizando o seu uso para o monitoramento em linha de um processo químico. Por outro lado, a aplicação direta do balanço de energia para estimação do calor gerado pela reação, mostrou-se uma forma alternativa simples e viável para a estimação em tempo real dos estados de uma reação de polimerização. / The increasing demand for the production of polymers with more tight properties has placed great emphasis on the development of accurate and robust online monitoring techniques of polymerization reactions. Unfortunately, most of the main characteristics are not measurable online from analytical methodologies currently available and, therefore, in practice, the final properties of polymer latexes are obtained through off line characterization of discrete samples collected from the process, resulting in measurement delay which is undesirable for real-time control. On the other hand, since most of the polymerization reactions are highly exothermic, it is possible to quantify continuously the heat release rate based on temperature measurements and energy balance equations that, in turn, can be used to infer valuable information about the state of process. However, this approach requires up-dating the value of the global heat exchange coefficient through reaction, once this parameter is subject to significant time variations. Therefore, this work aims to examine the feasibility of joint implementation of the concepts of reaction calorimetry and nonlinear state observers for estimation of the states of a chemical process. In order to do that, two distinct chemical reactions will be considered: a) a hydrolysis of acetic anhydride reaction, b) an emulsion copolymerization reaction. The results showed that this approach shows a strong dependence of the tuning parameters, preventing its use for online monitoring of a chemical process. On the other hand, applying the heat balance it is possible to infer continuously the heat release rate and the states of polymerization reactions.
106

Caracterização vibracional e térmica de compósitos de LLDPES modificados e sílica (OU) Caracterização vibracional e térmica de compósitos de lldpe\'s funcionallzados e sílica de superfície modificada / Vibrational and thermal characterization of functionalized LLDPE composites and surface-modified silica

Santos, Ednardo Moreira 27 April 2006 (has links)
Compósitos de polímeros de polietileno linear de baixa densidade (LLDPE) possuem baixo desempenho mecânico devido principalmente à sua fraca interação, intermolecular, entre a cadeia polimérica e a carga. Uma maneira de minimizar esse baixo desempenho mecânico se faz com a mudança da estrutura química da poliolefina com a inserção de um grupo polar a sua cadeia, ou seja, faz-se a funcionalização das poliolefinas. O sistema de funcionalização adotado foi o processamento reativo, no qual foi utilizado para este sistema de processamento o misturador de dupla rosca acoplado a um reâmetro de torque. Neste trabalho, os grupos polares inseridos à cadeia dos polímeros de LLDPE\'s de copolímeros 1-buteno e 1-octeno (LLDPE-but e LLDPE-oct) foram o anidrido maléico (AM) e o anidrido tetrahidroftálico (ATF). Para a confecção dos compósitos foram utilizadas as cargas de microesferas de sílica modificada, no qual foi inserido compostos silanados em sua superfície (3-aminopropilsilano - APS - e trimetoxiclorosilano TMCISi) para estudo de interação com as poliolefinas funcionalizadas. Neste trabalho foram realizados ensaios de caracterização térmica, vibracional além de análises de torque do polímero fundido, análises do grau de reticulação e ensaios mecânicos de tração por elongação. Na caracterização térmica foram utilizadas as técnicas: termogravimetria (TG) e calorimetria exploratória diferencial (DSC). Na caracterização vibracional utilizou-se a espectroscopia fotoacústica no infravermelho (PAS-IR) e a espectroscopia de espalhamento Raman. Pela técnica PAS-IR foi possível comprovar a inserção dos anidridos à cadeia das poliolefinas assim como foi possível verificar a interação entre o polímero funcionalizado e a carga. Pelas técnicas térmicas de DSC e TG foi possível verificar mudanças das propriedades do compósito frente aos polímeros originais ou funcionalizados. Os ensaios mecânicos comprovaram que os compósitos de polímeros funcionalizados possuem maior elongação e tensão à ruptura comparada aos compósitos dos LLDPE\'s não funcionalizados / Linear low density composites have a weak mechanical behavior due mainly to the weak interactions - intermolecular - between the polymeric back bone and the charge. The anchoring a polar group in polymeric back bone is a strategy to increase the interactions between the polymer and the charge, as mean, the polyolefin is functionalized. The functionalization process used is the reactive process by a Mixer coupled with torque rheometer. In this work the polar groups used to functionalize the LLDPE\'s with comonomer 1-buten and 1-octen are maleic anhydride and tetrahydrophtalic anhydride. The composites were maked adding in to graft LLDPE\'s the charge of modified surface silicate micro-spheres whith 3aminepropylsilane or trimethoxyclorinesilane. This work to composites characterization was used thermal and vibrational characterization, and torque, crystalinity degree and mechanical tests. In thermal characterizations were used: termogravimetry (TG) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). In the vibrational characterization, the photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS-IR) and Raman spectroscopy were used. Using the PAS-IR technique it was possible to prove the anhydride bonding in the polyolefin back bones, and also was possible verify the interactions between the functionalized polymer and the charge. With DSC and TG techniques was possible verify changes in composites properties in comparison to originais or functionalized polymers. The mechanical tests show that the functionalized polymer composites have bigger values of elongation and tensile strength in comparison to non functionalized LLDPE composites.
107

Caracterização vibracional e térmica de compósitos de LLDPES modificados e sílica (OU) Caracterização vibracional e térmica de compósitos de lldpe\'s funcionallzados e sílica de superfície modificada / Vibrational and thermal characterization of functionalized LLDPE composites and surface-modified silica

Ednardo Moreira Santos 27 April 2006 (has links)
Compósitos de polímeros de polietileno linear de baixa densidade (LLDPE) possuem baixo desempenho mecânico devido principalmente à sua fraca interação, intermolecular, entre a cadeia polimérica e a carga. Uma maneira de minimizar esse baixo desempenho mecânico se faz com a mudança da estrutura química da poliolefina com a inserção de um grupo polar a sua cadeia, ou seja, faz-se a funcionalização das poliolefinas. O sistema de funcionalização adotado foi o processamento reativo, no qual foi utilizado para este sistema de processamento o misturador de dupla rosca acoplado a um reâmetro de torque. Neste trabalho, os grupos polares inseridos à cadeia dos polímeros de LLDPE\'s de copolímeros 1-buteno e 1-octeno (LLDPE-but e LLDPE-oct) foram o anidrido maléico (AM) e o anidrido tetrahidroftálico (ATF). Para a confecção dos compósitos foram utilizadas as cargas de microesferas de sílica modificada, no qual foi inserido compostos silanados em sua superfície (3-aminopropilsilano - APS - e trimetoxiclorosilano TMCISi) para estudo de interação com as poliolefinas funcionalizadas. Neste trabalho foram realizados ensaios de caracterização térmica, vibracional além de análises de torque do polímero fundido, análises do grau de reticulação e ensaios mecânicos de tração por elongação. Na caracterização térmica foram utilizadas as técnicas: termogravimetria (TG) e calorimetria exploratória diferencial (DSC). Na caracterização vibracional utilizou-se a espectroscopia fotoacústica no infravermelho (PAS-IR) e a espectroscopia de espalhamento Raman. Pela técnica PAS-IR foi possível comprovar a inserção dos anidridos à cadeia das poliolefinas assim como foi possível verificar a interação entre o polímero funcionalizado e a carga. Pelas técnicas térmicas de DSC e TG foi possível verificar mudanças das propriedades do compósito frente aos polímeros originais ou funcionalizados. Os ensaios mecânicos comprovaram que os compósitos de polímeros funcionalizados possuem maior elongação e tensão à ruptura comparada aos compósitos dos LLDPE\'s não funcionalizados / Linear low density composites have a weak mechanical behavior due mainly to the weak interactions - intermolecular - between the polymeric back bone and the charge. The anchoring a polar group in polymeric back bone is a strategy to increase the interactions between the polymer and the charge, as mean, the polyolefin is functionalized. The functionalization process used is the reactive process by a Mixer coupled with torque rheometer. In this work the polar groups used to functionalize the LLDPE\'s with comonomer 1-buten and 1-octen are maleic anhydride and tetrahydrophtalic anhydride. The composites were maked adding in to graft LLDPE\'s the charge of modified surface silicate micro-spheres whith 3aminepropylsilane or trimethoxyclorinesilane. This work to composites characterization was used thermal and vibrational characterization, and torque, crystalinity degree and mechanical tests. In thermal characterizations were used: termogravimetry (TG) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). In the vibrational characterization, the photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS-IR) and Raman spectroscopy were used. Using the PAS-IR technique it was possible to prove the anhydride bonding in the polyolefin back bones, and also was possible verify the interactions between the functionalized polymer and the charge. With DSC and TG techniques was possible verify changes in composites properties in comparison to originais or functionalized polymers. The mechanical tests show that the functionalized polymer composites have bigger values of elongation and tensile strength in comparison to non functionalized LLDPE composites.
108

Synthèse et caractérisation de nouveaux copolymères potentiellement autoassociatifs

CAILLOL, Sylvain 08 October 2002 (has links) (PDF)
Le sujet de cette étude consiste en la synthèse de nouveaux copolymères, associatifs en milieux aqueux, susceptibles d'encapsuler une protéine. Ces copolymères doivent être biocompatibles et biorésorbables pour une application biomédicale éventuelle et doivent de plus être amphiphiles. Le but de ce manuscrit est ainsi de décrire la synthèse de copolymères à blocs amphiphiles. L'association des blocs hydrophobes du copolymère doit en effet permettre la formation de particules en émulsion aqueuse. La partie hydrophobe des copolymères à blocs est constituée de polylactide synthétisé par polymérisation par ouverture de cycle du L-lactide. Le bloc hydrophile est constitué de poly(acide glutamique), peptide obtenu en deux étapes. On synthétise le poly(glutamate de benzyle) lors de la première étape par polymérisation par ouverture de cycle d'un anhydride de Leuchs, le N-carboxyanhydride de L-glutamate de benzyle. On déprotège ensuite les fonctions acide de ce polymère encore hydrophobe, le poly(glutamate de benzyle), pour obtenir le poly(acide glutamique), hydrophile. L'architecture du copolymère à blocs est obtenue à l'aide d'un amorceur difonctionnel qui amorce dans un premier temps la polymérisation du L-lactide. Le premier bloc de polylactide ainsi synthétisé possède en bout de chaîne un groupement susceptible d'amorcer la polymérisation du N-carboxyanhydride de L-glutamate de benzyle. On synthétise donc dans un deuxième temps le copolymère à blocs hydrophobes et on déprotège les fonctions acide du deuxième bloc pour obtenir le copolymère à blocs amphiphiles.
109

Redox Reactions of NO and O<sub>2</sub> in Iron Enzymes : A Density Functional Theory Study

Blomberg, Mattias January 2006 (has links)
<p>In the present thesis the density functional B3LYP has been used to study reactions of NO and O<sub>2</sub> in redox active enzymes.</p><p>Reduction of nitric oxide (NO) to nitrous oxide (N<sub>2</sub>O) is an important part in the bacterial energy conservation (denitrification). The reduction of NO in three different bimetallic active sites leads to the formation of hyponitrous acid anhydride (N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub><sup>2-</sup>). The stability of this intermediate is crucial for the reaction rate. In the two diiron systems, respiratory and scavenging types of NOR, it is possible to cleave the N-O bond, forming N<sub>2</sub>O, without any extra protons or electrons. In a heme-copper oxidase, on the other hand, both a proton and an electron are needed to form N<sub>2</sub>O.</p><p>In addition to being an intermediate in the denitrification, NO is a toxic agent. Myoglobin in the oxy-form reacts with NO forming nitrate (NO<sub>3</sub> <sup>-</sup>) at a high rate, which should make this enzyme an efficient NO scavenger. Peroxynitrite (ONOO<sup>-</sup>) is formed as a short-lived intermediate and isomerizes to nitrate through a radical reaction.</p><p>In the mechanism for pumping protons in cytochrome oxidase, thermodynamics, rather than structural changes, might guide protons to the heme propionate for further translocation.</p><p>The dioxygenation of arachidonic acid in prostaglandin endoperoxide H synthase forms the bicyclic prostaglandin G<sub>2</sub>, through a cascade of radical reactions. The mechanism proposed by Hamberg and Samuelsson is energetically feasible.</p>
110

Redox Reactions of NO and O2 in Iron Enzymes : A Density Functional Theory Study

Blomberg, Mattias January 2006 (has links)
In the present thesis the density functional B3LYP has been used to study reactions of NO and O2 in redox active enzymes. Reduction of nitric oxide (NO) to nitrous oxide (N2O) is an important part in the bacterial energy conservation (denitrification). The reduction of NO in three different bimetallic active sites leads to the formation of hyponitrous acid anhydride (N2O22-). The stability of this intermediate is crucial for the reaction rate. In the two diiron systems, respiratory and scavenging types of NOR, it is possible to cleave the N-O bond, forming N2O, without any extra protons or electrons. In a heme-copper oxidase, on the other hand, both a proton and an electron are needed to form N2O. In addition to being an intermediate in the denitrification, NO is a toxic agent. Myoglobin in the oxy-form reacts with NO forming nitrate (NO3 -) at a high rate, which should make this enzyme an efficient NO scavenger. Peroxynitrite (ONOO-) is formed as a short-lived intermediate and isomerizes to nitrate through a radical reaction. In the mechanism for pumping protons in cytochrome oxidase, thermodynamics, rather than structural changes, might guide protons to the heme propionate for further translocation. The dioxygenation of arachidonic acid in prostaglandin endoperoxide H synthase forms the bicyclic prostaglandin G2, through a cascade of radical reactions. The mechanism proposed by Hamberg and Samuelsson is energetically feasible.

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