The thesis deals with risk factors for eating disorders. The theoretical part describes the various disorders and thein symptoms and consequences. Further theoretical part analyzes of the emergence of these disorders and thein gradual historical development, which during its existence passed. Another part of the risk factors for eating disorders and possible wals of thein treatment. The practical part is focused on research of modeling as one of the risk factors for eating disorders. This section is based on information obtained through personál interview conducted with respondents from the field of modeling and acting outsider the scope. The resulting data are recorded by means of case studies, tables and graphs.

(AJ) Adipose tissue produces numerous adipokines, pro- and antiinflammatory cytokines and hormones which may influence the development of insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes mellitus and other comorbidities of the metabolic syndrome. The ability of adipose tissue to store lipids and thus protect other organs and tissues from ectopic lipid accumulation and development of insulin resistance (IR) is largely dependent on the adipogenic potential of preadipocytes. The amount and function of these cells may be the key factor in creating "healthy" adipose tissue or on the contrary "unhealthy" adipose tissue eventually leading to metabolic derangements. The regulation of the amount of body fat by converting preadipocytes into mature adipocytes may be crucial in the prevention and treatment of obesity and its comorbidities. One of the reasons for development of insulin resistance can be the inhibition of the differentiation process of preadipocytes into mature adipocytes with consequent ectopic lipid accumulation caused by the secretion of preadipocyte factor - 1 (Pref - 1). Pref - 1 has been discovered recently as a protein produced by preadipocytes but not by mature adipocytes. Pref - 1 is a member of the protein family sharing similarity with epidermal growth factors which regulate the differentiation of...

The research of the researching problems was grounded in via questionnaire (totally 270 questionnaires, 30 on each type of the school) which was conducted at Special Secondary School, Secondary Medical School and Grammar School with students of 1., 2., 3. graded in České Budějovice. Hypothesis assumed a heightened risk of arising disorder of food intake, bigger bias in their bodies and a heightened anxiety at the same time at Grammar School students which was also confirmed by the research. The conclusion includes a recommendation of precaution for parents, pedagogues and educators. It could provide them with sufficient amount of information about possible risks and curative procedures. It would be possilbe to emerge arising disorder of food ingake to obviate at all, thanks to.

Eating disorders have been studied from different points of view lately. They have occured in the centre of various psychiatric and psychologic diagnostics and therapy surveys and they have also been analysed as a sociocultural element of our lifestyle norms, our values and image standards. The number of men and women suffered from these disorders cannot be neither compared nor omitted. It is statistically clear that about ten per cent of anorexics and bulimics are male patients. Going West, the number of male patients is increasing. These disorders in men are usually connected with jobs, mostly those such as jockeys, gymnasts and dancers. Bulimia and anorexia are reported as typically women disorders therefore men hardly any time concede they can suffer from this problem and need a specialist´s advice.. The aim of the work has been to map eating behaviour, a lifestyle, physical activities and risk factors responsible for eating disorder incidence such as a distorted view of the body and being on a diet among men between the ages of 15 to 30. A quantitative technique approach using questionnaires was applied. There were stated four hypotheses concerning the relation between body acceptance and physical activities, methods used for body weight control and differences in lifestyles of secondary school students.

Diverses disciplines se sont intéressées à l’anorexie mentale au cours des dernières décennies et ont proposé différents modèles pour l’expliquer. Celui qui domine actuellement, le modèle biopsychosocial, permet de comprendre comment cette problématique se met en place au niveau proximal. Toutefois, une question perdure : existe-t-il une fonction biologique à ce trouble? Il s‘agit de l’énigme que les chercheurs adoptant une perspective évolutionniste ont tenté de résoudre. Plusieurs hypothèses ont été proposées et celles-ci seront revues et critiquées dans le cadre de ce mémoire. Ensuite, une hypothèse alternative, l’hypothèse de la compétition intrasexuelle pour le rang, sera présentée et visera à accroître la valeur explicative des modèles proposés. Il sera argumenté que la restriction alimentaire et les troubles qui en découlent sont des sous-produits de l’intensification de la compétition qui existe entre les femmes dans la culture occidentale moderne. Un projet de recherche mené auprès d’étudiantes universitaires a permis de tester certaines des prédictions faites par le modèle évolutionniste par des analyses corrélationnelles et de régression, en plus de tester l’intégration de la variable compétition au modèle de l’influence tripartite grâce à une analyse des pistes causales (Path analysis). Il a été découvert que la comparaison, la compétition et le rang subjectif en lien avec l’apparence physique sont toutes des variables liées à la recherche de minceur. Étant donné la portée limitée de cette étude, davantage de recherches seront nécessaires afin de bien démontrer la pertinence du modèle. / Various disciplines developed an interest in anorexia nervosa during the last decades and presented different models to explain it. The biopsychosocial model, currently prevailing, allows to understand how this issue takes place on a proximal level. However, one question remains : is there a biological function to this disorder? This is the enigma that researchers adopting an evolutionary perspective tried to solve. Several hypotheses have been formulated and those will be reviewed and criticized in the context of this master’s thesis. Thereafter, an alternative hypothesis, the intrasexual competition for rank hypothesis, will be presented and will aim to increase the explanatory value of the proposed models. It will be argued that self-starvation and disorders resulting from this behavior are by-product of the intensified competition existing between women in modern Western culture. A research project conducted among female university students permitted to test some of the predictions made by this evolutionary model via correlation and regression analysis, and to test the integration of the competition variable to the tripartite influence model with a Path analysis. It was discovered that comparison, competition and subjective rank related to physical appearance are all variables related to drive for thinness. Given the limited scope of this study, more research is needed to fully demonstrate the relevance of this model.

Les troubles du comportement alimentaire (TCA) touchent une part importante de la population et constitue un réel problème de santé publique, il est indispensable d’approfondir nos connaissances sur la physiopathologie des TCA afin d’identifier des perspectives thérapeutiques. L’écriture d’une revue systématique a permis d’évaluer la prévalence des TCA selon le sexe, l’origine géographique ou l’âge de la population étudiée et confirme son augmentation au cours des 15 dernières années. L’analyse des données épidémiologiques des patients avec un TCA de la cohorte Eating Disorder and Longitudinal Survey (EDILS) a souligné le stress et le régime alimentaire comme facteurs de survenue et des similarités entre les comorbidités des 3 catégories larges de TCA (Restrictive, boulimique et compulsive). Ces comorbidités étaient fortement associées entre elles et, selon un cercle vicieux pourrait contribuer au maintien de la physiopathologie des TCA. La littérature suggère l’implication d’une dérégulation peptidergique de la prise alimentaire au cours des TCA qui pourrait inclure un mécanisme immunitaire. Les analyses des échantillons plasmatiques de la cohorte ont permis de mieux définir les profils biologiques de peptides et immunoglobulines associés aux 3 catégories larges de TCA et d’évaluer leur utilité pour le phénotypage des patients. La collecte de selles dans la cohorte offre également la possibilité de préciser les profils de microbiote au cours des différents types de TCA. Cette thèse a donc permis de mieux définir les caractéristiques cliniques des TCA et les perturbations de l’axe microbiote-intestin-cerveau associées, en particulier les dérèglements biologiques. / Eating disorders (ED) affect a large population and are a serious public health issue. It is thus essential to deepen our knowledge of ED pathophysiology in order to open new therapeutic perspectives. The prevalence of ED according to sex, geographical origin or age of the study population and its increase over the last 15 years has been highlighted in a systematic review. The analysis of patients with ED from the Eating Disorder and Longitudinal Survey (EDILS) cohort underlined stress and / or diet as triggering factors and noted similarities between the comorbidities of the 3 broad categories of ED (Restrictive, bulimic and compulsive). These comorbidities were strongly associated with each other, and contributed in a vicious circle to the perpetuation of ED. The literature suggests during ED a dysregulation of neuropeptide signaling of food intake that may include some immunological mechanisms. Analyzes of plasma samples from the EDILS cohort allowed a better definition of the peptides and immunoglobulins profiles associated with the 3 broad categories of ED and to evaluate their utility for phenotyping patients. The collection of feces in the cohort offers the possibility of refining the specificity of the microbiota according to different type of ED. This thesis allows to better define the clinical characteristics of 3 broad categories of ED and disturbances of the microbiota-intestine-brain axis, particularly the associated biological dysregulations of neuropeptide signaling.

Background: Eating disorders are psychiatric illnesses whose treatment is difficult and usually the classic procedures fail. Recently, the number of researches in neuromodulatory methods has increased. I present an overview of basic stimulation methods, their use in the treatment of anorexia nervosa (AN), bulimia nervosa and binge-eating and the results of our study focused on the treatment of AN by transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). Methods: It was a randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled trial. Forty-three inpatients with AN were divided to receive either active (n=22) or sham (n=21) tDCS over the left DLPFC (anode F3/cathode Fp2, 2mA for 30 minutes). All patients filled the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q) and Zung depression scale (ZUNG), we measured them the thermal pain threshold, the objective dissatisfaction with their own body by Anamorfic program and evaluated BMI before the first and after the last tDCS. Follow-up was after 2 and 4 weeks. It was evaluated using ANOVA and OPLS model. Results: Compared to sham tDCS, active tDCS improved self-evaluation based on one's body shape (p < 0,05) and significantly decreased the need of excessive control over calorie intake (p < 0,05) in 4-week follow-up (questions 4 and 23 in EDE-Q). Question 21 in EDE-Q was more...

The aim of the diploma thesis "Maternal Identification in Anorexia Nervosa" is to map the developmental context of the onset of anorexia nervosa in female patients related with the formation of relationships with immediate caregivers and the detailed focus on the daughter's relationship with the mother. The theoretical part offers a cross-section of psychoanalytic theories that specifically deal with such process. These are mainly the object relations theory, the attachment theory as well as the recent theory of mentalization. The initial premise of the whole work is the femininity itself, the age of the patients when the period of adolescence and female gender are amongst the main risk factors for the development of anorexia nervosa and contribute to the disproportion between male and female patients. The concept of identification between daughter and mother within the separation-individuation process is described both in early childhood and during adolescence. The empirical part focuses on a particular examination of the patient's relationships with primary caregivers, the immediate environment from childhood to adulthood and the factors involved in the development of the disease. Through a semi-structured in-depth interview, the study monitors key moments of psychosocial development in four...

Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a mental illnes manifesting itselg, among other signs, with impaired body schema and rejection of food. Principal focus of the thesis was to assess the discrimination treshold, ability to evaluate sensory perception and body self-concept in adolescent female patients hospitalised with anorexia nervosa. Our goal was to clarify and better understand the still not adequately described neurophysiological aspects of anorexia nervosa. The results were compared to control group; both groups comprised 18 girls, the average age of observed group being 14,7 ± 0,71 years and average age of control group being 15,3 ±0,71 years. Two-point discrimination was examined in three areas - arm, between shoulder blades and belly - with modified caliper. The Petrie test was used in sensory perception testing, while body self-concept was measured with BAT questionare. The examinations were performed in standardised conditions during similar day times. We found significant difference in two-point discrimination in the area between the shoulder blades with significance level α = 5 % and p-value p = 0,0001. A statistically significant difference was also observed in body self-concept with significance level α = 5 % and p-value p = 0,017. Thus we conclude that patients suffering from anorexia nervosa...

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