[pt] O objetivo deste trabalho de pesquisa é investigar a vivência do erro e da correção na produção oral em sala de aula de língua estrangeira. Neste estudo, o erro é considerado como parte fundamental do processo de ensino e aprendizagem (Allwright & Bailey, 1991). A sala de aula é entendida a partir de suas dimensões social, afetiva e cognitiva (Allwright, 1988; Prabhu, 1992; Arnold & Brown, 1999), e o aprendizado é visto em uma perspectiva sócio- interacional e sócioconstrutivista (Bakhtin, 1981; Mercer, 1994, 2000; Vygotsky, 1998). A investigação se realizou através da seleção de trechos gravados de aulas de inglês em dois contextos diferentes, assim como pelas respostas dos alunos a dois questionários. A análise da vivência do erro e da correção na produção oral demonstra a importância desses instrumentos para o aprendizado de inglês como língua estrangeira. Os resultados indicam que a vivência dos erros orais pode acontecer de forma harmônica ou não, dependendo das relações pessoais e dos tipos de interação estabelecidos em sala de aula. Esses resultados também mostram que o professor ainda é reconhecido como o principal responsável por todos os movimentos corretivos. / [en] The purpose of this study is to investigate how students deal with errors and their correction in spoken discourse in a foreign language class. In this study, the error is considered an essential part of the learning and teaching process (Allwright & Bailey, 1991). The classroom is studied with respect to its social, affective and cognitive dimensions (Allwright, 1988; Prabhu, 1992; Arnold & Brown, 1999), and learning is examined according to a socio-interactional and socio-constructivist perspective (Bakhtin, 1981; Mercer, 1994, 2000; Vygotsky, 1998). The investigation used selected, videotaped parts of English classes in two different contexts and the students´ answers to two questionnaires distributed before and after a viewing of the videotape. The analysis of how students deal with errors in spoken discourse and their correction shows that errors are important for the learning of English as a foreign language. The results of this analysis indicate that students may or may not perceive and deal with spoken errors and their correction in a harmonious manner, depending on their personal relations and the kinds of interaction established in the classroom. These results also point out the perception of the teacher´s central role in corrections of all types.

Com a utilização de quatro eqüinos fêmeas, adultas, sem raça definida, com peso médio de 450 Kg em um delineamento experimental quadrado latino 4 X 4, os objetivos deste trabalho foram determinar os coeficientes de digestibilidade total da matéria seca, matéria orgânica, nutrientes digestíveis totais, proteína bruta, fibra solúvel em detergente ácido, fibra solúvel em detergente neutro e do amido de dietas contendo milho submetido a quatro processamentos, quais sejam: trituração, laminação, floculação e, extrusão; e avaliar a resposta glicêmica, um dos indicadores do metabolismo pós-absortivo. Diferenças significativas foram encontradas na MO e FDA, sendo que a dieta que continha milho floculado teve melhor digestibilidade da MO e da FDA que a dieta contendo milho laminado e o milho triturado. O experimento também mostrou digestibilidade menor (p< 0,05) da PB da dieta com milho laminado em relação as demais. O tratamento contendo milho extrusado teve tendência uma resposta glicêmica maior. O que indica que o processamento pode ser útil na alimentação de eqüinos / Using 4 adult mares, without a defining breed, with an average weight of 450 Kg in an experimental design latin square 4 x 4, the objectives of this research were to determine the dry matter total digestibility coefficient, organic matter, total digestible nutrients, crude protein, soluble fiber in detergent acid, soluble fiber in detergent neutral and starch in diets containing corn submitted to four different processes; grinded, chopped, flocked and extrused; and evaluate the glicemic answer, one of the indicators of the of the post-absorption metabolism. Significant differences (p<0,05) were found in the MO and FDA digestibility in the diet containing flocked corn comparated to the diet with chopped corn. The experiment also demonstrated digestibility to CP smaller (p<0,05) in the treatment with chopped corn when compared to the other treataments. The diet with extrused corn had a tendency a higher glicemic answer. This demonstrates that corn processing can be useful in equine feeding.

Submitted by Maicon Juliano Schmidt (maicons) on 2015-03-23T19:02:51Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Orlando Faccini Neto.pdf: 1458873 bytes, checksum: ed72bb97eb6d787b6c4f66fead6a8c26 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-23T19:02:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Orlando Faccini Neto.pdf: 1458873 bytes, checksum: ed72bb97eb6d787b6c4f66fead6a8c26 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-12-14 / Faculdade Anhanguera / De que maneira se pode, a partir da hermenêutica jurídica e de uma pré-compreensão constitucional adequada, obter(em)-se resposta(s) correta(s) em Direito ? Essa a indagação por que transita o presente trabalho, pelo qual se pretende forjar uma teoria da decisão judicial. A pesquisa pretenderá apresentar, portanto, a partir da hermenêutica, os caminhos para a obtenção de resposta(s) correta(s) no Direito brasileiro, ainda envolto no paradigma positivista, do qual deriva uma forte discricionariedade judicial, que é tão mais grave quando, atualmente, faz-se exercitável a partir de princípios aleatoriamente criados pelo julgador. A partir disto, procura-se aludir a que as decisões judiciais, em última análise, revelam-se como atos de jurisdição constitucional, por isso que os juízes devem ter uma pré-compreensão constitucional adequada, sobre a qual se pretende, ademais, fazer referência, para assentar que as decisões criminais não podem olvidar que, a partir da dimensão objetiva dos direitos fundamentais, tem-se o Direito Penal como mecanismo de proteção, que, portanto, não é dado ao legislador renunciar ou tornar insuficiente; que no controle judicial da atividade administrativa, a partir da aceitação do caráter dirigente de nossa Constituição, há o juiz de evitar o reducionismo da análise à mera legalidade, no que afetados os parâmetros desse exercício, que não se limita aos meios empregados pelos entes públicos, mas atina às finalidades que lhe são constitucionalmente determinadas; que, contrariamente ao que tem alvitrado o senso comum, no Direito Privado, as denominadas cláusulas gerais não ampliam o poder discricionário dos juízes, pois os princípios, ao inserirem o mundo prático no Direito, ao revés do que se pensa, não abrem a interpretação, fecham-na; que a obtenção de respostas corretas em Direito, por isso que adequadas constitucionalmente, exige, em termos processuais, o atendimento das garantias constitucionais do processo. / In which way can we based on the juridical hermeneutic and from a proper constitutional pre comprehension, to obtain the right answer (s) in the law system ? This is the question by which the present paper goes over. And the aim of this work is to establish a theory of the judicial decision. The research will intent though, to show based on hermeneutic, the ways for the achievement of the right answer(s) on the Brazilian law system, yet wrapped on the positivist paradigm, from which derives a strong discretionary, which is so much more serious when, now a days it is made feasible based on principles created at random by the one who judges. From then on we try to allude the that the judicial decision in a last analyses, reveal themselves as constitutional jurisdiction acts, and that is why the judges must have a proper constitutional pre comprehension, about which we intent in addition, to make reference, to settle that the criminal decisions cannot forget that from the objective dimension of the constitutional rights, we have the penal right(penal code) as the protection mechanism, which is not therefore given to the legislator to renounce or to make insufficient; that on the judicial control of the administrative activity, from the acceptance of the directing character of our constitution. The judge hopefully will avoid the reductionism of the analyses to the mere legality, in which affected parameters of this exercise, that does not limits itself to the ways applied by the public entities, but guesses to the finalities that are constitutionally determined; that, in opposition to what has been advised by the common sense, on the private law, the so called general clauses do not amplify the discretionary power of the judges, because the principles when insert the practical world on the law, on the contrary of what is thought, do not open the interpretation, they close it; that the achievement of right answers in law, thats why constitutionally adequate, demands, in terms of lawsuit, the meeting of the constitutional warranties of the process.

Ao julgarem casos concretos, os juízes consultam e interpretam diversas fontes do direito com o intuito de determinar quais são os elementos jurídicos de decisão relevantes e como eles se aplicam a um determinado caso, apresentando os argumentos que fundamentam sua convicção e revelando uma respectiva racionalidade jurídica. No presente trabalho, pretendemos enfrentar o seguinte problema: pode o direito ser objetivo no sentido de que exista alguma racionalidade jurídica capaz de fornecer uma única resposta correta a um caso? Frente ao problema mais amplo da existência de respostas objetivamente corretas no direito, a pesquisa lança mão de um recorte autoral para estabelecer seu referencial. O interesse foi o de colaborar com o estudo do pensamento de Ronald Dworkin, o qual sustenta a tese de uma única resposta juridicamente correta. Para tanto, busca-se explorar os argumentos do autor a partir de um levantamento bibliográfico em materiais publicados em meios físicos e digitais. Após apontar alguns dos elementos da teoria positivista do direito de Hart que funcionaram como ponto de crítica inicial da perspectiva dworkiniana, divide-se a tese da resposta correta de Dworkin, que é objeto do trabalho, em duas etapas, tomando o texto Objectivity and truth: you\'d better believe it (1996) como marco de divisão. A primeira dessas etapas nos mostra que a tese da resposta correta no âmbito do direito fundamenta-se na concepção do autor acerca deste ser uma prática essencialmente interpretativa, orientada a identificar os valores que melhor justificam a história institucional e moral de uma comunidade. Logo, a resposta correta do ponto de vista jurídico depende da resposta correta do ponto de vista moral. Na segunda etapa, investiga-se a defesa de Dworkin frente aos diferentes ceticismos externos em relação à objetividade da moral, bem como suas ideias a respeito da independência metafísica do valor e a favor de uma epistemologia moral integrada. Ao final dos capítulos de cada etapa, noções críticas são apresentadas com o intuito de auxiliar na reflexão do pensamento do autor. / When judging concrete cases, judges consult and interpret several sources of law in order to determine what are the relevant legal elements of decision and how they apply to a certain case, presenting the arguments that support their conviction and revealing a respective legal rationality. In the present work, we intend to face the following issue: can the law be objective in the sense that there is a legal rationality capable of providing a single right answer to a particular case? Regarding the wider problem of the existence of objectively right answers in law, the research uses an authorial restriction in order to establish it\'s referential. The interest was to collaborate with the study of Ronald Dworkin\'s thought, which contains the one legal right answer thesis. To do so, we seek to explore the author\'s arguments from a bibliographical survey of published materials in print and digital media. After pointing out some of the elements of Hart\'s positivist theory of law that functioned as an initial point for the criticism of dworkinian\'s perspective, Dworkin\'s right answer thesis, that is its work\'s object, is divided in two phases, taking the text Objectivity and truth: you\'d better believe it (1996) as a division mark. The first of these phases shows us that the right answer thesis in legal scope is based on the author\'s conception about law being an essentially interpretative practice, oriented to identify the values that best justify the institutional and moral community history. Therefore, the right answer from a legal point of view depends on the right answer from the moral point of view. In the second phase, it investigates Dworkin\'s defense of different external skepticisms about moral objectivity, as well as his ideas about the metaphysical independence of the value and in favor of an integrated moral epistemology. At the end of each phase chapters, critical notions are introduced with the purpose of exercising the reflection about the author\'s presented thoughts.

Ao julgarem casos concretos, os juízes consultam e interpretam diversas fontes do direito com o intuito de determinar quais são os elementos jurídicos de decisão relevantes e como eles se aplicam a um determinado caso, apresentando os argumentos que fundamentam sua convicção e revelando uma respectiva racionalidade jurídica. No presente trabalho, pretendemos enfrentar o seguinte problema: pode o direito ser objetivo no sentido de que exista alguma racionalidade jurídica capaz de fornecer uma única resposta correta a um caso? Frente ao problema mais amplo da existência de respostas objetivamente corretas no direito, a pesquisa lança mão de um recorte autoral para estabelecer seu referencial. O interesse foi o de colaborar com o estudo do pensamento de Ronald Dworkin, o qual sustenta a tese de uma única resposta juridicamente correta. Para tanto, busca-se explorar os argumentos do autor a partir de um levantamento bibliográfico em materiais publicados em meios físicos e digitais. Após apontar alguns dos elementos da teoria positivista do direito de Hart que funcionaram como ponto de crítica inicial da perspectiva dworkiniana, divide-se a tese da resposta correta de Dworkin, que é objeto do trabalho, em duas etapas, tomando o texto Objectivity and truth: you\'d better believe it (1996) como marco de divisão. A primeira dessas etapas nos mostra que a tese da resposta correta no âmbito do direito fundamenta-se na concepção do autor acerca deste ser uma prática essencialmente interpretativa, orientada a identificar os valores que melhor justificam a história institucional e moral de uma comunidade. Logo, a resposta correta do ponto de vista jurídico depende da resposta correta do ponto de vista moral. Na segunda etapa, investiga-se a defesa de Dworkin frente aos diferentes ceticismos externos em relação à objetividade da moral, bem como suas ideias a respeito da independência metafísica do valor e a favor de uma epistemologia moral integrada. Ao final dos capítulos de cada etapa, noções críticas são apresentadas com o intuito de auxiliar na reflexão do pensamento do autor. / When judging concrete cases, judges consult and interpret several sources of law in order to determine what are the relevant legal elements of decision and how they apply to a certain case, presenting the arguments that support their conviction and revealing a respective legal rationality. In the present work, we intend to face the following issue: can the law be objective in the sense that there is a legal rationality capable of providing a single right answer to a particular case? Regarding the wider problem of the existence of objectively right answers in law, the research uses an authorial restriction in order to establish it\'s referential. The interest was to collaborate with the study of Ronald Dworkin\'s thought, which contains the one legal right answer thesis. To do so, we seek to explore the author\'s arguments from a bibliographical survey of published materials in print and digital media. After pointing out some of the elements of Hart\'s positivist theory of law that functioned as an initial point for the criticism of dworkinian\'s perspective, Dworkin\'s right answer thesis, that is its work\'s object, is divided in two phases, taking the text Objectivity and truth: you\'d better believe it (1996) as a division mark. The first of these phases shows us that the right answer thesis in legal scope is based on the author\'s conception about law being an essentially interpretative practice, oriented to identify the values that best justify the institutional and moral community history. Therefore, the right answer from a legal point of view depends on the right answer from the moral point of view. In the second phase, it investigates Dworkin\'s defense of different external skepticisms about moral objectivity, as well as his ideas about the metaphysical independence of the value and in favor of an integrated moral epistemology. At the end of each phase chapters, critical notions are introduced with the purpose of exercising the reflection about the author\'s presented thoughts.

abstract: Knowledge Representation (KR) is one of the prominent approaches to Artificial Intelligence (AI) that is concerned with representing knowledge in a form that computer systems can utilize to solve complex problems. Answer Set Programming (ASP), based on the stable model semantics, is a widely-used KR framework that facilitates elegant and efficient representations for many problem domains that require complex reasoning. However, while ASP is effective on deterministic problem domains, it is not suitable for applications involving quantitative uncertainty, for example, those that require probabilistic reasoning. Furthermore, it is hard to utilize information that can be statistically induced from data with ASP problem modeling. This dissertation presents the language LP^MLN, which is a probabilistic extension of the stable model semantics with the concept of weighted rules, inspired by Markov Logic. An LP^MLN program defines a probability distribution over "soft" stable models, which may not satisfy all rules, but the more rules with the bigger weights they satisfy, the bigger their probabilities. LP^MLN takes advantage of both ASP and Markov Logic in a single framework, allowing representation of problems that require both logical and probabilistic reasoning in an intuitive and elaboration tolerant way. This dissertation establishes formal relations between LP^MLN and several other formalisms, discusses inference and weight learning algorithms under LP^MLN, and presents systems implementing the algorithms. LP^MLN systems can be used to compute other languages translatable into LP^MLN. The advantage of LP^MLN for probabilistic reasoning is illustrated by a probabilistic extension of the action language BC+, called pBC+, defined as a high-level notation of LP^MLN for describing transition systems. Various probabilistic reasoning about transition systems, especially probabilistic diagnosis, can be modeled in pBC+ and computed using LP^MLN systems. pBC+ is further extended with the notion of utility, through a decision-theoretic extension of LP^MLN, and related with Markov Decision Process (MDP) in terms of policy optimization problems. pBC+ can be used to represent (PO)MDP in a succinct and elaboration tolerant way, which enables planning with (PO)MDP algorithms in action domains whose description requires rich KR constructs, such as recursive definitions and indirect effects of actions. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Computer Science 2019

Instructional design and delivery may be one tool available to teachers to increase the academic and social behaviors of all students in the classroom. Effective instruction is an evidence-based teaching strategy that can be used to efficiently educate our youth across all learning environments. One effective instructional strategy includes increasing students’ opportunities to respond to instructor-posed questions during lectures. Students may respond to questions using a response card system as a way to promote active engagement. This study examined the most common form of instructor-posed questions presented during lecture, recall and recognition questions, to determine the differential effects on students’ academic and participation behavior in a college classroom. Results found no differentiation in students’ academic behavior with respect to question type. Students’ participation behavior was greater when the instructor used class wide active responding procedures than observed in baseline conditions that represented typical college instruction.

In concept, online communities allow people to access the wide range of knowledge and abilities of a heterogeneous group of users. In reality, current implementations of various online communities suffer from a lack of participation by the most qualified users. The participation of qualified users, or experts, is crucial to the social welfare and widespread adoption of such systems. This research proposes techniques for identifying the most valuable contributors to several classes of online communities, including question and answer (QA) forums and other content-oriented social networks. Once these target users are identified, content recommendation and novel quantitative incentives can be used to encourage their participation. This research represents an in-depth investigation into QA systems, while the major findings are widely applicable to online communities in general. An algorithm for recommending content in a QA forum is introduced which can route questions to the most appropriate responders. This increases the efficiency of the system and reduces the time investment of an expert responder by eliminating the need to search for potential questions to answer. This recommender is analyzed using real data captured from Yahoo! Answers. Additionally, an incentive mechanism for QA systems based on a novel class of incentives is developed. This mechanism relies on systemic rewards, or rewards that have tangible value within the framework of the online community. This research shows that human users have a strong preference for reciprocal systemic rewards over traditional rewards, and a simulation of a QA system based on an incentive that utilizes these reciprocal rewards outperforms a leading incentive mechanism according to expert participation. An architecture is developed for a QA system built upon content recommendation and this novel incentive mechanism. This research shows that it is possible to identify the most valuable contributors to an online community and motivate their participation through a novel incentive mechanism based on meaningful rewards. / text

In the last decade, Answer Set Programming (ASP) and Satisfiability (SAT) have been used to solve combinatorial search problems and practical applications in which they arise. In each of these formalisms, a tool called a solver is used to solve problems. A solver takes as input a specification of the problem – a logic program in the case of ASP, and a CNF theory for SAT – and produces as output a solution to the problem. Designing fast solvers is important for the success of this general-purpose approach to solving search problems. Classes of instances that pose challenges to solvers can help in this task. In this dissertation we create challenging yet simple benchmarks for existing solvers in ASP and SAT.We do so by providing models of simple logic programs as well as models of simple CNF theories. We then randomly generate logic programs as well as CNF theories from these models. Our experimental results show that computing answer sets of random logic programs as well as models of random CNF theories with carefully chosen parameters is hard for existing solvers. We generate random logic programs with 2-literals, and our experiments show that it is hard for ASP solvers to obtain answer sets of purely negative and constraint-free programs, indicating the importance of these programs in the development of ASP solvers. An easy-hard-easy pattern emerges as we compute the average number of choice points generated by ASP solvers on randomly generated 2-literal programs with an increasing number of rules. We provide an explanation for the emergence of this pattern in these programs. We also theoretically study the probability of existence of an answer set for sparse and dense 2-literal programs. We consider simple classes of mixed Horn formulas with purely positive 2- literal clauses and purely negated Horn clauses. First we consider a class of mixed Horn formulas wherein each formula has m 2-literal clauses and k-literal negated Horn clauses. We show that formulas that are generated from the phase transition region of this class are hard for complete SAT solvers. The second class of Mixed Horn Formulas we consider are obtained from completion of a certain class of random logic programs. We show the appearance of an easy-hard-easy pattern as we generate formulas from this class with increasing numbers of clauses, and that the formulas generated in the hard region can be used as benchmarks for testing incomplete SAT solvers.

Deciphering the functioning of biological networks is one of the central tasks in systems biology. In particular, signal transduction networks are crucial for the understanding of the cellular response to external and internal perturbations. Importantly, in order to cope with the complexity of these networks, mathematical and computational modeling is required. We propose a computational modeling framework in order to achieve more robust discoveries in the context of logical signaling networks. More precisely, we focus on modeling the response of logical signaling networks by means of automated reasoning using Answer Set Programming (ASP). ASP provides a declarative language for modeling various knowledge representation and reasoning problems. Moreover, available ASP solvers provide several reasoning modes for assessing the multitude of answer sets. Therefore, leveraging its rich modeling language and its highly efficient solving capacities, we use ASP to address three challenging problems in the context of logical signaling networks: learning of (Boolean) logical networks, experimental design, and identification of intervention strategies. Overall, the contribution of this thesis is three-fold. Firstly, we introduce a mathematical framework for characterizing and reasoning on the response of logical signaling networks. Secondly, we contribute to a growing list of successful applications of ASP in systems biology. Thirdly, we present a software providing a complete pipeline for automated reasoning on the response of logical signaling networks. / Deciphering the functioning of biological networks is one of the central tasks in systems biology. In particular, signal transduction networks are crucial for the understanding of the cellular response to external and internal perturbations. Importantly, in order to cope with the complexity of these networks, mathematical and computational modeling is required. We propose a computational modeling framework in order to achieve more robust discoveries in the context of logical signaling networks. More precisely, we focus on modeling the response of logical signaling networks by means of automated reasoning using Answer Set Programming (ASP). ASP provides a declarative language for modeling various knowledge representation and reasoning problems. Moreover, available ASP solvers provide several reasoning modes for assessing the multitude of answer sets. Therefore, leveraging its rich modeling language and its highly efficient solving capacities, we use ASP to address three challenging problems in the context of logical signaling networks: learning of (Boolean) logical networks, experimental design, and identification of intervention strategies. Overall, the contribution of this thesis is three-fold. Firstly, we introduce a mathematical framework for characterizing and reasoning on the response of logical signaling networks. Secondly, we contribute to a growing list of successful applications of ASP in systems biology. Thirdly, we present a software providing a complete pipeline for automated reasoning on the response of logical signaling networks.