The Nigerian judicial system is currently in a state of distress. Not only has the judiciary been trailed by allegations of corruption, incompetence and god-fatherism amongst others, the wheels of justice in Nigeria are slowly grinding to a near halt. This is because of the large and growing case list of courts as well as the recurrent industrial strike actions embarked upon by court staff. As a solution to this crisis, stakeholders have put forward a number of suggestions, one of which is the use of alternative dispute resolution methods like domestic arbitration, as a solution to the problems of the judiciary and as a viable alternative to the court system. As we will however come to see in this thesis, Nigeria’s Arbitration and Conciliation Act 1988 (“Arbitration Act”), which is based on the UNCITRAL Model Law 1985, is not only outdated, it is also for many reasons not suitable and relevant to a developing country as Nigeria. For example, the existing Arbitration Act fails to take the legal and social idiosyncrasies of the Nigerian nation into consideration. Furthermore, the Act fails to incorporate the pre-existing and judicially recognized customary arbitration practice into the Act. In addition, the Nigerian Arbitration framework contains a number of anti-arbitration provisions, which have clearly inhibited the growth of domestic arbitration in Nigeria. Moreover, between 1988 and now, a number of beneficial changes have occurred within the sphere of arbitration and from which the Nigerian arbitration framework can draw lessons. All these among others, make the Nigerian Arbitration Act an unsuitable alternative to the court system in Nigeria. This thesis therefore recommends a bespoke domestic arbitration framework, which takes account of the legal and social idiosyncrasies of the Nigerian nation as well as recent but relevant domestic arbitration practices in similar jurisdictions as Nigeria. Among other recommendations, the proposed framework borrows a leaf from the deeply rooted and judicially recognised customary arbitration practice in Nigeria. Furthermore, in a bid to identify and incorporate relevant provisions and practices that have emerged within the sphere of domestic arbitration between 1988 and now, we undertake a comparative analysis of the Ghanaian Alternative Dispute Resolution Act 2010, the UNCITRAL Model Law 2006, the English Arbitration Act 1996 as well as the Uniform Act on Arbitration 1999 of OHADA. It is believed that this modern but tailored framework will encourage the use of domestic arbitration in Nigeria and by extension ameliorate the problems in the judicial system.

This thesis examines the nature, content and legal implications of the constitutional right to development and investigates its (non-)realization by inquiring how development and human rights are being pursued in Ethiopia. In addressing these issues, this study analytically situates the conception of the right to development as enshrined in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (FDRE) Constitution within the context of the general human rights and development debates, the normative framework of the right to development as established by the United Nations Declaration on the Right to Development (UNDRD) and the African Charter on Human and Peoples Rights (ACHPR). Thus, it discusses the theoretical and moral basis for linking development and human rights and conceptualizing the claim for development as a distinct human right. It further explores the evolution of the right to development into an international human rights norm and addresses its attendant controversies. It subsequently analyses the nature and content of the right to development as established under the UNDRD and ACHPR before engaging with the issues relating to the FDRE Constitution. This research has employed doctrinal and comparative legal research methodologies and also involved critical analysis of policy documents and data from secondary sources. This research finds that the right to development as enshrined in the FDRE Constitution is enunciated in ambiguous terms and asserts that it needs to be understood within the broader constitutional context of Ethiopia which, in conformity with UNDRD and ACHPR, considers development and human rights to be interdependent and mutually reinforcing projects which can only be realized through such interdependence and mutuality. It further submits that the constitutional right to development generally provides a legally binding normative framework within which development processes in Ethiopia should be pursued and puts a constitutional limit on the power of the State as it relates to development undertakings. It, however, identifies that, despite its legally binding nature, the observance of this right is not provided with effective guarantee (enforcement mechanism) as the Ethiopian courts are excluded from enforcing constitutional human rights. This study also claims that the realization of the constitutional right to development has been impeded by the governing ideologies of revolutionary democracy and developmental state which undermine the basic conditions necessary for undertaking development and human rights as interdependent and mutually reinforcing goals of the Constitution. Its review of Ethiopia’s successive development policies reveals the marginal importance given to human rights in general and the two fundamental aspects of the constitutional right to development – the right to active, free and meaningful participation in development and the right to fair distribution of the benefits of development – in particular. Its assessment of Ethiopia’s balance sheet of socio-economic development and human rights in the last decade also attests that development and human rights have been practically disentangled and signals the need for taking the constitutional right to development seriously.

No verão de 2004 – 2005 foi realizada uma travessia do manto de gelo da Antártica Ocidental organizada pelo governo chileno em parceria com pesquisadores brasileiros como parte do ITASE (International Trans-Antarctic Scientific Expedition). A travessia partiu da base chilena Tenente Parodi em Patriot Hills (80°18'S; 81°22'W, altitude 720 m) e seguiu até o Polo Sul geográfico (90°S, altitude 2.840 m), voltando pelo mesmo caminho. Ao longo da travessia foram coletadas amostras de neve superficial (< 0,3 m de profundidade) a cada 10 km, a cada 220 km foi obtida a temperatura média anual local (medida a uma profundidade entre 10 e 15 m). As amostras foram analisadas utilizando espectrometria de massa com fonte de gás (GSMS - Gas Source Mass Spectrometry), no Climate Change Institute, Universidade do Maine, Orono, EUA. As razões isotópicas de oxigênio foram medidas com um dispositivo Micromass Multiprep acoplado a um espectrômetro de massa com precisão de 0,05‰. Os dados são apresentados em delta (δ), notação relativa ao padrão das águas oceânicas (VSMOW – Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water). Os resultados estão de acordo com observações pretéritas, apresentando redução dos valores com a distância da costa (- 0,0323‰/ km) com exceção de uma área anômala no transecto, no qual em menos de 20 quilômetros (entre as latitudes 87°30' e 86°44'S) há um aumento da razão isotópica de -45,0‰ para -34,5‰, sendo que aproximadamente 100 quilômetros adiante o 18O retorna para a tendência de decréscimo inicial da razão isotópica. Trajetórias das parcelas de ar chegadas em 6 pontos escolhidos ao longo da travessia foram calculadas usando o modelo HYSPLIT para derivar informações sobre a anomalia encontrada, atribuída inicialmente ao efeito orográfico das montanhas transantárticas. Posteriormente se constatou que a anomalia poderia ser causada pela sublimação decorrente do vento ou pela ablação parcial do pacote de neve anual, sendo assim um efeito pós-deposicional. / In the summer of 2004 – 2005, the Chilean government along with Brazilian researchers carried out a traverse in the Antarctic ice sheet as part of the ITASE (International Trans- Antarctic Scientific Expedition) program. The traverse, a return trip to the Geographic South Pole (90°S, altitude 2.840 m), started at Tenente Parodi Chilean station at Patriot Hills (80°18'S; 81°22'W, altitude 720 m). Along the route, we collected snow samples at every 10 km, 0.3 m deep. The average local annual temperature was determined at 6 points spaced approximately 220 km apart, at a depth between 10 and 15 m. Samples were analyzed by mass spectrometry with gas source (GSMS - Gas Source Mass Spectrometry) at the Climate Change Institute, University of Maine, Orono, USA. A Micromass Multiprep device coupled to the spectrometer with 0.05‰ precision measured the isotopic ratio. Data are presented in delta (δ), relative to SMOW – Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water. Results agree with previous works, which show an isotope ratio decrease with distance from the coast (- 0,0323‰/ km), except for an anomalous area, where in less than 20 km (from 87°30' S and 86°44'S) the isotopic ratio increases rapidly from -45 to -34.5‰, and then, after about 100 km, goes back to the general decreasing trend. HYSPLIT air trajectory models were run to examine if an orographic effect caused by the Transantarctic Mountains could be the cause of the anomalous area. After further examination, this anomaly is attributed to postdepositional processes, such as wind-driven sublimation.

Essa dissertação realizou o levantamento das variações nas frentes das geleiras no extremo norte da Península Trinity, na Antártica, através da utilização de técnicas de Sensoriamento Remoto. Foram mapeados os avanços e as retrações ocorridas nas frentes das geleiras da área, bem como as áreas livres de gelo da região, no período de 27 anos entre 1988-2015. Os resultados foram complementados com dados de temperatura média do ar para a região. A base de dados utilizou de 8 imagens do satélite Landsat (sensores TM, ETM+ e OLI/TIRS), além de dados da base de dados digitais da Antártica (ADD), o Mosaico de Imagens Landsat da Antártica (LIMA), e o modelo digital de elevação para a Península Antártica (APGDEM). Os dados de temperatura utilizados são provenientes da base antártica Esperanza (ARG), adquiridos através do READER. As linhas de frente das geleiras foram obtidas através de métodos automáticos e manuais de geoprocessamento. Foram realizadas classificações não-supervisionadas e supervisionadas na aquisição dessas, transformando-as em vetores e unindo-as a delimitação das bacias de drenagem glacial disponibilizada pelo ADD, formando, assim, o conjunto de geleiras com a sua posição de frente para cada ano das imagens (1988, 2000, 2006, 2011 e 2015). As áreas livres de neve e gelo foram obtidas através de classificação supervisionada. As classificações foram validadas através do índice Kappa, obtendo resultados satisfatórios. O total da área de estudo é de aproximadamente 1.450 km² e conta com 32 bacias de drenagem glacial, destas, 3 possuem nome, as geleiras de maré Arena, Depot e Mondor. Com análises desde do o período de 1988, observou-se uma perda de massa de gelo da área de aproximadamente 50 km², enquanto que o ganho total foi de aproximadamente 10 km², resultando em uma diminuição de ±40 km² (ou seja, em torno de ±2,7 % da área total). No período entre 1988 e 2000 (maior intervalo das investigações) a área perdeu ±25,1 km² de gelo em suas frentes. Entre 2000 e 2006 o recuo foi de ±12,2 km² e entre 2006 e 2011 de 5,0 km². Já o período de 2011-2015 foi o único a apresentar avanços maiores que retrações, com um aumento de área de ±2,5 km² (±0,16%). As geleiras Depot e Mondor apresentaram comportamento de retração, sendo que a geleira Depot não apresentou nenhum avanço dentro dos períodos, já a geleira Arena apresentou avanços e retrações em todos os intervalos, permanecendo praticamente inalterada. A área livre de gelo e neve aumentou em aproximadamente ±18 km², ou seja, um acréscimo de ±114% em relação a área livre de neve e gelo de 1988. Os maiores aumentos se deram entre os anos 1988 e 2000, no ano de 1988 a área representava ±15,91 km², passando para ±37,54 km² em 2000 e ±37,90 km em 2006, no ano de 2011 observou-se uma diminuição, com área de ±28,32 km², sendo que em 2015 a área voltou aos valores anteriores, ±34,09 km². A avaliação da temperatura do ar observada em Esperanza entre 1964-2014 mostra um aumento de 1,45°C. / This dissertation conducted a survey of variations of ice fronts in glaciers positions on the northern tip of the Trinity Peninsula by using remote sensing techniques. Advances and retreats of glaciers were mapped, as well as ice-free areas in the 27-year period between 1988-2015, and the results were complemented with air temperature data for the region. The database used eight satellite images from Landsat (TM, ETM + and OLI/TIRS sensors). In addition, it was used the Antarctica Digital Database (ADD) data, the Landsat Image Mosaic of Antarctica (LIMA), and the digital elevation model Antarctic Peninsula 100 m Digital Elevation Model (APGDEM). The temperature data used come from the Antarctic station Esperanza (ARG), acquired through READER. The glaciers ice fronts positions were obtained through automatic and manual methods. Unsupervised and supervised classifications were performed in the acquisition of these, turning them into vectors and uniting them with the delimitation of glacial drainage basins provided by ADD, thus forming the set of glaciers with its front position for each year of images (1988, 2000, 2006, 2011 and 2015). The ice-free areas were obtained by supervised classification. The classifications were validated through the Kappa index, obtaining satisfactory results. The total study area is approximately 1,450 square kilometers and has 32 glacial drainage basins, these, three are named glacier (Arena, Depot and Mondor), all three tidewater glaciers. In the period of analysis, since 1988, there has been a loss of mass of ice area of approximately 50 square kilometers, whereas the total gain was only ±10 square kilometers, resulting in an overall decrease of approximately ±40 square kilometers (i.e. ±2,7% of the total area). Between 1988-2000 (the wider range of investigations), the area lost ±25.1 square kilometers of ice on its fronts, from 2000 to 2006 there was a decrease of ±12.2 km², and between 2006 to 2011 others ±5.0 km²; the 2011-2015 interval was the only one to show advances greater that retreats with a ±2.5 sq km increase in the area (±0.16%). The Depot and Mondor glaciers showed retreat behavior, and Depot did not show any advance within the periods, the Arena glacier showed advances and retreats in all intervals, remaining virtually unchanged. The ice-free area increased by approximately 18 square kilometers, that is, a ±114% increase over the 1988 snow/ice free area. The largest increases were given in the years 1988-2000, in 1988 the area represented ±15.91 km², reaching ±37.54 km² in 2000 and ±37.90 km in 2006, in 2011 there was a decrease, with an area of ±28.32 square kilometers, and in 2015 the area returned to its previous values, ±34.09 km². The air temperature evaluation in Esperanza observed in 1964-2014 years show an increase of 1.45 ° C.

Essa dissertação realizou o levantamento das variações nas frentes das geleiras no extremo norte da Península Trinity, na Antártica, através da utilização de técnicas de Sensoriamento Remoto. Foram mapeados os avanços e as retrações ocorridas nas frentes das geleiras da área, bem como as áreas livres de gelo da região, no período de 27 anos entre 1988-2015. Os resultados foram complementados com dados de temperatura média do ar para a região. A base de dados utilizou de 8 imagens do satélite Landsat (sensores TM, ETM+ e OLI/TIRS), além de dados da base de dados digitais da Antártica (ADD), o Mosaico de Imagens Landsat da Antártica (LIMA), e o modelo digital de elevação para a Península Antártica (APGDEM). Os dados de temperatura utilizados são provenientes da base antártica Esperanza (ARG), adquiridos através do READER. As linhas de frente das geleiras foram obtidas através de métodos automáticos e manuais de geoprocessamento. Foram realizadas classificações não-supervisionadas e supervisionadas na aquisição dessas, transformando-as em vetores e unindo-as a delimitação das bacias de drenagem glacial disponibilizada pelo ADD, formando, assim, o conjunto de geleiras com a sua posição de frente para cada ano das imagens (1988, 2000, 2006, 2011 e 2015). As áreas livres de neve e gelo foram obtidas através de classificação supervisionada. As classificações foram validadas através do índice Kappa, obtendo resultados satisfatórios. O total da área de estudo é de aproximadamente 1.450 km² e conta com 32 bacias de drenagem glacial, destas, 3 possuem nome, as geleiras de maré Arena, Depot e Mondor. Com análises desde do o período de 1988, observou-se uma perda de massa de gelo da área de aproximadamente 50 km², enquanto que o ganho total foi de aproximadamente 10 km², resultando em uma diminuição de ±40 km² (ou seja, em torno de ±2,7 % da área total). No período entre 1988 e 2000 (maior intervalo das investigações) a área perdeu ±25,1 km² de gelo em suas frentes. Entre 2000 e 2006 o recuo foi de ±12,2 km² e entre 2006 e 2011 de 5,0 km². Já o período de 2011-2015 foi o único a apresentar avanços maiores que retrações, com um aumento de área de ±2,5 km² (±0,16%). As geleiras Depot e Mondor apresentaram comportamento de retração, sendo que a geleira Depot não apresentou nenhum avanço dentro dos períodos, já a geleira Arena apresentou avanços e retrações em todos os intervalos, permanecendo praticamente inalterada. A área livre de gelo e neve aumentou em aproximadamente ±18 km², ou seja, um acréscimo de ±114% em relação a área livre de neve e gelo de 1988. Os maiores aumentos se deram entre os anos 1988 e 2000, no ano de 1988 a área representava ±15,91 km², passando para ±37,54 km² em 2000 e ±37,90 km em 2006, no ano de 2011 observou-se uma diminuição, com área de ±28,32 km², sendo que em 2015 a área voltou aos valores anteriores, ±34,09 km². A avaliação da temperatura do ar observada em Esperanza entre 1964-2014 mostra um aumento de 1,45°C. / This dissertation conducted a survey of variations of ice fronts in glaciers positions on the northern tip of the Trinity Peninsula by using remote sensing techniques. Advances and retreats of glaciers were mapped, as well as ice-free areas in the 27-year period between 1988-2015, and the results were complemented with air temperature data for the region. The database used eight satellite images from Landsat (TM, ETM + and OLI/TIRS sensors). In addition, it was used the Antarctica Digital Database (ADD) data, the Landsat Image Mosaic of Antarctica (LIMA), and the digital elevation model Antarctic Peninsula 100 m Digital Elevation Model (APGDEM). The temperature data used come from the Antarctic station Esperanza (ARG), acquired through READER. The glaciers ice fronts positions were obtained through automatic and manual methods. Unsupervised and supervised classifications were performed in the acquisition of these, turning them into vectors and uniting them with the delimitation of glacial drainage basins provided by ADD, thus forming the set of glaciers with its front position for each year of images (1988, 2000, 2006, 2011 and 2015). The ice-free areas were obtained by supervised classification. The classifications were validated through the Kappa index, obtaining satisfactory results. The total study area is approximately 1,450 square kilometers and has 32 glacial drainage basins, these, three are named glacier (Arena, Depot and Mondor), all three tidewater glaciers. In the period of analysis, since 1988, there has been a loss of mass of ice area of approximately 50 square kilometers, whereas the total gain was only ±10 square kilometers, resulting in an overall decrease of approximately ±40 square kilometers (i.e. ±2,7% of the total area). Between 1988-2000 (the wider range of investigations), the area lost ±25.1 square kilometers of ice on its fronts, from 2000 to 2006 there was a decrease of ±12.2 km², and between 2006 to 2011 others ±5.0 km²; the 2011-2015 interval was the only one to show advances greater that retreats with a ±2.5 sq km increase in the area (±0.16%). The Depot and Mondor glaciers showed retreat behavior, and Depot did not show any advance within the periods, the Arena glacier showed advances and retreats in all intervals, remaining virtually unchanged. The ice-free area increased by approximately 18 square kilometers, that is, a ±114% increase over the 1988 snow/ice free area. The largest increases were given in the years 1988-2000, in 1988 the area represented ±15.91 km², reaching ±37.54 km² in 2000 and ±37.90 km in 2006, in 2011 there was a decrease, with an area of ±28.32 square kilometers, and in 2015 the area returned to its previous values, ±34.09 km². The air temperature evaluation in Esperanza observed in 1964-2014 years show an increase of 1.45 ° C.

No verão de 2004 – 2005 foi realizada uma travessia do manto de gelo da Antártica Ocidental organizada pelo governo chileno em parceria com pesquisadores brasileiros como parte do ITASE (International Trans-Antarctic Scientific Expedition). A travessia partiu da base chilena Tenente Parodi em Patriot Hills (80°18'S; 81°22'W, altitude 720 m) e seguiu até o Polo Sul geográfico (90°S, altitude 2.840 m), voltando pelo mesmo caminho. Ao longo da travessia foram coletadas amostras de neve superficial (< 0,3 m de profundidade) a cada 10 km, a cada 220 km foi obtida a temperatura média anual local (medida a uma profundidade entre 10 e 15 m). As amostras foram analisadas utilizando espectrometria de massa com fonte de gás (GSMS - Gas Source Mass Spectrometry), no Climate Change Institute, Universidade do Maine, Orono, EUA. As razões isotópicas de oxigênio foram medidas com um dispositivo Micromass Multiprep acoplado a um espectrômetro de massa com precisão de 0,05‰. Os dados são apresentados em delta (δ), notação relativa ao padrão das águas oceânicas (VSMOW – Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water). Os resultados estão de acordo com observações pretéritas, apresentando redução dos valores com a distância da costa (- 0,0323‰/ km) com exceção de uma área anômala no transecto, no qual em menos de 20 quilômetros (entre as latitudes 87°30' e 86°44'S) há um aumento da razão isotópica de -45,0‰ para -34,5‰, sendo que aproximadamente 100 quilômetros adiante o 18O retorna para a tendência de decréscimo inicial da razão isotópica. Trajetórias das parcelas de ar chegadas em 6 pontos escolhidos ao longo da travessia foram calculadas usando o modelo HYSPLIT para derivar informações sobre a anomalia encontrada, atribuída inicialmente ao efeito orográfico das montanhas transantárticas. Posteriormente se constatou que a anomalia poderia ser causada pela sublimação decorrente do vento ou pela ablação parcial do pacote de neve anual, sendo assim um efeito pós-deposicional. / In the summer of 2004 – 2005, the Chilean government along with Brazilian researchers carried out a traverse in the Antarctic ice sheet as part of the ITASE (International Trans- Antarctic Scientific Expedition) program. The traverse, a return trip to the Geographic South Pole (90°S, altitude 2.840 m), started at Tenente Parodi Chilean station at Patriot Hills (80°18'S; 81°22'W, altitude 720 m). Along the route, we collected snow samples at every 10 km, 0.3 m deep. The average local annual temperature was determined at 6 points spaced approximately 220 km apart, at a depth between 10 and 15 m. Samples were analyzed by mass spectrometry with gas source (GSMS - Gas Source Mass Spectrometry) at the Climate Change Institute, University of Maine, Orono, USA. A Micromass Multiprep device coupled to the spectrometer with 0.05‰ precision measured the isotopic ratio. Data are presented in delta (δ), relative to SMOW – Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water. Results agree with previous works, which show an isotope ratio decrease with distance from the coast (- 0,0323‰/ km), except for an anomalous area, where in less than 20 km (from 87°30' S and 86°44'S) the isotopic ratio increases rapidly from -45 to -34.5‰, and then, after about 100 km, goes back to the general decreasing trend. HYSPLIT air trajectory models were run to examine if an orographic effect caused by the Transantarctic Mountains could be the cause of the anomalous area. After further examination, this anomaly is attributed to postdepositional processes, such as wind-driven sublimation.

A Península Antártica (PA) é uma das regiões no planeta que apresentam as mais adversas condições do tempo devido à constante passagem de ciclones. O conhecimento das condições meteorológicas futuras é fundamental para o desenvolvimento de atividades operacionais e de pesquisa na região. Nos últimos anos a implantação e melhoramento dos modelos numéricos, que tem como foco a previsão do tempo na Antártica, têm sido alvo de diversos estudos pela comunidade acadêmica. O objetivo principal deste trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho do modelo BRAMS na simulação de parâmetros meteorológicos durante a passagem de ciclones na Península Antártica. Diversas simulações, que envolveram diferentes configurações estruturais e físicas do modelo foram realizadas para dois casos de passagem de ciclones na PA, um que ocorreu em fevereiro e outro em julho de 2009. A avaliação do desempenho do modelo BRAMS foi feita através de duas análises, uma qualitativa, analisado o comportamento de cada variável simulada pelo modelo em comparação com os dados de estações meteorológicas, e a outra uma análise de sensibilidade baseada em índices estatísticos. O desempenho do modelo BRAMS se mostrou altamente dependente das condições iniciais adotadas. A pressão ao nível médio do mar foi a variável melhor representada, mas o modelo não conseguiu prever adequadamente os aumentos de pressão que ocorrem após a passagem do ciclone pela PA, o que ficou evidente no evento de julho. Por outro lado, o BRAMS se mostrou ineficiente em representar as variações de temperatura que ocorrem durante o período de simulação, principalmente no evento de fevereiro. As temperaturas simuladas pelo BRAMS foram mais elevadas que aquelas observadas nas estações meteorológicas para os dois casos (fevereiro e julho). Além disso, o modelo não conseguiu prever as quedas abruptas de temperatura, observadas durante o avanço do ciclone no mês de julho, devido em grande parte à ausência de gelo marinho nas regiões onde, de fato, as observações mostravam que ele estava presente. O modelo BRAMS, de forma geral, não obteve bom desempenho na simulação do vento, principalmente em relação às variações de direção. O modelo capta as principais variações da componente zonal do vento no caso de verão, porém em algumas estações, quando o escoamento tornou-se meridional, o BRAMS simulou um vento de leste, demonstrando uma forte dependência das condições iniciais. Já no caso de inverno, após o ciclone cruzar a PA, os experimentos simulam um vento de oeste que não condiz com o observado nas estações meteorológicas. Já em se tratando do vento meridional notou-se que o BRAMS intensifica os fluxos de sul, principalmente após a passagem do ciclone pela PA. / The Antarctic Peninsula is one of the regions of the earth, which have the most adverse weather conditions due to the constant movement of cyclones. The knowledge of future meteorological conditions is essential for the operational activities and research developments on the region. In the last years, implantation and improvement of the numeric models, which focus is the weather forecasting on Antarctic, has been the subject of several studies of academic community. The main objective of this study is evaluating the model BRAMS performance, on the simulation of meteorological parameters in events of cyclones on Antarctic Peninsula. Several simulations with different structural and physics configurations on the model were performed in two events of cyclones on AP. One of them occurred in February e the other one in July of 2009. The evaluation of BRAMS model was performed by means of two analyses. The first analysis was qualitative, which analyzed the behavior of each variable simulated by the model in compared to weather stations data. The second analysis was related with the sensibility based on statistical indexes. The BRAMS model performance seems to be dependent on the initial conditions. The pressure at mean sea level was a well represented variable, however the model did not forecasted properly the pressure increase, which occurred after the cyclone event on the AP and it was more evident on event of July. Otherwise, the BRAMS seems to be inefficient for variations on temperatures during the simulation period, especially on February event. Temperatures simulated by BRAMS were higher than that observed on weather station for both cases (February and July). Furthermore, the model did not predicted the abrupt decrease in temperature, observed during the cyclone in July, due to the absence of ice sea in regions where, in fact, the observations showed that he was present. In general, the BRAMS model did not achieved good performance simulating winds, especially on changes of direction. The model captures the major variations of zonal wind during summer, however, in some stations, when the flow direction was changed to meridional, the BRAMS simulated an easterly wind, showing a strong dependence on initial conditions. During winter events, after the cyclone cross the AP, the experiments simulated a west wind, which is not consistent with that observed at meteorological stations. In the case of meridional wind, BRAMS intensified the south flows, especially after the cyclone on AP.

Despite their central importance to the Earth system, nowhere within the literatures of Polar Studies or the Humanities does there exist a comprehensive cultural and scientific history of ice sheets that takes into consideration both Greenland and Antarctica, or that is not constrained to a particular exploratory, technological, or geopolitical period or framing. My thesis addresses this lacunae by contributing a bi-polar, empirical history and analysis of the different scientific and cultural processes, transformations, and discontinuities through which ice sheets have been transformed from unexplored realms of the imagination, into tangible, material objects of investigation and meaning. Its scope extends from early Greek mapping to 1970. Within this timeframe, it identifies three broad phases in the perception of ice sheets. The first, preceding their earliest physical exploration, corresponds to the perception of ice sheets as one-dimensional realms defined and bounded by the human imagination. The second phase, associated with their early surface exploration between 1870 and 1930, corresponds to the perception of ice sheets as undifferentiated, two-dimensional 'topographies of absence', best characterized by their horizontal desolation. The third phase, triggered by the deployment of new technologies of sub-surface investigation such as seismic sounding, radio echo sounding (RES), and the practice of ice coring, corresponds to the perception of ice sheets as three-dimensional, super-massive, and interdependent objects of internal and material complexity. Although primarily rooted in archival research and the study of first hand textual and visual materials, my arguments and observations also draw on secondary literatures from the history of science and technology, geopolitics, visual culture, and the geography of space and place. These literatures allow me to contextualize and substantiate my analysis of historical processes within broader perspectives, notably Humboldtian science, Romanticism, visual abstraction, scientific imagery, and the Cold War.

This research argues that cooperatives have become uncategorizable in terms of their identity, especially when one attempts to distinguish them from investor-owned firms and hence it is further argued that they should have specified objectives that match with their historical not-for-profit objectives so that they can easily distinguishable. The cooperatives have become uncategorizable mainly due to the gradual adaptation of the idea of investor owned firms into cooperatives and the possibility of organizing business enterprises in the form of cooperatives. The problems are further exacerbated in Ethiopia due to (1) the existence of state incentives to cooperatives,(2) the legislative failure to properly define cooperatives,(3) the policy failure to properly define cooperatives objectives (4) the absence of state regulation of cooperatives or self- regulation by the cooperatives themselves. Cooperatives could easily be categorized if they have specified objectives that match with their historical not-for-profit objectives. Historically, they were intended to solve problems left unsolved by market forces or state intervention or even the charities. Currently, it is the issue of trust that remains unsolved by these alternatives. Although trust is a foundation of any society, it is an attribute which is in decline due to changing nature of community. Consumer cooperatives are viable alternatives of reviving trust by rebuilding traditional communities in a contemporary world. This argument is advanced by reviewing academic writings and critically analyzing the Cooperative Society Proclamation No. 147/1998 in comparison to the Commercial Code of Ethiopia. This is further followed by critical examination of policy documents of the Federal Government of Ethiopia concerning cooperatives. The actual motives and practical regulation of Ethiopian Cooperatives are evaluated on the basis of interviews. Academic literature is used to review the importance of trust and the role of the cooperative in safeguarding and rebuilding it.

Memoria para optar al Título Profesional de Ingeniera Agrónoma / La tendencia de la industria alimentaria en los últimos años se ha enfocado en el desarrollo de productos saludables, esto es que sean capaces de mejorar la calidad de vida previniendo la aparición de enfermedades no transmisibles y que mantengan características sensoriales agradables. Bajo esta directriz se desarrolla esta investigación, donde se pretende mejorar el contenido de compuestos saludables de una hamburguesa común, adicionándole distintas cantidades de cochayuyo (Durvillaea antarctica). Éstas fueron elaboradas en base a una receta casera, con una serie de ingredientes constantes, donde los tres tratamientos evaluados fueron las distintas proporciones de carne molida y alga: 50% de carne más 50% cochayuyo (T1); 40% carne más 60% cochayuyo (T2); 30% carne más 70% cochayuyo (T3). Tras su cocción en aceite, Las hamburguesas, resultaron tener una buena calidad nutricional: bajo contenido de lípidos (entre 6g y 10g/100g), buen aporte de proteínas (10g a 13g/100g), y un contenido relevante de fibra dietaria (20g a 26g/100g) y polifenoles (77 mg a 102 mg AGE/100g), donde se destacó el tratamiento con la mayor proporción de D. antarctica. Un panel entrenado fue el encargado de evaluar sensorialmente las hamburguesas, mediante el uso de una escala hedónica, donde todos los tratamientos obtuvieron una calidad satisfactoria. En términos microbiológicos, todas las hamburguesas cumplen con los requisitos establecidos por la reglamentación chilena.