Thesis (M.S.) -- Brigham Young University. Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 99-103).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2007. / Title from first page of PDF file. Includes bibliographical references.

Stable isotopes of water preserved in glaciers and icesheets have revolutionized our understanding of terrestrial paleoclimate. Post-deposition alteration of the stable water isotope ratios in snow and ice can obscure the original meteoric signal, therefore altering the interpretation of δ18O and δD as records of paleo-temperatures in ice. The effects of sublimation on δ18O and δD are not well-understood for massive (non-snow) ice and have been largely overlooked, particularly within the experimental literature. We present results from a series of environmental chamber experiments investigating alteration of the in-situ signal following sublimation. Our data suggest that sublimation enriches the ice remaining after sublimation in 18O and D. This is observed both in surface ice and in the signal of the ice at depth. These results could have important implications for studies utilizing surface ice δ18O and δD for reconstructions of paleoclimate.

In this thesis, I explore the flow dynamics associated with ice shelves confined within channels and the buttressing they provide to grounded ice. Ice shelves are the floating extensions of ice sheets and act as the interface between the ice sheet and the ocean. They form when ice flows out from the interior of the ice sheet towards the coast and begins to float as the ice thins. Ice shelves are often found within a channel or pinned in place by stationary bedrock outcrops. The interest in their dynamics is motivated by the buttressing effect they provide to the grounded ice, which strongly controls the rate of ice discharge and thereby the contribution to sea-level rise. I use a combination of mathematical modeling, fluid-mechanical laboratory experiments and geophysical data analysis to develop an improved understanding of ice-shelf flow dynamics. Initially, geophysical data in the form of Antarctic ice-surface velocity data is analysed, producing maps of strain rate, shear rate and strain orientation for Antarctic ice shelves. This allows the geophysical setting and flow processes to be explored, particularly by identifying areas where resistance to ice flow is generated and regions of the shelf that make no contribution to buttressing. Using the geophysical data, I find good agreement between a theoretical scaling relationship for ice flow at the ice-shelf calving front and data from Antarctic ice shelves. I proceed to develop an idealized mathematical model of an ice shelf confined to flow in a channel. By assuming shear-dominated dynamics within the shelf, analytical solutions are obtained for steady-state ice-shelf thickness profiles in parallel and diverging channels. This model is developed further to include both shear and extensional stresses, from which numerical solutions for steady-state shelves are calculated. The results from these two models are then compared. It is found that shear stresses dominate the dynamics throughout the majority of the shelf, with adjustment regions at the upstream and downstream boundaries where extensional dynamics become important. Output from these models is also compared with geophysical data and it is observed that there is good agreement between several features of the thickness profiles and velocity fields. In addition to the geophysical data, comparisons are made with fluid-mechanical laboratory experiments designed to simulate the flow of an ice shelf in a channel. The advantage of performing experiments of this kind is that parameters such as the fluid rheology can be varied, allowing for direct comparison with a range of parameters in the mathematical models. From these experiments, surface velocity fields and thickness profiles are collected, which are used to make comparisons with the models. Clear differences are observed in the velocity and strain-rate fields produced using fluids with different rheologies, for which there is qualitative agreement with the output from the mathematical models.

Five penguin species breed in Antarctica: emperors, Adélies, chinstraps, gentoos and macaronis. These are important Antarctic mid-trophic level predators and under predicted climate change are believed threatened. Accurate monitoring of populations is therefore of growing importance owing to the changing environment in which they live, particularly on the Western Antarctic Peninsula where rapid warming is occurring. The inaccessibility and size of many colonies makes ground based monitoring difficult with remote sensing providing an alternative, relatively low cost, monitoring method. Advancing current monitoring methods will help improve estimates of population trajectories at a regional scale. Recent and future progress in remote sensing, with new satellite sensors and platforms, offers increased potential for accurate, consistent large-scale data collection. The work in this thesis focuses on difficult to monitor brush-tailed penguins (Adélies, chinstraps and gentoos), aiming to develop new techniques and algorithms to improve their monitoring by satellite imagery. Penguin detection in satellite imagery is based on the red/brown guano stains that colonies create, with these stains evident from space. Fieldwork undertaken in Antarctica (Nov 2014-Jan 2015) using a field spectroradiometer obtained the first in situ hyperspectral reflectance spectra of Adélie and chinstrap guano. These spectra are used to identify the features responsible for varying guano types and suggest new indices for differentiating these in satellite imagery. Satellite imagery coincident with the fieldwork, obtained from WorldView-3 (~40 cm resolution) and Landsat 8 (~15 m resolution), are used to trial the index derived from the field spectra. Analysis of the field data and satellite images includes examination of guano colour for different species and comparison of methods of guano detection, aiming to enhance species detection from satellite imagery. In addition, Landsat 8 imagery from further locations is used to produce time series of this index for colonies, examining how guano colour changes over the breeding season are seen in satellite imagery. This dissertation concludes with recommendations for future developments of satellite-based methods based on the results of these analyses. Such improvements should help improve our current understanding of penguin population and continuing population changes in relation to climate change.

Essa dissertação realizou o levantamento das variações nas frentes das geleiras no extremo norte da Península Trinity, na Antártica, através da utilização de técnicas de Sensoriamento Remoto. Foram mapeados os avanços e as retrações ocorridas nas frentes das geleiras da área, bem como as áreas livres de gelo da região, no período de 27 anos entre 1988-2015. Os resultados foram complementados com dados de temperatura média do ar para a região. A base de dados utilizou de 8 imagens do satélite Landsat (sensores TM, ETM+ e OLI/TIRS), além de dados da base de dados digitais da Antártica (ADD), o Mosaico de Imagens Landsat da Antártica (LIMA), e o modelo digital de elevação para a Península Antártica (APGDEM). Os dados de temperatura utilizados são provenientes da base antártica Esperanza (ARG), adquiridos através do READER. As linhas de frente das geleiras foram obtidas através de métodos automáticos e manuais de geoprocessamento. Foram realizadas classificações não-supervisionadas e supervisionadas na aquisição dessas, transformando-as em vetores e unindo-as a delimitação das bacias de drenagem glacial disponibilizada pelo ADD, formando, assim, o conjunto de geleiras com a sua posição de frente para cada ano das imagens (1988, 2000, 2006, 2011 e 2015). As áreas livres de neve e gelo foram obtidas através de classificação supervisionada. As classificações foram validadas através do índice Kappa, obtendo resultados satisfatórios. O total da área de estudo é de aproximadamente 1.450 km² e conta com 32 bacias de drenagem glacial, destas, 3 possuem nome, as geleiras de maré Arena, Depot e Mondor. Com análises desde do o período de 1988, observou-se uma perda de massa de gelo da área de aproximadamente 50 km², enquanto que o ganho total foi de aproximadamente 10 km², resultando em uma diminuição de ±40 km² (ou seja, em torno de ±2,7 % da área total). No período entre 1988 e 2000 (maior intervalo das investigações) a área perdeu ±25,1 km² de gelo em suas frentes. Entre 2000 e 2006 o recuo foi de ±12,2 km² e entre 2006 e 2011 de 5,0 km². Já o período de 2011-2015 foi o único a apresentar avanços maiores que retrações, com um aumento de área de ±2,5 km² (±0,16%). As geleiras Depot e Mondor apresentaram comportamento de retração, sendo que a geleira Depot não apresentou nenhum avanço dentro dos períodos, já a geleira Arena apresentou avanços e retrações em todos os intervalos, permanecendo praticamente inalterada. A área livre de gelo e neve aumentou em aproximadamente ±18 km², ou seja, um acréscimo de ±114% em relação a área livre de neve e gelo de 1988. Os maiores aumentos se deram entre os anos 1988 e 2000, no ano de 1988 a área representava ±15,91 km², passando para ±37,54 km² em 2000 e ±37,90 km em 2006, no ano de 2011 observou-se uma diminuição, com área de ±28,32 km², sendo que em 2015 a área voltou aos valores anteriores, ±34,09 km². A avaliação da temperatura do ar observada em Esperanza entre 1964-2014 mostra um aumento de 1,45°C. / This dissertation conducted a survey of variations of ice fronts in glaciers positions on the northern tip of the Trinity Peninsula by using remote sensing techniques. Advances and retreats of glaciers were mapped, as well as ice-free areas in the 27-year period between 1988-2015, and the results were complemented with air temperature data for the region. The database used eight satellite images from Landsat (TM, ETM + and OLI/TIRS sensors). In addition, it was used the Antarctica Digital Database (ADD) data, the Landsat Image Mosaic of Antarctica (LIMA), and the digital elevation model Antarctic Peninsula 100 m Digital Elevation Model (APGDEM). The temperature data used come from the Antarctic station Esperanza (ARG), acquired through READER. The glaciers ice fronts positions were obtained through automatic and manual methods. Unsupervised and supervised classifications were performed in the acquisition of these, turning them into vectors and uniting them with the delimitation of glacial drainage basins provided by ADD, thus forming the set of glaciers with its front position for each year of images (1988, 2000, 2006, 2011 and 2015). The ice-free areas were obtained by supervised classification. The classifications were validated through the Kappa index, obtaining satisfactory results. The total study area is approximately 1,450 square kilometers and has 32 glacial drainage basins, these, three are named glacier (Arena, Depot and Mondor), all three tidewater glaciers. In the period of analysis, since 1988, there has been a loss of mass of ice area of approximately 50 square kilometers, whereas the total gain was only ±10 square kilometers, resulting in an overall decrease of approximately ±40 square kilometers (i.e. ±2,7% of the total area). Between 1988-2000 (the wider range of investigations), the area lost ±25.1 square kilometers of ice on its fronts, from 2000 to 2006 there was a decrease of ±12.2 km², and between 2006 to 2011 others ±5.0 km²; the 2011-2015 interval was the only one to show advances greater that retreats with a ±2.5 sq km increase in the area (±0.16%). The Depot and Mondor glaciers showed retreat behavior, and Depot did not show any advance within the periods, the Arena glacier showed advances and retreats in all intervals, remaining virtually unchanged. The ice-free area increased by approximately 18 square kilometers, that is, a ±114% increase over the 1988 snow/ice free area. The largest increases were given in the years 1988-2000, in 1988 the area represented ±15.91 km², reaching ±37.54 km² in 2000 and ±37.90 km in 2006, in 2011 there was a decrease, with an area of ±28.32 square kilometers, and in 2015 the area returned to its previous values, ±34.09 km². The air temperature evaluation in Esperanza observed in 1964-2014 years show an increase of 1.45 ° C.

This empirical thesis explores the ways some Third World States use the patent regime as set out in the TRIPS Agreement to effect certain development and public health goals. It also investigates how non-state actors in these countries participate in patent law making, thereby creating narratives and counter-narratives that are challenging global norms on pharmaceutical patent protection. To do this, the thesis takes the three different examples of Brazil, India, and Nigeria and tells the story of patent law making within each of them. Adopting a Third World Approach to International Law as a macro-theoretical guide and nodal governance theory as a supplement, the thesis maps the broad interpretations and contestations of international patent law within the Third World. In doing this, the thesis pays particular attention to the everyday life of international patent law through the examination of practices that unfold through the different sites and objects in which international law operates today. In unpacking the patent law making in the aforementioned countries, the thesis posits that there is an emerging body of IP jurisprudence from the Third World that is expanding the aperture on norms governing pharmaceutical patent rules and medicines access discourse. In other words, the politics of international law making and implementation is shifting dramatically due to the confluence of different actors from various sectors in different forums in Brazil and India that are articulating counter-hegemonic pharmaceutical patent rules. The concomitant effect is not only the adoption of alternative pharmaceutical patent laws that are pro-human rights – especially pro-public health rights – in its articulation, but are also hermeneutic expressions of resistance against, and reform of, the international IP regime. In interrogating these narratives and counter-narratives that frame the global intellectual property regime in Third World forums, this thesis articulates successful counter-hegemonic discourses on patent law making and extrapolates lessons for Nigeria.

No verão de 2004 – 2005 foi realizada uma travessia do manto de gelo da Antártica Ocidental organizada pelo governo chileno em parceria com pesquisadores brasileiros como parte do ITASE (International Trans-Antarctic Scientific Expedition). A travessia partiu da base chilena Tenente Parodi em Patriot Hills (80°18'S; 81°22'W, altitude 720 m) e seguiu até o Polo Sul geográfico (90°S, altitude 2.840 m), voltando pelo mesmo caminho. Ao longo da travessia foram coletadas amostras de neve superficial (< 0,3 m de profundidade) a cada 10 km, a cada 220 km foi obtida a temperatura média anual local (medida a uma profundidade entre 10 e 15 m). As amostras foram analisadas utilizando espectrometria de massa com fonte de gás (GSMS - Gas Source Mass Spectrometry), no Climate Change Institute, Universidade do Maine, Orono, EUA. As razões isotópicas de oxigênio foram medidas com um dispositivo Micromass Multiprep acoplado a um espectrômetro de massa com precisão de 0,05‰. Os dados são apresentados em delta (δ), notação relativa ao padrão das águas oceânicas (VSMOW – Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water). Os resultados estão de acordo com observações pretéritas, apresentando redução dos valores com a distância da costa (- 0,0323‰/ km) com exceção de uma área anômala no transecto, no qual em menos de 20 quilômetros (entre as latitudes 87°30' e 86°44'S) há um aumento da razão isotópica de -45,0‰ para -34,5‰, sendo que aproximadamente 100 quilômetros adiante o 18O retorna para a tendência de decréscimo inicial da razão isotópica. Trajetórias das parcelas de ar chegadas em 6 pontos escolhidos ao longo da travessia foram calculadas usando o modelo HYSPLIT para derivar informações sobre a anomalia encontrada, atribuída inicialmente ao efeito orográfico das montanhas transantárticas. Posteriormente se constatou que a anomalia poderia ser causada pela sublimação decorrente do vento ou pela ablação parcial do pacote de neve anual, sendo assim um efeito pós-deposicional. / In the summer of 2004 – 2005, the Chilean government along with Brazilian researchers carried out a traverse in the Antarctic ice sheet as part of the ITASE (International Trans- Antarctic Scientific Expedition) program. The traverse, a return trip to the Geographic South Pole (90°S, altitude 2.840 m), started at Tenente Parodi Chilean station at Patriot Hills (80°18'S; 81°22'W, altitude 720 m). Along the route, we collected snow samples at every 10 km, 0.3 m deep. The average local annual temperature was determined at 6 points spaced approximately 220 km apart, at a depth between 10 and 15 m. Samples were analyzed by mass spectrometry with gas source (GSMS - Gas Source Mass Spectrometry) at the Climate Change Institute, University of Maine, Orono, USA. A Micromass Multiprep device coupled to the spectrometer with 0.05‰ precision measured the isotopic ratio. Data are presented in delta (δ), relative to SMOW – Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water. Results agree with previous works, which show an isotope ratio decrease with distance from the coast (- 0,0323‰/ km), except for an anomalous area, where in less than 20 km (from 87°30' S and 86°44'S) the isotopic ratio increases rapidly from -45 to -34.5‰, and then, after about 100 km, goes back to the general decreasing trend. HYSPLIT air trajectory models were run to examine if an orographic effect caused by the Transantarctic Mountains could be the cause of the anomalous area. After further examination, this anomaly is attributed to postdepositional processes, such as wind-driven sublimation.

This study, for the first time, brings together the detached understanding that facilitates coherent analysis of the emerging legal and regulatory issues that mobile payments introduce after financial inclusion in Kenya. To pursue these arguments firstly the thesis finds that the law on payments systems is incomplete as it does not address the specific issues necessary for an effective payments systems. It also puts forward the argument that the current regulatory regime is weak and largely unfelt due to its nascent state of development. Furthermore the current legal instruments are dispersed, and not uniformly applied among and across all payments systems and instruments as there exists an ambiguity in the legal definition of ‘mobile money’ and ‘deposits’ that present legal challenges in the enforcement of new regulations. Secondly, the cross-roads between the telecommunications industry and the financial industry that introduces non-banks into the retail payments market, presents a challenge in its effective regulation. As policy objectives are blurred when firms which are traditionally separated have to find appropriate regulatory frameworks in convergence. Thirdly this thesis examines the approach taken by Kenya in regulating mobile payments juxtaposing the realities that combine to blunt the impact of innovation and access to finance. This thesis serves as a foundational discussion on the regulatory capacity for the adoption and development of mobile payments within a regulatory vacuum and proposes that an appropriate regulatory framework is needed to addresses all these issues.

Submitted by Mariana Gabriela Fonseca (marigfonseca@yahoo.com.br) on 2018-09-17T13:01:19Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Fonseca, MG_Dissertacao Mestrado Corrigida-merged (1).pdf: 5024373 bytes, checksum: 7883e82b0d1dc259f5f8c6567a8c452b (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Aparecida Puerta null (dripuerta@rc.unesp.br) on 2018-09-17T14:03:13Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 fonseca_mg_me_rcla.pdf: 5024373 bytes, checksum: 7883e82b0d1dc259f5f8c6567a8c452b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-17T14:03:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 fonseca_mg_me_rcla.pdf: 5024373 bytes, checksum: 7883e82b0d1dc259f5f8c6567a8c452b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-07-20 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Ainda que consideráveis avanços tecnológicos no setor agrícola tenham proporcionado melhorias no bem-estar humano, milhares de pessoas ainda enfrentam miséria e fome ao redor do mundo. O progresso alcançado no último século, com a Revolução Verde, apesar de ter impulsionado a produção global de alimentos, também trouxe consequências catastróficas para o ambiente natural. Além disso, a população mundial continua a crescer exponencialmente, em especial em regiões emergentes como nos continentes africano e asiático. Todos esses fatores, somados aos inúmeros limitantes das produções agrícolas, representam uma grande ameaça à segurança alimentar do planeta, além de trazer prejuízos econômicos exorbitantes. Dentre os limitantes agrícolas, as fitopatologias causadas por bactérias do gênero Xanthomonas respondem por perdas de produção que podem chegar a 100%, quando em situação epidêmica. As produções de tomate, pimentão e mandioca podem ser reduzidas gravemente quando acometidas por Xanthomonas euvesicatoria, causadora da mancha bacteriana em pimentão e tomateiros, e Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. manihotis, causadora da bacteriose da mandioca. O combate atual para estas doenças baseia-se no uso de compostos cúpricos, notadamente danosos à saúde humana e ambiental, mas há casos, como o da bacteriose da mandioca, em que não há controle químico eficaz, sendo medidas de controle e manejo a única possibilidade de amenizar o problema. Como alternativa, estudos vem apontado a possibilidade de uso de metabólitos secundários de microrganismos, incluindo fungos da Antártica, no combate às Xanthomonas ssp. A presente pesquisa avaliou o potencial bactericida de extratos produzidos por 156 fungos isolados de diversas amostras de solo e sedimentos marinhos antárticos contra X. euvesicatoria e X. ax. pv. manihotis. Vinte e sete extratos foram bioativos para pelo menos uma das espécies de Xanthomonas testadas. Os extratos bioativos foram produzidos por 23 diferentes fungos, sendo que 9 foram isolados de amostras de sedimentos marinhos, 5 de solo abaixo de madeira podre, 6 de solo com biofilme e 3 isolados de solo abaixo de barra de ferro. O gênero de fungos Pseudogymnoascus, bastante comum na Antártica, foi predominante dentre os isolados foram produtores de compostos bioativos contra as espécies testadas. / Yet considerable technological advances in the agricultural sector have provided improvements in human well-being, thousands of people still face misery and hunger around the world. The progress achieved in the last century within the Green Revolution, despite having boosted global food production, has also brought catastrophic consequences to the natural environment. In addition, the world population continues to grow exponentially, especially in emerging regions such as the African and Asian continents. All these factors, coupled with the numerous constraints of agricultural production, pose a great threat to the planet's food security, as well as exorbitant economic losses. Among the agricultural limitations, phytopathologies caused by bacteria of the genus Xanthomonas respond by losses of production that can reach 100%, when in an epidemic situation. The tomato, pepper and cassava productions can be severely reduced when affected by Xanthomonas euvesicatoria, which causes bacterial spot in pepper and tomatoes, and Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. manihotis, which causes cassava bacterial blight. The current fight for these diseases is based on the use of copper compounds, notably harmful to human and environmental health, but there are cases, such as cassava bacterial blight, in which there is no effective chemical control, and management measures are the only possibility of mitigating the problem. As an alternative, studies have indicated the possibility of using secondary metabolites of microorganisms, including Antarctic fungi, in the control of Xanthomonas ssp. The present study evaluated the bactericidal potential of extracts produced by 156 fungi isolated from several soil samples and marine sediments against X. euvesicatoria and X. ax. pv. manihotis. Twenty-seven extracts were bioactive for at least one of the Xanthomonas species tested. Bioactive extracts were produced by 23 different fungi, of which 9 were isolated from marine sediment samples, 5 from soil under rotten wood, 6 from soil with biofilm and 3 soil isolates below iron bar. The genus of fungi Pseudogymnoascus, very common in Antarctica, was predominant among the isolates were producers of bioactive compounds against the species tested.