Since the UK industrial revolution, coal combustion, ore smelting and other industrial activities have resulted in a marked increase in emissions of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) such as antimony (Sb), lead (Pb), arsenic (As), copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn), along with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), to the atmosphere. Although stricter environmental regulation and improved technology has led to a notable decline for some contaminant emissions in recent decades, this has not been observed for all elements, e.g. Sb, where only a modest reduction in emissions have been recorded. Once emitted, Sb along with Pb, As, Cu, Zn and PAHs may persist in the environment for considerable periods of time after their release; although their chemical associations may change, elements are not broken down over time and organic contaminants may break down slowly. Above all, PTEs and PAHs are detrimental to human and environmental health, with chemical forms of Sb, Pb, As and PAHs categorised as carcinogenic. Understanding their behaviour and fate in the environment is therefore an important step towards evaluating their likely impact on both ecosystem and human health. Consequently, this study focuses on the release, behaviour and fate of contaminants from current and past anthropogenic sources in the urban and rural environment, with a specific interest in Sb and PAHs, where emissions originate from similar anthropogenic sources, with Pb, As, Cu and Zn also included for comparison purposes. Current and past industrial activity was identified as the dominant source of PTEs and PAHs to the urban environment, with emissions from vehicle, coal combustion and metal smelting identified as main contributors to total contaminant concentrations. Using road dust collected from Edinburgh at five high- and low-traffic roads at a distance of 10 and 50 m from the closest road junction, concentrations of Sb, Pb, Cu, Zn, PAHs and Pb isotope ratios were determined, with road dust undergoing further characterisation using chemical (sequential extraction) and spectroscopic (X-ray diffraction, SEM-EDX) techniques. No consistent trend for the element concentrations released from vehicles braking at 10 and 50 m from the closest road junction was observed. Mean concentrations for Sb, Cu and Zn were 5.3 ± 2.8 mg kg-1, 91.4 ± 48 mg kg-1 and 237 ± 144 mg kg-1, respectively, and were similar to road dust sampled from five high- and five low-traffic locations in Glasgow (Sb 4.5 ± 2.1 mg kg-1; Cu 117 ± 71.9 mg kg-1; Zn: 283 ± 146 mg kg-1). This was in contrast to mean concentrations for Pb and Σ16PAHs obtained from Glasgow (Pb 250 ± 283 mg kg-1, Σ16PAH 7.7 ± 4.3 mg kg-1) where values were approximately double and two-thirds greater than those found in Edinburgh (Pb 135 ± 129 mg kg-1, Σ16PAH 4.7 ± 2.9 mg kg-1), respectively. Lead isotopic analysis of Glasgow road dust (206Pb/207Pb range of 1.140-1.174) showed a strong influence of past emissions from coal combustion and metal smelting, and was in agreement with Glasgow's industrial history. For Edinburgh, the isotopic signature was considerably lower (206Pb/207Pb range of 1.116-1.151), and was influenced moreso by emissions of Australian sourced Pb in leaded fuel. Isotopic signatures in Edinburgh were lowest at easterly locations within 5 km of Edinburgh airport (206Pb/207Pb ~ 1.12), and corresponded with past vehicle emissions from leaded petrol use, and to a lesser degree, emissions from avgas, which was consistent with the mean annual wind direction for Edinburgh. The mobility of elements from the road dust to the aqueous phase were assessed by sequential extraction, and by using road surface water samples which showed mobility decreased in the order of Zn > Cu > Pb > Sb. Road dust characterised by XRD and SEM-EDX had a high proportion of quartz present (~55%), whilst the presence of less abundant minerals such as calcite were found to increase Pb mobility through ease of dissolution into the aqueous phase. For the rural environment, the behaviour and fate of elemental pollution originating from two former mining sites, an Sb mine at Glendinning, SW Scotland, and a Pb mine at Tyndrum in central Scotland was examined. Under specific environmental conditions, Sb was found to be both mobile and immobile in the environment. The chemical weathering of stibnite found in spoil heaps at Glendinning Sb mine demonstrated that ~3% of total Sb can be mobilised during the chemical weathering process, while hydrous Fe oxides and organic matter in the surrounding soil favoured its retention. The retention of Sb, along with Pb, was similarly observed in Loch Tay sediment downstream of Tyndrum Pb mine, where upon deposition, Sb and Pb remained immobile in sediment and allowed the construction of deposition chronologies for two sediment cores to be established. Excellent agreement between the sediment core deposition chronologies was observed, with both chronologies identifying atmospheric deposition as the primary source of Sb to Loch Tay sediment, whilst the dominant source of Pb was from Tyndrum Pb mine ~25 km upstream of Loch Tay. Relative to Sb and Pb, As had the greatest mobility, with its geochemical behaviour and partial retention by the solid phase influenced by the presence of Fe. This was evident in the surrounding soil at Glendinning Sb mine, where As was associated with hydrous Fe oxides present in the solid phase, while at Loch Tay, the redox cycling of Fe resulted in the post-depositional mobility of As in sediment. The use of ombrotrophic peat bogs for this study provided an effective means to assess atmospheric deposition of contaminants over past centuries; they continually accumulate and receive all their nutrients and contaminants exclusively by deposition from the atmosphere. The deposition archives of Sb and Pb from two Scottish peat cores sampled from Great Moss, Cairngorms Mountains, and, Auchencorth Moss, Midlothian, were used to construct chronologies for historic and contemporary emissions, particularly in relation to current and historic anthropogenic activities observed in urban and rural environments. At Great Moss, the deposition of Sb and Pb during the 19th century increased by a factor of 10 and 4, respectively, as a result of the industrial revolution and emissions from the combustion of coal and metal smelting. The trend continued into the 20th century where Sb and Pb deposition peaked ~1950, followed by a decline towards the early 21st century by a factor of 5 and 11, respectively. Over this period of time, the contribution from coal combustion and metal smelting towards total anthropogenic emissions was on the decline, while emissions from the combustion of leaded fuel increased until the ~1980s. Although deposition chronologies before 1970 for Sb and Pb at Auchencorth Moss were generally in agreement with those from Great Moss, several differences were observed after 1970, or more specifically, in the top ~10 cm of the peat core. This was a result of sub-surface perturbations for Ti, Sb, Pb and 210Pb concentrations, and indicated once deposited, elements were susceptible to post-depositional mobility brought about from a change in environmental conditions. The thicker acrotelm layer present at Auchencorth Moss, and the vertical movement of the peat water-table within this layer, resulted in a change in redox conditions and led to the redox cycling of Mn and Fe, which in turn, influenced vertical concentrations of Ti, Sb, Pb and 210Pb. While Sb and Pb are usually found immobile in peat systems, the post-deposition mobility of Sb and Pb at Auchencorth Moss was comparable to a peat core sampled from Flanders Moss, and indicated that under specific environmental conditions, both elements can become mobile in ombrotrophic peat bogs. It is worth bearing in mind however, that these results are the exception, and in all other cases ombrotrophic peat bogs remain a reliable archival material to use.

Orientador: Sérgio Luis de Carvalho / Resumo: As atividades antrópicas como agricultura, mineração, urbanização e industrialização produzem resíduos que de maneira direta ou indireta acabam chegando até os corpos hídricos, gerando mudanças na qualidade da água dos rios, córregos e lagos. Para quantificar a poluição dessas águas utiliza-se o índice de qualidade da água “IQA” que por meio de análises físicas, químicas e biológicas classifica a qualidade da água como ótima, boa, aceitável, ruim ou péssima. Este trabalho tem como objetivo diagnosticar a influência de atividades antrópicas na qualidade da água da bacia hidrográfica do Córrego das Marrecas – SP, utilizando o Índice de Qualidade da Água – (IQA). Foram analisados cinco pontos ao longo do Córrego das Marrecas – SP durante o período de abril/2017 a março/2018. Em cada ponto de amostragem foi mensurada mensalmente a concentração de oxigênio dissolvido (OD), temperatura, pH, turbidez, sólidos totais (ST), coliformes termotolerantes, demanda bioquímica de oxigênio (DBO), nitrogênio total e fósforo total conforme os métodos para análises de águas potáveis e residuárias – Standard Methods for Examination of Water and Wastewater. Foi realizada uma análise descritiva para avaliação dos resultados de média, desvio padrão, valores máximos e mínimos dos parâmetros de qualidade da água monitorados durante o período chuvoso e seco nos cinco pontos de amostragem do Córrego das Marrecas- SP. O cálculo do IQA foi feito por meio do produtório ponderado dos nove parâmetros (pH, tu... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Anthropogenic activities such as agriculture, mining, urbanization and industrialization produce waste that directly or indirectly reaches the water bodies, generating changes in the water quality of these rivers, streams and lakes. To quantify the pollution of these waters, the water quality index "IQA" is used that, through physical, chemical and biological analysis, classifies water quality as optimal, good, acceptable, bad or bad. This work aims to diagnose the influence of anthropic activities on the water quality of the Stream of Marrecas - SP water basin, using the Water Quality Index - (IQA). Five points were analyzed along the Stream of Marrecas - SP during the period from April / 2017 to March / 2018. At each sampling point, the concentration of dissolved oxygen (OD), temperature, pH, turbidity, total solids (ST), thermotolerant coliforms, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), total nitrogen and total phosphorus were measured according to the methods for analysis of drinking water and wastewater - Standard Methods for Examination of Water and Wastewater. A descriptive analysis was performed to evaluate the results of mean, standard deviation, maximum and minimum values of water quality parameters monitored during the rainy and dry period at the five sampling points of Stream of Marrecas - SP. The calculation of the IQA was done by means of the weighted output of the nine parameters (pH, turbidity, temperature, dissolved oxygen, phosphorus, nitrogen, total solids, thermot... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:10:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DanielSDF_DISSERT.pdf: 2531528 bytes, checksum: d49ec62287719664b6c710e8fc8aa8da (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-19 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / This work aimed to study the diversity and distribution of marine sea turtles stranded in Potiguar Basin, Rio Grande do Norte, as well as aspects related to feeding behavior associated with human impacts. The study was conducted through the analysis of data from stranded animals, recorded in a daily monitoring in an area bounded on the north by the municipality of Aquiraz, in the state of Cear?, and the east by the municipality of Caicara do Norte, in the state of Rio Grande do Norte. Stranded dead animals were necropsied and for the analysis of the diet of animals, esophagus, stomach and intestines were fixed in 10% formalin and after that, the stomach contents were sorted and stored in 70% alcohol. Representative fragments of these organs were removed for making histological slides, with a view to histological characterization of the digestive tract. 2.046 occurrences of turtles were recorded during the period from 01/01/2010 to 31/12/2012. The Chelonia mydas species showed the highest number of records and it was observed in 66.81 % (N = 1,367) of cases; followed by Eretmochelys imbricata with 4.45 % (N = 91) and by Lepidochelys olivacea with 1.22% (N = 25). The Caretta caretta and Dermochelys coriacea species were, respectively, 0.93 % (N = 19) and 0.05 % (N = 1) records of strandings. In 26.54 % of cases, it was not possible to identify the species. Regarding the spatial distribution, the stretch A was the one that had the highest number of strandings and a larger number of records were registered in the warm months of the year. The dietary analysis showed that C. mydas fed preferentially on algae; C. caretta had a diet with a predominance of the item "coral?s fragments" and E. imbricata species showed preference for an animal origin material. Related to this anthropic interaction, 57.14 % (n = 76) of animals that died at the rehabilitation s base, showed cause of death due to complications from ingesting debris. According to the data presented, the Potiguar Basin presents itself as an area with important diversity and distribution of marine sea turtle as well is characterized as a feeding and nidification area for these species / Este trabalho objetivou estudar a diversidade e distribui??o das tartarugas marinhas encalhadas na Bacia Potiguar, RN, bem como os aspectos relacionados ao comportamento alimentar associados aos impactos antr?picos. O estudo foi realizado com animais encalhados, registrados por monitoramento di?rio, na ?rea delimitada a noroeste pelo munic?pio de Aquiraz, Cear?, e a leste pelo munic?pio de Cai?ara do Norte, RN. Os animais encalhados mortos foram necropsiados e coletados es?fago, est?mago e intestinos, fixados em formol a 10%, sendo posteriormente o conte?do estomacal triado e armazenado. Destes mesmos ?rg?os foram retirados fragmentos para confec??o de l?minas histol?gicas. Foram registradas 2.046 ocorr?ncias de tartarugas marinhas durante o per?odo de 01/01/2010 a 31/12/2012. A esp?cie Chelonia mydas apresentou o maior n?mero de registros (66,81%, N = 1.367); seguido de Eretmochelys imbricata (4,45%, N = 91) e Lepidochelys olivacea com 1,22% (N = 25). Caretta caretta e Dermochelys coriacea apresentaram, respectivamente, 0,93% (N = 19) e 0,05% (N = 1) registros. Tanto a distribui??o espacial, como a temporal, variaram evidenciando maior ocorr?ncia de encalhes no trecho A- Grossos-RN/Icapu?-CE e um maior n?mero de registros nos meses quentes do ano. A an?lise da dieta das tartarugas demonstrou que Chelonia mydas alimentou-se preferencialmente de algas; Caretta caretta de resto calc?rio e Moluscos e E. imbricata de material de origem animal. Dos animais que vieram a ?bito, 57,14% (n = 76) apresentaram como causa mortis ? ingest?o de detritos. A an?lise da histologia demonstra que o es?fago apresenta papilas esof?gicas, revestidas de epit?lio pavimentoso estratificado queratinizado, igualmente a mucosa deste ?rg?o. Aus?ncia de sub mucosa e camada muscular com m?sculos estriados e liso em diferentes dire??es. Est?mago e intestino apresentam as quatro camadas: mucosa, submucosa, muscular e serosa, com destaque para as fossetas g?stricas no est?mago e a presen?a de vilos nos intestinos. De acordo com os dados apresentados, a Bacia Potiguar apresenta-se como uma ?rea de grande diversidade de esp?cies de tartarugas marinhas, sendo caracterizada como ?rea de alimenta??o para essas esp?cies

Master of Science / Department of Biology / Craig Paukert / I investigated the influence of anthropogenic threats and hydrologic alteration on fish assemblages within the Lower Colorado River Basin (LCRB). Life history traits of fish assemblages for individual stream segments were summarized by species presence/absence data of current (1980-2006) records. To assess anthropogenic threats, I developed a series of ecological risk indices at various scales (e.g., catchment, watershed, aquatic ecological system and upstream of aquatic ecological system) and related each index to fish life-history traits to determine the method and scale that best related to biotic metrics. Hydrologic alteration was quantified using the Indicators of Hydrologic Alteration software to calculate hydrologic alteration values using the range of variability approach. Ecological risk indices within all scales were strongly correlated (r[superscript]2>0.54, p<0.0001) to one another. Relationships between fish life history traits and ecological risk indices occurred only at the catchment and watershed scales. Strongest relationships were at the watershed scale where increased levels of anthropogenic risk were related to reduced occurrences of native, fluvial dependent species (r[superscript]2=0.12, p<0.0001) and increased occurrences of nonnative generalist species (r[superscript]2=0.22, p<0.0001). The percent agriculture was positively related to indices of alteration of low flows (r=0.401, p=0.006) while forested land cover was negatively related to alteration of low flow events (r=-0.384, p=0.008). Relationships between indices of hydrologic alteration and fish traits indicate the occurrence of piscivorous, nonnative fishes increased with alteration of low flow events whereas occurrence of fluvial dependent fishes that preferred rubble substrate decreased with alteration of low flow events (r=0.64, p=0.001). Our analysis suggests that ecological risk indices and hydrologic alteration in the LCRB are related to composition of biotic communities. Incorporating cost-effective risk indices into conservation planning will likely increase the effectiveness of conservation efforts while understanding biotic responses to modified flow regimes are a necessity in sustainable development of water resources as human populations grow and water resources decrease in the LCRB.

Globally emphasis has been given to identify emerging and re-emerging pathogens. Rapid urban expansion creates a problem which is two-fold. Firstly, increasing slum living conditions due to inadequate rate of infrastructure development results in an increased reliance on natural resources, including the capture and consumption of surrounding wildlife to subsist, thereby facilitating the transfer of emergent zoonotic pathogens. Secondly, through activities such as pollution or alien species introductions, the rapid transformation of once pristine environments, alters natural systems, potentially exposing these environments to new bacterial pathogens. Therefore, the main aim of this study was to assess overlooked bacterial species harboured by four host species (Bathyergus suillus, Georychus capensis, Cryptomys hottentotus hottentotus and Fukomys damarensis) belonging to the subterranean rodent family Bathyergidae, which inhabit an environment well-suited for an array of bacterial species, and which varied in their exposure to human settlements. Bacterial prevalence and diversity was initially evaluated using broad-range PCR techniques in combination with nucleotide sequencing. This revealed high levels of bacterial prevalence (82.91%) and mixed infections (22.60%) in bathyergid species. Two bacterial groups, the Bacillus cereus complex (a group of soil-dwelling bacterial strains with pathogenic potential with an overall prevalence of 8.55%) and haemotropic Mycoplasma strains (vector-borne bacterial strains of zoonotic potential with an overall prevalence of 1.28%) were subsequently selected for further genetic analysis with genus and species-specific PCRs. Bacillus molecular screening and phylogenetic analyses was achieved by targeting four gene regions with seven published primer assays and two novel PCR assays. This enabled identification of two B. cereus complex strains in bathyergid lungs and revealed an overall B. cereus complex prevalence of 17.95% for the 234 bathyergid lung samples screened. Bacillus genome prevalence was significantly higher in B. suillus individuals (45.35%), sampled in a peri-urban environment, compared to the other bathyergid species sampled from pristine habitats (ranging from 0% - 4.44%). Anthropogenic activities in the area where B. suillus was sampled could, at least partially, attribute to the perceived difference between urban and naturally sampled bathyergid species, highlighting the role of B. suillus to act as both a reservoir of potentially zoonotic pathogens and as a sentinel for anthropogenic soiling. Mycoplasma molecular screening using three different PCR assays, all targeting the 16S rRNA gene region, confirmed an overall haemotropic Mycoplasma prevalence of 24.13% in the 286 bathyergid organs (lung, spleen and liver) screened. A significantly higher prevalence and diversity of haemotropic Mycoplasma strains was found in B. suillus lungs (41.86%) compared to its naturally occurring relatives (ranging from 0%-36%). Phylogenetic analyses identified six novel haemotropic Mycoplasma strains, all grouping within a discrete monophyletic cluster, sister to Mycoplasma coccoides, and comprising two well-supported sub-clusters. The human introduction of commensal rodents harbouring Mycoplasma strains transferred through cosmopolitan arthropod vectors to indigenous bathyergids, likely underlies the higher prevalence in urban areas, although other biotic and abiotic factors affecting ectoparasite load also merit consideration. The data generated by the current study indicate the need to identify largely overlooked and potentially zoonotic bacterial pathogens in subterranean mammals and emphasises the importance of monitoring anthropogenically-introduced, opportunistic pathogens and the threats they pose to vulnerable communities and co-occurring, free-living animal species / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2017. / Airports Company of South Africa (ACSA) / National Research Foundation (NRF) / Zoology and Entomology / MSc / Unrestricted

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / Wetlands are highly productive systems that act as habitats for a variety of flora and fauna. Despite their ecohydrological significance, wetland ecosystems are under severe threat as a result of environmental changes (e.g. the changing temperature and rainfall), as well as pressure from anthropogenic land use activities (e.g. agriculture, rural-urban development and dam construction). Such changes result in severe disturbances in the hydrology, plant species composition, spatial distribution, productivity and diversity of wetlands, as well as their ability to offer critical ecosystem goods and services. However, wetland degradation varies considerably from place to place, with severe degradation occurring particularly in developing regions, such as sub-Saharan Africa, where Land Use and Land Cover changes impact on wetland ecosystems by affecting the diversity of plant species, productivity, as well as the wetland hydrology.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(地球環境学) / 甲第24153号 / 地環博第231号 / 新制||地環||44(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院地球環境学舎地球環境学専攻 / (主査)教授 梶井 克純, 教授 高野 裕久, 准教授 田中 周平 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Global Environmental Studies / Kyoto University / DFAM

Cette thèse porte sur l'étude de la relation Homme-Mare temporaire dans la région de Benslimane. Une approche pluridisciplinaire intégrant l'écologie et la sociologie a été adoptée, afin d'apporter des réponses adaptées aux problématiques liées à ces habitats et de permettre leur développement durable. Le premier volet a pour but d'évaluer les facteurs clés déterminant la richesse de la végétation des mares de cette région. Les résultats obtenus révèlent l'influence prédominante des facteurs locaux, avec un effet significatif des facteurs régionaux et de la vulnérabilité des mares aux usages, sur l'expression de la richesse floristique. Les activités anthropiques affectent différemment la richesse en espèces Préférentielles. Le second volet se focalise sur les causes de régression des mares, en couplant l'évaluation des menaces à une enquête socio-économique. Les résultats montrent la prédominance d'une perception anthropocentrique des mares temporaires. Ce constat traduit le haut niveau de menace qui pèse sur les mares de cette région. L'évaluation de ces menaces, qui indique que 22 % des mares sont vulnérables et que 23 % sont menacées de destruction à court terme, soulignent le besoin urgent de nouvelles politiques environnementales et d'approches innovantes de gestion des mares temporaires. Enfin, le troisième volet s'intéresse à l'impact du pâturage sur la végétation des mares. Les résultats montrent que cette perturbation affecte la végétation des mares, à l'échelle régionale et locale. Ces résultats sont interprétés comme résultant de l'effet sélectif des herbivores et la tolérance différentielle des espèces aux perturbations. Au terme de cette étude, la gestion intégrée des mares apparaît comme le moyen le plus approprié pour le développement durable de cet "éco-socio-système" complexe, en conciliant développement économique et bon état écologique des ressources, et en liant les questions environnementales, économiques et sociales. / This thesis focuses on the study of the relationship Man-Temporary pool. A multidisciplinary approach integrating ecology and sociology has been adopted to provide appropriate responses to the problems related to these ecosystems and to allow their sustainable development. The first section aims at evaluating the key factors determining the vegetation richness within regional pools. The obtained results reveal the predominant influence of local factors, with a significant effect of regional factors and the vulnerability of pools to use, on the expression of the vegetation. Human activities affect differently the richness in preferential pool species. The second section focuses on the major causes of the regression of pools, by coupling threats assessment and a socio-economic survey. The results point out the anthropocentric perception of pools. This translates the high level of threat concerning the temporary pools of Benslimane region. The thr eat assessment, which shows that 22 % of pools are vulnerable, and 23 % are threatened of destruction of the short term, highlights the urgent need for new environmental policies and innovative approaches of temporary pools management. Finally, the third section concerns the impact of grazing on the vegetation of temporary pools. The results demonstrate that grazing affects the vegetation of pools, both at the regional and the local scale. These results are interpreted as a result of the selective influence of herbivores, and the differential tolerance of species to disturbance. At the end of the present study, the integrated management of pools appears as the most appropriate means for the sustainable development of this complex eco-socio-system, by combining the economic development and the ecological status of resources, and by linking environmental, economic and social issues.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-21T18:15:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rita Decacio Peixer Soethe.pdf: 5029608 bytes, checksum: c1d20b94a775f22487d8f9c8be750331 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-05-21 / To meet their needs the man began a steady transformation of the middle giving you other settings according to new interests that arise, which promotes and creates imbalances often conflict situations in land use and occupancy in areas in many cases, they should be protected. Many of these actions taken, especially in watersheds, can generate negative consequences for the whole community, especially when there is lack of planning of land occupation. His aim of this study was to analyze the dynamics of the use and occupation of the land from the use of the concepts of environmental conflict and hemeroby in the basin of the São Lourenço River in the municipality of Itaiópolis - SC, between 1977/79 and 2011. The adoption of this basin is justified by the same form in the area of wealth, fueling the county seat. Regarding the methodological procedures were performed based on bibliographic publications and public institutions and generating maps for the period 1977/79 and 2011. We identified five classes of land use: Urbanized Area, Culture,Forest, Grassland / Rural and Forestry. Classes of Environmental Conflicts adopted were: use area corresponding area overused and underused area. Regarding hemeroby was identified the degree of human interference in the basin, based on the dependence of technological systems from the classes: Ecosystems natural, seminatural Ecosystems, Ecosystem (biotic) anthropogenic 1, Ecosystem (biotic) anthropogenic 2, and Tecno-ecosystems. The results showed that the most significant changes occur in the classes pasture / country, or is semi ecosystems and class culture represented by Ecosystem (biotic) anthropogenic 1, the first of which was the one that lost area (-30.91%) and the second a more expanded (19.96%). The data presented in this analysis reveal that the use and occupation of the land in the basin follow the trend of expansion in the activities related to agribusiness that constitute spatial configuration occurred generally throughout the municipality. The class corresponding usage totaled the largest parcel of land in the basin and the main differences between aptitude and land uses are mainly in areas of permanent preservation. / Para suprir suas necessidades o homem iniciou uma constante transformação do meio dando-lhe outras configurações de acordo com novos interesses que vão surgindo, o que promove com frequência desajustes e cria situações conflitantes no uso e ocupação da terra em áreas que em muitos casos, deveriam ser protegidas. Muitas dessas ações praticadas, de modo especial, em bacias hidrográficas, podem gerar consequências negativas para toda a coletividade, sobretudo quando há falta de planejamento na ocupação da terra. O objetivo desse estudo foi analisar a dinâmica do uso e ocupação da terra a partir da utilização dos conceitos de conflito ambiental e hemerobia na bacia do rio São Lourenço no município de Itaiópolis - SC, no período de 1977/79 a 2011. A adoção desta bacia hidrográfica justifica-se pela mesma constituir-se em área de manancial, abastecendo a sede do município. Quanto aos procedimentos metodológicos foram realizados levantamentos bibliográficos com base em publicações de instituições e órgãos públicos e geração de mapas para o período 1977/79 e 2011. Foram identificadas cinco classes de uso da terra: Área Urbanizada; Cultura; Floresta; Pastagem/Campestre e Silvicultura. As classes de Conflitos Ambientais adotadas foram: área de uso correspondente, área sobreutilizada e área subutilizada. Com relação a hemerobia foi identificado o grau de interferência antrópica na bacia, com base na dependência tecnológica dos sistemas a partir das classes: Ecossistemas naturais, Ecossistemas seminaturais, Ecossistema (biótico) antropogênico 1, Ecossistema (biótico) antropogênico 2 e Tecno-ecossistemas. Os resultados permitiram verificar que as mudanças mais significativas ocorrem nas classes pastagem/campestre, ou seja ecossistemas seminaturais e na classe cultura representada pelo Ecossistema (biótico) antropogênico 1, sendo que a primeira foi a que mais perdeu área (-30,91%) e a segunda a que mais se expandiu (19,96%). Os dados apresentados nesta análise revelam que o uso e ocupação da terra na bacia seguem a tendência de expansão das atividades ligadas ao agronegócio que constituem configuração espacial ocorrida de maneira geral em todo o município. A classe de uso correspondente somou a maior parcela ocupada na bacia e as principais divergências entre a aptidão e os usos da terra se encontram principalmente em áreas de preservação permanente.

Submitted by Aelson Maciera (aelsoncm@terra.com.br) on 2017-05-03T17:40:43Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DissABB.pdf: 2445269 bytes, checksum: c7b781256cf7da3798255d50866adf97 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ronildo Prado (ronisp@ufscar.br) on 2017-05-04T14:13:43Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissABB.pdf: 2445269 bytes, checksum: c7b781256cf7da3798255d50866adf97 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ronildo Prado (ronisp@ufscar.br) on 2017-05-04T14:13:50Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissABB.pdf: 2445269 bytes, checksum: c7b781256cf7da3798255d50866adf97 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-04T14:24:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissABB.pdf: 2445269 bytes, checksum: c7b781256cf7da3798255d50866adf97 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-09 / Não recebi financiamento / Agriculture, urbanization and industrialization are some of the human activities that are constantly generating negative impacts on the environment. Much of this degradation directly affects exhaustible lotic systems that are important sources of water supply for the population. This provides the aggravation of problems in obtaining clean water. From this context, the present study aims to assess visual characteristics of habitats in the longitudinal gradient of Araras River and along with the seasonal monitoring of physical and chemical parameters of water quality, state of the natural environment conservation status, while characterizing the changes caused by anthropic activity. For the survey data, 6 points of evaluation were select, ranging from stretches of rural and urban areas. The evaluation took place using the Rapid Assessment Protocol of Habitat Diversity, which at the end of the application, defines the environment preservation level. The monitoring with collection of water samples complied with the climate (drought, intermediate and wet), totaling 13 parameters measured, submitted to analysis of simple variance (ANOVA), using as multiple comparisons test the Tukey test at 5% level of significance. Both, the results of water quality analysis and the PARs analysis showed degradation of shares in the Ribeirão das Araras, as a result of human activities. Regarding seasonality, there was a significant difference only between the parameters: total nitrogen, total phosphorus, chloride, sulfate and electrical conductivity, but without apparent climate relationship. Total phosphorus parameter, except for the 3rd poit, showed values above the limit, established by CONAMA, in the Resolution 357/05, with higher concentrations in the dry season. However, in the 5th point, it was highlighted by having higher concentrations in almost all parameters and also by disagreement in turbidity parameter in the interim period. The protocol described the whole gradient evaluated as amended (48.6 points). The points of greatest environmental criticality were the points 4 and 5, both classified as impacted. Together the tools showed that the points located in the urban area (4 and 5), are the most affected by human activities, mainly because of the margins occupation, channeling, rectification, removal of riparian vegetation, domestic sewage disposal, garbage on the banks, erosion, etc. So, the low-cost of tools adopted here, Ecokit and RAPs, provided to be an efficient way to evaluate the water resources. / Agricultura, urbanização e industrialização são algumas das atividades antrópicas, que estão constantemente gerando impactos negativos ao meio ambiente. Grande parte dessa degradação afeta diretamente os esgotáveis sistemas lóticos que são importantes fontes de abastecimento de água para a população. Isso propicia o agravamento dos problemas em se obter água limpa. Partindo deste contexto, a presente pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar características visuais de habitats no gradiente longitudinal do Ribeirão das Araras e juntamente com o monitoramento sazonal dos parâmetros físicos e químicos de qualidade da água, indicar o estado de conservação do ambiente natural, sem deixar de caracterizar as alterações ocasionadas pela atividade antrópica. Para o levantamento dos dados, foram selecionados 6 pontos de avaliação, compreendidos entre trechos da zona rural e urbana. A avaliação se deu com a utilização do Protocolo de Avaliação Rápida da Diversidade de Habitats, que ao final da aplicação, define o nível de preservação do ambiente. O monitoramento com coletas de amostras de água obedeceu à sazonalidade climática (períodos de seca, intermediário e chuvoso), sendo no total 13 parâmetros mensurados, submetidos à análise de variância (ANOVA) simples, utilizando como teste de comparações múltiplas o teste de Tukey ao nível de 5% de significância. Tanto os resultados das análises de qualidade da água, quanto o PARs apontaram ações de degradação na microbacia do Ribeirão das Araras, em decorrência das atividades antrópicas. Quanto a sazonalidade, houve diferença significativa apenas entre os parâmetros: nitrogênio total, fósforo total, cloreto, sulfato e condutividade elétrica, porém sem relação climática aparente. O parâmetro fósforo total, exceto no ponto 3, apresentou valores acima do limite estabelecido pela Resolução CONAMA 357/05, com maiores concentrações no período seco. No entanto, o ponto 5 teve destaque por apresentar maiores concentrações em quase todos os parâmetros e ainda, pela desconformidade no parâmetro turbidez do período intermediário. O protocolo classificou o todo do gradiente avaliado como alterado (48,6 pontos). Os pontos de maior criticidade ambiental foram os pontos 4 e 5, ambos classificados como impactados. Juntas as ferramentas permitiram concluir que os pontos localizados na região urbana (4 e 5) são os mais afetados pelas atividades antrópicas, sobretudo, pela ocupação das margens, canalização, retificação, retirada da vegetação ciliar, despejo de esgotos domésticos, lixo nas margens, processos erosivos, etc. Portanto, as ferramentas de baixo custo aqui adotadas (Ecokit e PARs), mostraram-se de maneira eficiente no que tange a avaliação dos recursos hídricos.