Sex steroids influence the storing of fat, and differences in the distribution of fat are a typical secondary sexual characteristic. Androgens act on fatty tissues in males either directly through stimulation of the androgen receptor or indirectly through aromatization of the estrogen receptor. Androgens can be classified as aromatizable or non-aromatizable. Testosterone (T) is the main aromatizable androgen, while its metabolite dihydrotestosterone (DHT) is a non-aromatizable androgen that acts only through the androgen receptor. It is precisely this difference in having activity only through the androgen receptor that has given rise to the hypothesis concerning the differing effects of DHT and T on body composition, with DHT possibly being responsible for male-type fat distribution. As part of my post-graduate studies we analyzed the dependence serum levels of T and DHT on age, as well as changes in their ratio with age. Further, we sought relationships between aromatizable and non-aromatizable androgens and metabolic and anthropometric parameters. We also focused on following any changes in steroidogenesis in obese males. We showed that before puberty the dominant androgen is rather DHT than T, that the fDHT/fT ratio during the life of adult males is constant, and that there is no evidence of a reversal...

Sex steroids influence the storing of fat, and differences in the distribution of fat are a typical secondary sexual characteristic. Androgens act on fatty tissues in males either directly through stimulation of the androgen receptor or indirectly through aromatization of the estrogen receptor. Androgens can be classified as aromatizable or non-aromatizable. Testosterone (T) is the main aromatizable androgen, while its metabolite dihydrotestosterone (DHT) is a non-aromatizable androgen that acts only through the androgen receptor. It is precisely this difference in having activity only through the androgen receptor that has given rise to the hypothesis concerning the differing effects of DHT and T on body composition, with DHT possibly being responsible for male-type fat distribution. As part of my post-graduate studies we analyzed the dependence serum levels of T and DHT on age, as well as changes in their ratio with age. Further, we sought relationships between aromatizable and non-aromatizable androgens and metabolic and anthropometric parameters. We also focused on following any changes in steroidogenesis in obese males. We showed that before puberty the dominant androgen is rather DHT than T, that the fDHT/fT ratio during the life of adult males is constant, and that there is no evidence of a reversal...

The thesis "Motor Skills of Volleyball and Beach Volleyball Players Depending on Their Anthropometric Parameters" discusses the distinctions in somatotypes of players of both sports. The thesis aims to define the influence of a somatotype for playing in each position. Furthermore, the thesis compares the differences in motor skills between beach volleyball and volleyball players. Nowadays, professional sports are characterized by growing pressure on athlete's performance. It leads to higher competition which lowers the differences between the individual athletes to minimum. As it gets more difficult for every athlete to be the best, room for science opens up in sport. For this reason, natural conditions of somatotypes and other anthropometric parameters play key roles. The aim of the thesis was to discover the differences in motor skills and somatotypes of beach volleyball and volleyball players. In the research, somatic and motor measurements were applied on players of the same performance categories. Thus, the thesis offers material that beach volleyball and volleyball coaches can later use in practise, for instance while spotting future talents, setting appropriate positions or creating game plans. Key Words Beach Volleyball, Volleyball, Anthropometric Parameters, Motor Skills

Tyrimo objektas: trijų mėnesių mišriųjų fizinių pratybų poveikis pagyvenusų moterų riebalinei kūno masei ir kai kuriems kūno kompozicijos rodikliams. Temos aktualumas: spartūs socialiniai ir ekonominiai procesai turi didelės įtakos žmogaus savijautai ir sveikatos būklei, kuri PSO duomenimis, iki 50-70 procentų priklauso nuo gyvenimo būdo (World Health Organisation, 1998). Vienas iš daugelio sveikatos gerinimo strategijos krypčių, reikšmingai veikiančių žmogaus sveikatą, yra fizinis aktyvumas. Kai kurios gyventojų grupės yra ypač mažai fiziškai aktyvios – tai moterys, senyvo amžiaus, neįgalūs, vieniši, nutukę, žemesnio išsilavinimo arba mažesnes pajamas turintys žmonės (Kalvėnas, Simanavičiūtė, 2010). Asmenys, kurie reguliariai mankštinasi, jaučiasi daug geriau ir yra daug energingesni (Paffenbarger, 1994). Tyrimo problema: Viena iš pagrindinių problemų yra fizinio pasyvumo didėjimas senėjant, dėl ko susiduriama su širdies ir kraujagyslių ligomis bei mirtimi. Moksliniais tyrimais įrodyta, kad fizinis pasyvumas yra viena iš trijų pagrindinių mirtingumo priežasčių pasaulyje (Kalvėnas, Simanavičiūtė, 2010). Šiuo magistriniu darbu buvo stengiamasi išanalizuoti pagyvenusių asmenų mitybos ypatumus, tai pat nustatyti procentinio riebalų kiekio ir kūno masės indekso kitimą dėl 12 savaičių trukusių mišriųjų fizinių pratybų. Tyrimo tikslas: nustatyti trijų mėnesių mišriųjų pratybų poveikį pagyvenusių moterų kūno kompozicijos rodikliams. Tyrimo uždaviniai: 1. Įvertinti trijų mėnesių... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Objective: To dermine the impact of tree month lasting program of varying exercise towards body composition parameters. The relevance of the study: The rapid social and economic processes have significant impact on human well being and health status from the WHO, up to 50 – 70 percent of the way of life (Word Health Organisation, 1998). One of the many health promation strategies significantly affect human health is physical activity. Some population gruops are particularly low physical active – female, elderly, disabled, lonely, obese, lower education or lower in come people (Kalvėnas, Simavičiūtė, 2010). Indviduals who exercise regulualy fell much better and much more energetic (Poffenbarger, 1994). Problem of the study: One of the main problems is the lock of physical exercise increase with aging, resulting in faces of cardiovascular disease and death. Scientific studies hove shown that phycical inactivity is one of the three mojor causes of mortality of the word (Kalvėnas, Simavičiūtė, 2010). The aim: To determine the three month exercise effects on elderly women body composition parameters. Tasks: 1. To determine the impact of three month program of varying exercise towords muscle fat and some body composition parameters. 2. To determine the nutrition womem of the subjects. Hipothesis: Three month exercises impact towords musle fat and body composition parameters. Conclusion: 1. First after a three month combined exercise program for women of... [to full text]

Este trabalho tem como objetivo principal desenvolver um método para obtenção de parâmetros antropométricos através de um digitalizador tridimensional de baixo custo. A fundamentação teórica da presente pesquisa abrange temas relacionados ao processo de Design, produtos personalizados e de tecnologia assistiva, além da relação entre os parâmetros antropométricos e o projeto de produto. Assim, foram investigados os métodos utilizados para o levantamento dos parâmetros antropométricos pelo processo direto de medição e o respectivo estado da arte. Ainda, foram investigados os métodos utilizados para o levantamento de parâmetros antropométricos lineares por digitalizadores tridimensionais. A metodologia da pesquisa consiste em cinco etapas: pesquisa bibliográfica, coleta e análise dos dados antropométricos pelo método direto e o desenvolvimento do método indireto de obtenção de medidas antropométricas, comparação e análise dos dados obtidos, discussão dos resultados e a finalização da pesquisa. O processo de digitalização utilizado está baseado em um dispositivo de baixo custo, o Microsoft Kinect e no software kscan3D. Para o levantamento antropométrico a partir do modelo tridimensional, é utilizado o software Autodesk 3D Studio Max. Através da comparação e avaliação entre os dados obtidos pelo método direto e indireto, foi possível verificar a compatibilidade dos dados e, assim, validar o método desenvolvido. Como resultado foi proposto um método para realização do levantamento de parâmetros antropométricos utilizando um digitalizador 3D de baixo custo. A pesquisa apresenta recomendações e restrições para a geração do modelo tridimensional, de forma a se obter uma malha com precisão satisfatória. É apresentado um fluxograma para orientar a aplicação do método desenvolvido no processo de Design bem como um quadro-resumo contendo diretrizes para esta aplicação. O método desenvolvido obteve 97,96% de compatibilidade nos resultados das variáveis mensuradas em relação ao método direto. Estes resultados foram obtidos com um tempo de exposição do indivíduo de apenas 3 minutos e 28 segundos, muito inferior ao tempo necessário no método direto, que foi de 1 hora e 12 minutos, o que demonstra uma das principais contribuições do método proposto. / The aim of this paper is to develop a method for obtaining anthropometric parameters using a low cost three-dimensional digitizer. The theoretical foundation of this research covers topics related to the design process, personalized products and assistive technology. It also considers the relationship between anthropometric parameters and product design. Thus, we investigated the methods used in the analysis of anthropometric parameters through direct process measurement and its state of the art. Moreover, it was investigated the methods used for collect anthropometric parameters through linear three-dimensional scanners. The research methodology is divided in five steps: literature review; collection and analysis of anthropometric data using the direct method and also the development of the indirect method for obtaining anthropometric measurements; comparison and data analysis; discussion of results and the completion of the research. The digitization process developed it is based on Microsoft Kinect, a low-cost device, and also on the software kscan3D. For the anthropometric collection from the three-dimensional model is used Autodesk 3D Studio Max. Through the comparison and evaluation of the data obtained by the direct and the indirect methods, it was possible to verify the compatibility of the data and thus validate the developed method. Therefore, it was proposed a method for collecting anthropometric parameters using a low-cost 3D scanner. This research presents requirements and constraints for generate the threedimensional model in order to obtain a mesh with satisfactory precision. It is presented a flowchart to guide the implementation of the developed method in the design process as well as a summary table containing guidelines for this application. The developed method achieved 97.96% of compatibility considering the results of the measured variables in relation to the direct method. These results were obtained with an exposure time of the individual of only 3 minutes and 28 seconds, which is less than the time required in the direct method – 1 hour and 12 minutes. This demonstrates one major contribution of the developed method.

Este trabalho tem como objetivo principal desenvolver um método para obtenção de parâmetros antropométricos através de um digitalizador tridimensional de baixo custo. A fundamentação teórica da presente pesquisa abrange temas relacionados ao processo de Design, produtos personalizados e de tecnologia assistiva, além da relação entre os parâmetros antropométricos e o projeto de produto. Assim, foram investigados os métodos utilizados para o levantamento dos parâmetros antropométricos pelo processo direto de medição e o respectivo estado da arte. Ainda, foram investigados os métodos utilizados para o levantamento de parâmetros antropométricos lineares por digitalizadores tridimensionais. A metodologia da pesquisa consiste em cinco etapas: pesquisa bibliográfica, coleta e análise dos dados antropométricos pelo método direto e o desenvolvimento do método indireto de obtenção de medidas antropométricas, comparação e análise dos dados obtidos, discussão dos resultados e a finalização da pesquisa. O processo de digitalização utilizado está baseado em um dispositivo de baixo custo, o Microsoft Kinect e no software kscan3D. Para o levantamento antropométrico a partir do modelo tridimensional, é utilizado o software Autodesk 3D Studio Max. Através da comparação e avaliação entre os dados obtidos pelo método direto e indireto, foi possível verificar a compatibilidade dos dados e, assim, validar o método desenvolvido. Como resultado foi proposto um método para realização do levantamento de parâmetros antropométricos utilizando um digitalizador 3D de baixo custo. A pesquisa apresenta recomendações e restrições para a geração do modelo tridimensional, de forma a se obter uma malha com precisão satisfatória. É apresentado um fluxograma para orientar a aplicação do método desenvolvido no processo de Design bem como um quadro-resumo contendo diretrizes para esta aplicação. O método desenvolvido obteve 97,96% de compatibilidade nos resultados das variáveis mensuradas em relação ao método direto. Estes resultados foram obtidos com um tempo de exposição do indivíduo de apenas 3 minutos e 28 segundos, muito inferior ao tempo necessário no método direto, que foi de 1 hora e 12 minutos, o que demonstra uma das principais contribuições do método proposto. / The aim of this paper is to develop a method for obtaining anthropometric parameters using a low cost three-dimensional digitizer. The theoretical foundation of this research covers topics related to the design process, personalized products and assistive technology. It also considers the relationship between anthropometric parameters and product design. Thus, we investigated the methods used in the analysis of anthropometric parameters through direct process measurement and its state of the art. Moreover, it was investigated the methods used for collect anthropometric parameters through linear three-dimensional scanners. The research methodology is divided in five steps: literature review; collection and analysis of anthropometric data using the direct method and also the development of the indirect method for obtaining anthropometric measurements; comparison and data analysis; discussion of results and the completion of the research. The digitization process developed it is based on Microsoft Kinect, a low-cost device, and also on the software kscan3D. For the anthropometric collection from the three-dimensional model is used Autodesk 3D Studio Max. Through the comparison and evaluation of the data obtained by the direct and the indirect methods, it was possible to verify the compatibility of the data and thus validate the developed method. Therefore, it was proposed a method for collecting anthropometric parameters using a low-cost 3D scanner. This research presents requirements and constraints for generate the threedimensional model in order to obtain a mesh with satisfactory precision. It is presented a flowchart to guide the implementation of the developed method in the design process as well as a summary table containing guidelines for this application. The developed method achieved 97.96% of compatibility considering the results of the measured variables in relation to the direct method. These results were obtained with an exposure time of the individual of only 3 minutes and 28 seconds, which is less than the time required in the direct method – 1 hour and 12 minutes. This demonstrates one major contribution of the developed method.

Este trabalho tem como objetivo principal desenvolver um método para obtenção de parâmetros antropométricos através de um digitalizador tridimensional de baixo custo. A fundamentação teórica da presente pesquisa abrange temas relacionados ao processo de Design, produtos personalizados e de tecnologia assistiva, além da relação entre os parâmetros antropométricos e o projeto de produto. Assim, foram investigados os métodos utilizados para o levantamento dos parâmetros antropométricos pelo processo direto de medição e o respectivo estado da arte. Ainda, foram investigados os métodos utilizados para o levantamento de parâmetros antropométricos lineares por digitalizadores tridimensionais. A metodologia da pesquisa consiste em cinco etapas: pesquisa bibliográfica, coleta e análise dos dados antropométricos pelo método direto e o desenvolvimento do método indireto de obtenção de medidas antropométricas, comparação e análise dos dados obtidos, discussão dos resultados e a finalização da pesquisa. O processo de digitalização utilizado está baseado em um dispositivo de baixo custo, o Microsoft Kinect e no software kscan3D. Para o levantamento antropométrico a partir do modelo tridimensional, é utilizado o software Autodesk 3D Studio Max. Através da comparação e avaliação entre os dados obtidos pelo método direto e indireto, foi possível verificar a compatibilidade dos dados e, assim, validar o método desenvolvido. Como resultado foi proposto um método para realização do levantamento de parâmetros antropométricos utilizando um digitalizador 3D de baixo custo. A pesquisa apresenta recomendações e restrições para a geração do modelo tridimensional, de forma a se obter uma malha com precisão satisfatória. É apresentado um fluxograma para orientar a aplicação do método desenvolvido no processo de Design bem como um quadro-resumo contendo diretrizes para esta aplicação. O método desenvolvido obteve 97,96% de compatibilidade nos resultados das variáveis mensuradas em relação ao método direto. Estes resultados foram obtidos com um tempo de exposição do indivíduo de apenas 3 minutos e 28 segundos, muito inferior ao tempo necessário no método direto, que foi de 1 hora e 12 minutos, o que demonstra uma das principais contribuições do método proposto. / The aim of this paper is to develop a method for obtaining anthropometric parameters using a low cost three-dimensional digitizer. The theoretical foundation of this research covers topics related to the design process, personalized products and assistive technology. It also considers the relationship between anthropometric parameters and product design. Thus, we investigated the methods used in the analysis of anthropometric parameters through direct process measurement and its state of the art. Moreover, it was investigated the methods used for collect anthropometric parameters through linear three-dimensional scanners. The research methodology is divided in five steps: literature review; collection and analysis of anthropometric data using the direct method and also the development of the indirect method for obtaining anthropometric measurements; comparison and data analysis; discussion of results and the completion of the research. The digitization process developed it is based on Microsoft Kinect, a low-cost device, and also on the software kscan3D. For the anthropometric collection from the three-dimensional model is used Autodesk 3D Studio Max. Through the comparison and evaluation of the data obtained by the direct and the indirect methods, it was possible to verify the compatibility of the data and thus validate the developed method. Therefore, it was proposed a method for collecting anthropometric parameters using a low-cost 3D scanner. This research presents requirements and constraints for generate the threedimensional model in order to obtain a mesh with satisfactory precision. It is presented a flowchart to guide the implementation of the developed method in the design process as well as a summary table containing guidelines for this application. The developed method achieved 97.96% of compatibility considering the results of the measured variables in relation to the direct method. These results were obtained with an exposure time of the individual of only 3 minutes and 28 seconds, which is less than the time required in the direct method – 1 hour and 12 minutes. This demonstrates one major contribution of the developed method.

GH and IGF-1 play an important role in the regulation of metabolism and body composition. In patients with uncontrolled acromegaly, cardiovascular morbidity and mortality are increased but are supposed to be normalised after biochemical control is achieved. We aimed at comparing body composition and the cardiovascular risk profile in patients with controlled acromegaly and controls. A cross-sectional study. We evaluated anthropometric parameters (height, weight, body mass index (BMI), waist and hip circumference, waist to height ratio) and, additionally, cardiovascular risk biomarkers (fasting plasma glucose, HbA1c, triglycerides, total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, and lipoprotein (a), in 81 acromegalic patients (58% cured) compared to 320 age- and gender-matched controls (ratio 1:4), sampled from the primary care patient cohort DETECT. The whole group of 81 acromegalic patients presented with significantly higher anthropometric parameters, such as weight, BMI, waist and hip circumference, but with more favourable cardiovascular risk biomarkers, such as fasting plasma glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides and HDL levels, in comparison to their respective controls. Biochemically controlled acromegalic patients again showed significantly higher measurements of obesity, mainly visceral adiposity, than age- and gender-matched control patients (BMI 29.5 ± 5.9 vs. 27.3 ± 5.8 kg/m2; P = 0.020; waist circumference 100.9 ± 16.8 vs. 94.8 ± 15.5 cm; P = 0.031; hip circumference 110.7 ± 9.9 vs. 105.0 ± 11.7 cm; P = 0.001). No differences in the classical cardiovascular biomarkers were detected except for fasting plasma glucose and triglycerides. This effect could not be attributed to a higher prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus in the acromegalic patient group, since stratified analyses between the subgroup of patients with acromegaly and controls, both with type 2 diabetes mellitus, revealed that there were no significant differences in the anthropometric measurements. Biochemically cured acromegalic patients pertain an adverse anthropometric risk profile, mainly because of elevated adiposity measurements, such as BMI, waist and hip circumference, compared to an age- and gender-matched primary care population.

GH and IGF-1 play an important role in the regulation of metabolism and body composition. In patients with uncontrolled acromegaly, cardiovascular morbidity and mortality are increased but are supposed to be normalised after biochemical control is achieved. We aimed at comparing body composition and the cardiovascular risk profile in patients with controlled acromegaly and controls. A cross-sectional study. We evaluated anthropometric parameters (height, weight, body mass index (BMI), waist and hip circumference, waist to height ratio) and, additionally, cardiovascular risk biomarkers (fasting plasma glucose, HbA1c, triglycerides, total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, and lipoprotein (a), in 81 acromegalic patients (58% cured) compared to 320 age- and gender-matched controls (ratio 1:4), sampled from the primary care patient cohort DETECT. The whole group of 81 acromegalic patients presented with significantly higher anthropometric parameters, such as weight, BMI, waist and hip circumference, but with more favourable cardiovascular risk biomarkers, such as fasting plasma glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides and HDL levels, in comparison to their respective controls. Biochemically controlled acromegalic patients again showed significantly higher measurements of obesity, mainly visceral adiposity, than age- and gender-matched control patients (BMI 29.5 ± 5.9 vs. 27.3 ± 5.8 kg/m2; P = 0.020; waist circumference 100.9 ± 16.8 vs. 94.8 ± 15.5 cm; P = 0.031; hip circumference 110.7 ± 9.9 vs. 105.0 ± 11.7 cm; P = 0.001). No differences in the classical cardiovascular biomarkers were detected except for fasting plasma glucose and triglycerides. This effect could not be attributed to a higher prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus in the acromegalic patient group, since stratified analyses between the subgroup of patients with acromegaly and controls, both with type 2 diabetes mellitus, revealed that there were no significant differences in the anthropometric measurements. Biochemically cured acromegalic patients pertain an adverse anthropometric risk profile, mainly because of elevated adiposity measurements, such as BMI, waist and hip circumference, compared to an age- and gender-matched primary care population.

Title: The comparison of different methods of body fat measuring by ensemble of adult women devided into five groups according to the BMI level. Objectives: The aim of this thesis is to compare values of gained percentage of total body fat by descriptive method such as bioelectrical impedance analysis and skinfolds measuring in comparison with "gold standard method" DEXA and to evaluate the usability of each method of body composition measuring by five groups of women, devided according to BMI level (in range 20-47 kg/m2 ). The purpose of this thesis is to find the most useful method especially for the overweight and obese women (BMI over 30 kg/m2 ) and to estimate the equation for the whole group. The other part of this thesis is the theoretical conclusion of the matters of body composition assessing and the importance of good knowledge about this topic for physiotherapists. Methods: The study was realizing from January of 2010 to March of 2011. There were 136 women, who were clients of Fitness center of VŠTJ Medicina Praha and jointed to the group voluntarely. The criteria of choosing the subjects into the study were: age 18 - 75 years, BMI 20 ≤ 45 kg/m2 , relatively healthy without accute disease. Women with cardiostimulator, pregnant women or nursing mothers were excluded. The monitored...