Submitted by Rosina Valeria Lanzellotti Mattiussi Teixeira (rosina.teixeira@unisantos.br) on 2015-05-05T13:17:36Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Wellington Dias.pdf: 2827942 bytes, checksum: 17fd5915b3792de99e3b58f162440777 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-05T13:17:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Wellington Dias.pdf: 2827942 bytes, checksum: 17fd5915b3792de99e3b58f162440777 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-04-17 / Introduction: The use of viral genotyping as a tool for the treatment of HIV positive patients is relevant to review health policies concerning the dispensing of antiretrovirals and contribute to mapping the frequency of HIV virus subtypes in our region. Objective: To identify and characterize the genetic diversity and primary resistance to HIV-1 antiretroviral agents in the city of itanhaem in patients at early stage of treatment . Methods: Cross-sectional study using 50 samples. After extraction and RNA transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction was performed with primers (K1, K2, DP10, F2) which produced fragments of 1200 bp, identified in agarose gel. After purification of PCR products, the fragments were subjected to sequencing reaction. Genetic diversity was analyzed throuh the comparison to the Stanford HIV drug resistance database . Qualitative variables were presented as absolute and relative values. Quantitative variables were presented through their values of central tendency and dispersion. Results: Among the 50 samples, 25 were amplified for analysis of genetic diversity, obtaining results in 13 (52%) female patients and 12 (48%) male patients. Eleven patients (44%) presented mutation in reverse transcriptase with high-level resistance to efavirez ripivirine and 7 patients (28%) presented mutations in the protease with low resistance. Four (16%) recombinant subtypes F / B were found. Conclusion: In the city of Itanhém 52% of the analyzed samples presented acquired resistance. The predominant primary resistance was to NNRTI (11 patients, representing 44%) group; One patient (4%) was found resistant to NRTI group. One patient (4%) was resistant to IP 1 group and one patient (4%) presented resistance to both NRTI and NNRTI groups. We conclude that health policies shoud be implemented considerinG genotyping as a tool to be be offered regionally, respecting the epidemiologic aspects of the disease in each city. A major 10 research concerning the most common subtype of the virus shoud be taken in our region, in order to determine the most effective drugs for antiretroviral therapy. / Introdução: A utilização da genotipagem viral como instrumento para o tratamento dos pacientes HIV positivo é relevante para rever as políticas de saúde concernentes a dispensação de antiretrovirais e contribuir para o mapeamento da freqüência do subtipo do vírus do HIV na região. Objetivo: Identificar e caracterizar a diversidade genética e a resistência primária do HIV-1 aos agentes antirretrovirais no município de Itanhaém, em pacientes em início de tratamento. Método: Estudo Transversal utilizando 50 amostras. Após a extração e trancrição do RNA foi realizada a Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase em primers(K1, K2, DP10, F2) que produziu fragmentos de 1200 pares de bases, identificados no gel de agarose. Apos a purificação dos produtos da PCR, os fragmentos foram submetidos à reação de seqüenciamento. A diversidade genética foi analisada no banco de dados HIV drug resistance database (Stanford). As variáveis qualitativas foram apresentadas através de valores absolutos e relativos. As variáveis quantitativas foram apresentadas através dos seus valores de tendência central e de dispersão. Resultados: Das 50 amostras, 25 foram amplificados para analise da diversidade genética, 13(52%) feminino e12(48%) masculino. Sendo 11(44%) identificadas com mutação na transcriptase reversa com alto nível de resistência ao efavirez ripivirine 7(28%) apresentado mutações na protease com baixo nível de resistência. Foram encontrados 4(16%) recombinantes do subtipos F/B. Conclusão: A resistência adquirida no município de Itanhaém foi de 52 % nas amostras analisadas. A resistência primaria predominante foi aos ITRNN- 11 (44 %); ITRN -1 (4 %) e aos IP -1 (4 %) e 1 (4 %) caso de resistência a dois grupos ITRNN e ITRN . Em vista disto as políticas de saúde devem considerar que a genotipagem 8 é um instrumento que deve ser oferecido regionalmente conforme o perfil epidemiológico da doença de cada município, possibilitando o estudo do subtipo do vírus mais freqüente na região afim de utilizar as drogas mais eficientes para a terapia antirretroviral.

The current study aims to determine physical activity levels among people living with HIV treated with high active antiretroviral therapy in Kigali, Rwanda. A cross-sectional design using quantitative method was used. The participant’s levels of physical activity participation and their association with anthropometric profiles were measured, using a structured selfadministered questionnaire adapted from the Sub-Saharan Africa Activity Questionnaire. Based on a scientific calculation, 407 clients passing through the clinics were included in the study. A convenient sample of people attending the clinics approached to participate voluntarily in the study. The findings of the current study highlighted the lack of motivation, lack of time and fear of worsening the disease amongst the strong barriers to physical activity participation. The current study recommends education about the benefits of physical activity participation and encouragement of patient treated with high active antiretroviral therapy in Rwanda to be emphasized on to improve their lives.

Note: / Clinical chemistry is a medical discipline whose aim is to diagnose and assess disease by analysis of biological specimens. Modem laboratories can perform several hundred different tests using many different methods developed over the last century. The classical, more traditional assays are typically labour-intensive, not multiplexed (only measure one analyte or disorder per assay), expensive, require a long turnaround time, and may not provide adequate sensitivity and specificity. Developments in mass spectrometry (MS) and related technologies over the last two decades have provided solutions for many if not all of these shortcomings. While MS based applications have not yet been widely implemented in clinical chemistry laboratories, current developments will encourage the replacement of traditional methods as well as the expansion of clinically diagnostic endpoints. Indeed, modem MS can be used to simultaneously analyze and quantitate multiple biomarkers in a single analysis. Currently, no other technique exists that can provide a comparable multiplexed analysis. In this thesis, current MS and related technologies were developed and applied to several important but distinct clinical chemistry applications. [...] / La chimie clinique est une discipline medicale qui a pour but de diagnostiquer la presence et la progression d'une maladie par l'analyse d'echantillons biologiques. Les laboratoires modemes peuvent executer des centaines d'analyses en utilisant plusieurs methodes developpees au courrant des cent demieres annees. Les essaisc1assiques, et plus traditionnels, sont souvent laborieux, non multiplexe (mesurent seulement un analyte par essai), cher, exige un long temps de rotation et risque de ne pas fournir une specificite adequate. Pendant les deux dernieres decennies, les developpements dans Ie domaine de la spectrometrie de masse (MS) et les technologies rattachees ont foumi des solutions a plusieurs, pour ne pas dire tous, manques retrouves dans les methodes d'analyse traditionnelles.

The current study aims to determine physical activity levels among people living with HIV treated with high active antiretroviral therapy in Kigali, Rwanda. A cross-sectional design using quantitative method was used. The participant’s levels of physical activity participation and their association with anthropometric profiles were measured, using a structured selfadministered questionnaire adapted from the Sub-Saharan Africa Activity Questionnaire. Based on a scientific calculation, 407 clients passing through the clinics were included in the study. A convenient sample of people attending the clinics approached to participate voluntarily in the study. The findings of the current study highlighted the lack of motivation, lack of time and fear of worsening the disease amongst the strong barriers to physical activity participation. The current study recommends education about the benefits of physical activity participation and encouragement of patient treated with high active antiretroviral therapy in Rwanda to be emphasized on to improve their lives.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Alabama at Birmingham, 2008. / Title from first page of PDF file (viewed Sept. 16, 2008). Includes bibliographical references.

INTRODUÇÃO: A terapia antirretroviral (TARV) para pacientes apresentando infecção pelo HIV-1 multirresistente abrange ensaios clínicos randomizados (ECR) avaliando esquemas otimizados de base (EOB) utilizados nos últimos 10 anos. OBJETIVO: Revisão sistemática das evidências de eficácia e segurança das estratégias de TARV incluindo EOB em pacientes com infecção pelo vírus HIV-1 multirresistente. FONTES DE DADOS: MEDLINE, EMBASE, LILACS, Colaboração Cochrane, SCOPUS e ISI Web of Science visando identificar publicações entre janeiro/2003 e maio/2011. SELEÇÃO DOS ESTUDOS: ECR com pelo menos 16 semanas de duração que avaliaram eficácia e segurança da TARV em pacientes com infecção pelo HIV-1 caracterizados como multiexperimentados. RESULTADOS: Quinze ECR (n = 7.220) avaliando oito novos antirretrovirais. A TARV utilizando novos antirretrovirais + EOB demonstrou ser capaz de reduzir a carga viral abaixo de 50 cópias/mL em pacientes multiexperimentados. Esquemas contendo dois ou mais antirretrovirais completamente ativos estiveram associados a melhores resultados de eficácia. Enfuvirtida esteve presente como intervenção ou cointervenção em 13 dos 15 estudos avaliados. A maioria dos estudos apresentam risco incerto de viés (método de randomização, sigilo de alocação) e elevado risco de viés (cegamento). Elevada heterogeneidade nos estudos impediu a realização de metanálise. CONCLUSÕES: Mais importante do que identificar quais novos antirretrovirais são eficazes, o número de antirretrovirais completamente ativos é determinante do sucesso virológico. A segurança dos novos medicamentos ainda está por ser melhor avaliada. Transcorrida uma década, ainda há escassas evidências documentando quais são as melhores estratégias de terapia seqüencial para pacientes multiexperimentados. / CONTEXT: The antiretroviral treatment to HIV-1 infection in multiexperienced patients consist on randomized clinical trials (RCT) that assessed regimens based on optimized background therapy (OBT) adopted in the last decade. OBJECTIVE: A systematic review assessing the efficacy and safety of antiretroviral therapy to HIV-1-infected patients with multirresistant infection in RCT using OBT. DATA SOURCES: MEDLINE, EMBASE, LILACS, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, SCOPUS and ISIS Web of Science databases where searched from January/2003 to May/2011. STUDY SELECTION: RCTs with at least 16 weeks of follow-up that evaluated the efficacy and safety of antiretroviral therapy to multiexperienced HIV-1-infected patients. RESULTS: Fifteen RCT were included (n = 7.720) assessing 8 new antiretrovirals. Studies evaluating new antiretroviral + OBT were able to reduce viral load below 50 HIV-1 RNA copies/ml in multiexperienced patients. Combinations containing two or more fully active antiretrovirals were associated with better efficacy results. Enfuvirtide was present as co-intervention or intervention in 13 of the 15 studies reviewed. Most of the studies have unclear risk of bias (method of randomization, allocation concealment) and high risk of bias (blinding). High heterogeneity in the studies prevented the realization of meta-analysis. CONCLUSIONS: More important than identifying what new antirretroviral are effective, the number of fully active antirretrovirals is quite determinant of virological success. The safety of new drugs is still to be better evaluated. A decade elapsed, there is little evidence documenting what are the best sequence of therapy strategies for multiexperienced HIV-1-infected patients.

This study sought to explore the views of healthcare workers regarding paediatric anti-retroviral therapy (ART) adherence in Nigeria. An exploratory descriptive qualitative research design was used to identify and describe healthcare workers’ views in Kano and Lagos, Nigeria. Three focus group discussions were held. The transcribed data was analysed using the framework approach of data analysis. Healthcare providers perceived poverty, illiteracy, stigma and discrimination, inappropriate care approaches, and parental dynamics as factors influencing ART adherence. Recommendations for enhancing paediatric ART adherence levels in Nigeria included: mainstreaming adherence counselling in paediatric ART and adopting a comprehensive family centred care approach were identified as measures for improving paediatric ART adherence. Other measures included free ART services, quality improvement in paediatric ART services, parental empowerment and stigma and discrimination reduction programmes. / Health Studies / M.A. (Public Health)

INTRODUÇÃO: A terapia antirretroviral (TARV) para pacientes apresentando infecção pelo HIV-1 multirresistente abrange ensaios clínicos randomizados (ECR) avaliando esquemas otimizados de base (EOB) utilizados nos últimos 10 anos. OBJETIVO: Revisão sistemática das evidências de eficácia e segurança das estratégias de TARV incluindo EOB em pacientes com infecção pelo vírus HIV-1 multirresistente. FONTES DE DADOS: MEDLINE, EMBASE, LILACS, Colaboração Cochrane, SCOPUS e ISI Web of Science visando identificar publicações entre janeiro/2003 e maio/2011. SELEÇÃO DOS ESTUDOS: ECR com pelo menos 16 semanas de duração que avaliaram eficácia e segurança da TARV em pacientes com infecção pelo HIV-1 caracterizados como multiexperimentados. RESULTADOS: Quinze ECR (n = 7.220) avaliando oito novos antirretrovirais. A TARV utilizando novos antirretrovirais + EOB demonstrou ser capaz de reduzir a carga viral abaixo de 50 cópias/mL em pacientes multiexperimentados. Esquemas contendo dois ou mais antirretrovirais completamente ativos estiveram associados a melhores resultados de eficácia. Enfuvirtida esteve presente como intervenção ou cointervenção em 13 dos 15 estudos avaliados. A maioria dos estudos apresentam risco incerto de viés (método de randomização, sigilo de alocação) e elevado risco de viés (cegamento). Elevada heterogeneidade nos estudos impediu a realização de metanálise. CONCLUSÕES: Mais importante do que identificar quais novos antirretrovirais são eficazes, o número de antirretrovirais completamente ativos é determinante do sucesso virológico. A segurança dos novos medicamentos ainda está por ser melhor avaliada. Transcorrida uma década, ainda há escassas evidências documentando quais são as melhores estratégias de terapia seqüencial para pacientes multiexperimentados. / CONTEXT: The antiretroviral treatment to HIV-1 infection in multiexperienced patients consist on randomized clinical trials (RCT) that assessed regimens based on optimized background therapy (OBT) adopted in the last decade. OBJECTIVE: A systematic review assessing the efficacy and safety of antiretroviral therapy to HIV-1-infected patients with multirresistant infection in RCT using OBT. DATA SOURCES: MEDLINE, EMBASE, LILACS, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, SCOPUS and ISIS Web of Science databases where searched from January/2003 to May/2011. STUDY SELECTION: RCTs with at least 16 weeks of follow-up that evaluated the efficacy and safety of antiretroviral therapy to multiexperienced HIV-1-infected patients. RESULTS: Fifteen RCT were included (n = 7.720) assessing 8 new antiretrovirals. Studies evaluating new antiretroviral + OBT were able to reduce viral load below 50 HIV-1 RNA copies/ml in multiexperienced patients. Combinations containing two or more fully active antiretrovirals were associated with better efficacy results. Enfuvirtide was present as co-intervention or intervention in 13 of the 15 studies reviewed. Most of the studies have unclear risk of bias (method of randomization, allocation concealment) and high risk of bias (blinding). High heterogeneity in the studies prevented the realization of meta-analysis. CONCLUSIONS: More important than identifying what new antirretroviral are effective, the number of fully active antirretrovirals is quite determinant of virological success. The safety of new drugs is still to be better evaluated. A decade elapsed, there is little evidence documenting what are the best sequence of therapy strategies for multiexperienced HIV-1-infected patients.

INTRODUÇÃO: A terapia antirretroviral (TARV) para pacientes apresentando infecção pelo HIV-1 multirresistente abrange ensaios clínicos randomizados (ECR) avaliando esquemas otimizados de base (EOB) utilizados nos últimos 10 anos. OBJETIVO: Revisão sistemática das evidências de eficácia e segurança das estratégias de TARV incluindo EOB em pacientes com infecção pelo vírus HIV-1 multirresistente. FONTES DE DADOS: MEDLINE, EMBASE, LILACS, Colaboração Cochrane, SCOPUS e ISI Web of Science visando identificar publicações entre janeiro/2003 e maio/2011. SELEÇÃO DOS ESTUDOS: ECR com pelo menos 16 semanas de duração que avaliaram eficácia e segurança da TARV em pacientes com infecção pelo HIV-1 caracterizados como multiexperimentados. RESULTADOS: Quinze ECR (n = 7.220) avaliando oito novos antirretrovirais. A TARV utilizando novos antirretrovirais + EOB demonstrou ser capaz de reduzir a carga viral abaixo de 50 cópias/mL em pacientes multiexperimentados. Esquemas contendo dois ou mais antirretrovirais completamente ativos estiveram associados a melhores resultados de eficácia. Enfuvirtida esteve presente como intervenção ou cointervenção em 13 dos 15 estudos avaliados. A maioria dos estudos apresentam risco incerto de viés (método de randomização, sigilo de alocação) e elevado risco de viés (cegamento). Elevada heterogeneidade nos estudos impediu a realização de metanálise. CONCLUSÕES: Mais importante do que identificar quais novos antirretrovirais são eficazes, o número de antirretrovirais completamente ativos é determinante do sucesso virológico. A segurança dos novos medicamentos ainda está por ser melhor avaliada. Transcorrida uma década, ainda há escassas evidências documentando quais são as melhores estratégias de terapia seqüencial para pacientes multiexperimentados. / CONTEXT: The antiretroviral treatment to HIV-1 infection in multiexperienced patients consist on randomized clinical trials (RCT) that assessed regimens based on optimized background therapy (OBT) adopted in the last decade. OBJECTIVE: A systematic review assessing the efficacy and safety of antiretroviral therapy to HIV-1-infected patients with multirresistant infection in RCT using OBT. DATA SOURCES: MEDLINE, EMBASE, LILACS, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, SCOPUS and ISIS Web of Science databases where searched from January/2003 to May/2011. STUDY SELECTION: RCTs with at least 16 weeks of follow-up that evaluated the efficacy and safety of antiretroviral therapy to multiexperienced HIV-1-infected patients. RESULTS: Fifteen RCT were included (n = 7.720) assessing 8 new antiretrovirals. Studies evaluating new antiretroviral + OBT were able to reduce viral load below 50 HIV-1 RNA copies/ml in multiexperienced patients. Combinations containing two or more fully active antiretrovirals were associated with better efficacy results. Enfuvirtide was present as co-intervention or intervention in 13 of the 15 studies reviewed. Most of the studies have unclear risk of bias (method of randomization, allocation concealment) and high risk of bias (blinding). High heterogeneity in the studies prevented the realization of meta-analysis. CONCLUSIONS: More important than identifying what new antirretroviral are effective, the number of fully active antirretrovirals is quite determinant of virological success. The safety of new drugs is still to be better evaluated. A decade elapsed, there is little evidence documenting what are the best sequence of therapy strategies for multiexperienced HIV-1-infected patients.

Submitted by Biblioteca da Faculdade de Farmácia (bff@ndc.uff.br) on 2018-01-12T13:36:10Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Lívia Gonçalves dos Santos.pdf: 1966028 bytes, checksum: ce4f6a062e6fcea35758f69235302a88 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-01-12T13:36:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lívia Gonçalves dos Santos.pdf: 1966028 bytes, checksum: ce4f6a062e6fcea35758f69235302a88 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Doenças crônicas, como a aids, estão associadas ao emprego de grande número medicamentos, sendo importante monitorar e acompanhar do uso dos mesmos. Sistemas informatizados para dispensação de medicamentos podem ser usados como fonte de informação e avaliação do uso e da posse de medicamentos. Este estudo teve como objetivos investigar a terapia antirretroviral (ARV) utilizada por pacientes acompanhados em um hospital universitário no estado do Rio de Janeiro a partir do Sistema de Controle Logístico de Medicamentos (SICLOM), caracterizar o perfil dos usuários atendidos no local bem como discutir o uso de indicadores logísticos de posse de ARV. Foi realizado um estudo de utilização de medicamentos do tipo prescrição-indicação, seccional, observacional a partir dos registros de dispensação de farmácia. Foram incluídos pacientes que iniciaram o uso de ARV entre janeiro e dezembro de 2014 (virgens de tratamento ou troca de ARV), maiores de 18 anos, de ambos os sexos, com cadastro ativo no SICLOM. Gestantes e pacientes que não tinham mais vínculo com a Unidade Dispensadora de Mecicamentos (UDM) foram excluídos. A coleta de dados sócio demográficos e clínicos foi realizada por meio do uso do SICLOM. Para calcular a posse dos medicamentos foram usados os indicadores PDC (do inglês Proportion of Days Covered) e CR (do inglês Compliance Rate). A análise incluiu descrição da população estudada, distribuições de frequência e medidas estatísticas de resumo das variáveis selecionadas. Dos 77 pacientes estudados, 60% eram homens. A média de idade foi 42,3 anos (± 13,2 anos) e o tempo médio de uso de ARV foi de 7,3 anos (± 6,2 anos). A maior parte da população estudada estava em uso de ARV de primeira linha terapêutica e 35% eram virgens de tratamento. A maioria das trocas de esquema terapêutico não foi justificada. Não foi verificada associação estatística entre as variáveis sócio demográficas e clínicas e a posse de ARV. A posse de ARV apresentou média acima de 80% por ambos os indicadores. Os indicadores PDC e CR permitiram avaliar a posse de medicamentos da terapia ARV e o SICLOM permitiu o conhecimento do perfil dos pacientes atendidos no referido hospital, bem como os medicamentos usados por essa população. Recomenda-se o uso de CR para avaliar a posse de ARV a partir dos dados do SICLOM / Chronic diseases such as AIDS are associated with the use of many medications and monitoring the use of these drugs is very important. Drug pickups could be used as a source of information and evaluation of the use and possession of drugs. The aim of this study was to evaluate the possession for antiretroviral drugs (ART), the socio demographics and clinics factors associated with medicine use for people living with HIV/Aids (PLHA) from a University Hospital in Rio de Janeiro state. It was conducted as a prospective drug utilization study, sectional and descriptive, realized through pharmacy dispensing records obtained from the National System of Logistic Control of Antiretroviral Medicines (SICLOM). Two logistic measures defined by literature, PDC (Proportion of Days Covered) and CR (Compliance Rate) were used for ascertaining the possession of ART. All PLHA, both male and female, with active and updated refill records (treatment naïve and PLVA who switched the drug regimen) was included since they were >18 years of age. Pregnant and people who had no more connection with pharmacy were excluded. Clinic and demographic information were performed using SICLOM. To calculate possession drug regimen we used two refill adherence measures, Proportion of Days Covered (PDC) and Compliance Rate (CR). The analysis included description of the study population, frequency distributions and measures, summary statistics of the selected variables. Of the 77 patients, 60% were male. The mean age was of 42.4 years and the average time of ARV use was 7.3 years (± 6.2 years). Of ART schemes employed in this hospital, the most corresponded to a first line treatment and a minority was naïve of treatment (35%). The possession rate was above 80% in both measures (PDC or CR). The switches were not justified. The PDC and CR indicators allowed us to evaluate the possession of antiretroviral treatment and SICLOM allowed us to know the profile of the patients treated at the same hospital as well the drugs used by this population. The use of CR is recommended to evaluate the possession of ARV from SICLOM data