Este trabalho divide-se em seis grandes tópicos e uma conclusão. A parte introdutória busca situar a teoria do inadimplemento antecipado e seu surgimento no direito inglês, bem como delimitar os objetivos do trabalho, especialmente no que diz respeito à definição da natureza jurídica da teoria do inadimplemento antecipado e à sua aplicabilidade no direito nacional. Para construir as bases fundamentais do raciocínio a ser desenvolvido ao longo do texto, o segundo capítulo trata das noções gerais do direito obrigacional, sobretudo da teoria da obrigação como um processo e dos deveres laterais de conduta. A terceira parte versa sobre a extinção das obrigações em suas formas normal e anômala e, principalmente, as diversas facetas que pode assumir o inadimplemento das obrigações. O quarto capítulo aborda o inadimplemento antecipado, traçando sua origem histórica, sua natureza jurídica e sua classificação nas mais diversas formas (quanto ao sujeito, quanto à imputabilidade, quanto à possibilidade ou não de cumprimento). A quinta parte do trabalho discute os efeitos do inadimplemento antecipado e, primordialmente, a chamada doctrine of mitigation. O sexto capítulo aponta institutos jurídicos similares ao inadimplemento antecipado com a finalidade de definir suas diferenças em relação àqueles. Por fim, o trabalho conclui pela possibilidade de aplicação da teoria do inadimplemento antecipado no direito brasileiro, devendo tal instituto ser reconhecido por doutrina e jurisprudência. / This work is divided into six major topics and its conclusion. The introduction aims to situate the anticipatory breach theory, its origin in English law, as well as define the main purpose of the work, especially regarding the definition of the legal nature of the anticipatory breach theory and its applicability under Brazilian law. In order to build the foundations to be developed throughout the work, the second chapter deals with general notions of the law of obligations, mainly the theory of the obligation as a process and the lateral conduct obligations. The third part of this paper deals with the termination of obligations in its normal and anomalous forms and, in particular, with the various facets that the breach of obligations may take. The fourth chapter discusses the anticipatory breach, tracing its historical origin, its legal nature, and especially its classification in various forms (in accordance with the subject, in accordance to responsibility, in accordance with possibility or nor of its performance). The fifth part of the work deals with the effects of anticipatory breach and, primarily, the called doctrine of mitigation. The sixth chapter deals with similar institutions in relation to the anticipatory breach theory, in order to note their differences. Finally, we conclude the work defending the possibility of application of the anticipatory breach theory under Brazilian law, aiming that doctrine and jurisprudence should recognize it.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T20:38:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Maria Ines Fernandez Rodriguez.pdf: 820112 bytes, checksum: e4295ae6b7096b94e82dfc951f20270b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-04-04 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The literature shows that family and patient (care facility) to receive a diagnosis of a disease that threatens the continuity of life, require actions for the prevention and relief of suffering, a look at the care unit, carefully for the current and prior to diagnosis , difficulties , problems in communication that contribute to conflict , factors that put stress on each stage of the disease process and the farewell relationship. Palliative care has actions that are based on management communication and emotions, a humanized care that integrates the advances of medical science for the physical well-being with interventions that are based on respect for individuality through listening, support and consider the process of anticipatory grief (RANDO, 2000), as an adaptive mechanism to promote opportunities for family and intimate, coping resources for protection in relation to complicated grief after death. Because it is an area of knowledge and practice that presents constant advances and reflections, we must delineate steadily emerging issues and their consequences. Here we present the aim of this work, using qualitative research to understand people's experiences and the subjective aspects of their experiences, aims to study the process of grieving adults in the family from the experience of anticipatory grief in a palliative care unit. Emphasis was placed on identifying aspects of anticipatory grief that can serve as a protective factor for development of post - death grief in different family members. For this goal to be achieved by two interviews open threads, allowing explore the issues and is essentially exploratory and flexible with each participant, the mother and sister of one patient who was treated in palliative care unit were performed. The results of these interviews indicate that interventions with this family were limited only to the proximity of death not taking into account other issues such as the representation of the patient in relation to the family and to each of its members, and to this day the participants a factor of risk for complicated grief. This study suggests that there is a need to extend the concepts of palliative care , as well as anticipatory grief, which consider important interventions aimed not only the proximity of death, but also diagnosis and disease process for a more complete approach with this population / A revisão da literatura mostra que família e paciente (unidade de cuidados) ao receberem o diagnóstico de uma doença que ameaça a continuidade da vida, necessitam de ações que visem à prevenção e alivio de sofrimento, um olhar para a unidade de cuidados, com atenção para a relação atual e anterior ao diagnóstico, dificuldades, problemas na comunicação que contribuem para conflitos, fatores que estressam cada etapa da doença e o processo de despedida. Os cuidados paliativos têm ações que se baseiam no manejo da comunicação e das emoções, um cuidado humanizado que integra os avanços da ciência médica para o bem estar físico com intervenções que se baseiam no respeito à individualidade por meio da escuta, apoio e consideram o processo do luto antecipatório (RANDO, 2000), como um mecanismo adaptativo com possibilidades de promover à família e aos íntimos, recursos de enfrentamento para proteção em relação ao luto complicado após a morte. Por se tratar de uma área do conhecimento e da prática que apresenta avanços e reflexões constantes, é preciso delinear com constância as questões emergentes e seus desdobramentos. Aqui se apresenta o objetivo deste trabalho que, utilizando pesquisa qualitativa para entender as experiências das pessoas e os aspectos subjetivos de suas vivências, visa estudar o processo do luto de adultos na família a partir da experiência do luto antecipatório em uma unidade de cuidados paliativos. Ênfase foi colocada em identificar aspectos do luto antecipatório que podem servir como fator de proteção para elaboração do luto pós-morte nos diferentes membros da família. Para que este objetivo seja alcançado foram realizadas duas entrevistas abertas por tópicos, o que possibilitou aprofundar as questões e é essencialmente exploratória e flexível, com cada participante, a mãe e a irmã de um mesmo paciente, que fora tratado em unidade de cuidados paliativos. Os resultados destas entrevistas indicam que as intervenções realizadas com esta família visaram apenas à proximidade da morte não levando em conta outras questões como a representação do paciente em relação à família e para cada um de seus membros, sendo este hoje para as participantes um fator de risco para o luto complicado. Este estudo ressalta que há a necessidade de se ampliar os conceitos de cuidados paliativos, assim como de luto antecipatório, que consideram de grande importância intervenções que visem não apenas a proximidade da morte, mas também o diagnóstico e o processo de doença para um enfoque mais completo junto a esta população

Ce travail avait deux objectifs généraux qui consistaient à réaliser le suivi de marqueurs biopsychologiques, tout d'abord a) au cours d'une saison chez des rugbymen professionnels, puis b) au cours de deux matchs d'une compétition de basketball. Plus précisément, nous avons cherché, dans une première étude portant sur l’ensemble d’une saison de rugbymen, à évaluer si le statut de l'athlète en compétition avait des répercussions sur les variations des marqueurs utilisés. Nous retrouvons des diminutions significatives des marqueurs tels que la testostérone, le ratio T/C et le DHEA-S au cours de la saison. Ces résultats laisseraient supposer qu'un niveau de fatigue se serait installé pour l'ensemble du groupe au cours de la saison. Cependant, nous avons rapporté des diminutions de testostérone, de DHEA-S, ainsi que de certains états d'humeurs négative (dépression-découragement et colère-hostilité) uniquement chez le groupe des titulaires. En effet, nous avons montré des résultats biopsychologiques opposés chez le groupe de joueurs qui n'avait pratiquement pas joué de la saison (paradoxalement une perception du surentraînement plus importante que celle des titulaires). Nous avons donc pu mettre en évidence que le statut tenait un rôle important pour rendre compte des réponses biopsychologiques des joueurs quelle que soit la période de la saison. Dans une deuxième étude (b), nous avons choisi de suivre les marqueurs biopsychologiques des joueurs, au cours deux rencontres d'une compétition officielle du championnat espoir de basketball. L'objectif était d'étudier l'évolution des marqueurs biopsychologiques chez des athlètes habitués à disputer des rencontres officielles tous les week-ends et de tester si un processus d'habituation pouvait s'installer chez les joueurs en phase précompétitive. Les résultats rapportés n'ont pas indiqué de signe clair d'habituation au stress précompétitif entre les deux rencontres étudiées. En effet, nous n'avons montré aucun changement significatif des marqueurs biopsychologiques (i.e, cortisol et marqueurs d'état d'anxiété) entre les valeurs de repos et les valeurs précompétitives quel que soit le match. Nous pouvons supposer que par conséquent, le processus d’habituation à la compétition pourrait déjà avoir eu lieu par le passé et les mesures effectuées pourraient n’être que la conséquence de celui-ci. En conclusion, la stabilité des indices biopsychologiques pourrait montrer une forme d'habituation au stress anticipatif chez des joueurs de sport collectif comparés à des sportifs en sport individuel. / This work had two main objectives which were to carry out the monitoring of biopsychological markers, first a) during a season with elite rugby players and b) within two games of a basketball competition. Specifically, we followed up, in a first study, a professional rugby team over a season evaluating whether the status of the competing athlete had an impact on changes in the markers under study. We found significant decreases in markers such as testosterone, the ratio T/C and DHEA-S during the season. These results would suggest that fatigue had increased for the entire group during the season. However, when investigating the role of status, we have only found decreases in testosterone and DHEA-S as well as some states of negative mood (depression, anger) in the group of holders. In the same vein, we have encountered opposite results for the biopsychological markers in the group of players who had been almost never used over the season. Consequently, we can suggest that the status has an important role to account for biopsychological responses of players regardless of the period of the season. In a second study (b), we chose to monitor biopsychological markers of the players in two games of an official competition of basketball championship. Our goal was to study the development of biopsychological markers in athletes used to compete for official meetings and to test if a habituation process could take place among players in the precompetitive phase. The results have not shown clear signs of habituation to precompetitive stress between the two games. We have not shown any significant change in the biopsychological values (i.e., cortisol and anxiety state markers)regardless of the game played. Consequently, the hypothesized habituation process to the competition may have already occurred in the past and results may just be the result of it. In conclusion, the relative stability of biopsychological markers could show a form of habituation to anticipatory stress in team sport players compared to athletes in individual sports.

Este estudo investigou o desenvolvimento e a influência dos ajustes posturais antecipatórios na performance de um movimento direcionado a um alvo em crianças com e sem DCD. Os participantes foram divididos de acordo com três faixas etárias [faixa etária (A) de 7-8 anos (média de 7.6 anos ± 0.6 ); faixa etária (B) de 9-10 anos (média de 9.7 anos ± 0.7); faixa etária (C) de 11-12 anos (média de 11.7 anos ± 0.5). Cada grupo foi formado por crianças com DCD e crianças de desenvolvimento típico. As com DCD foram identificadas através de um percentil igual ou inferior a 5 no Teste Movement ABC. As crianças com desenvolvimento típico foram identificadas como aquelas cujo escore apresentou-se igual ou superior a 30. As crianças foram orientadas a permanecer na posição em pé e executar um movimento direcionado a um alvo. Variáveis de tempo de reação, tempo de movimento e a amplitude dos ajustes posturais antecipatórios foram examinadas em função da idade. Os resultados indicaram que as crianças com DCD foram significativamente mais lentas que as crianças com desenvolvimento típico durante a iniciação e execução do movimento direcionado a um alvo e também apresentaram um maior deslocamento lateral do centro de pressão. A análise desenvolvimental mostrou que, à medida que a criança cresce, aumenta a estabilidade postural na direção lateral e reduz os tempos de reação e movimento. Porém, crianças com DCD não alcançaram o mesmo nível de performance em comparação as crianças de desenvolvimento típico. Quando atrasos hipotéticos de idade foram calculados a partir das equações da análise de regressão, as crianças mais velhas do grupo DCD mostraram aumento destes atrasos nos ajustes posturais e diminuição destes no tempo de reação e movimento. Estes resultados dão suporte à hipótese de que os ajustes posturais antecipatórios interferem na performance do movimento. / This study investigated the development and influences of anticipatory postural adjustments on the performance of a goal-directed movement in children with and without DCD. Participants were placed into one of three age bands [age band (A) with 7 and 8 years (mean age 7.6 years ± 0.6; age band (B) with 9 and 10 (mean age 9.7 ± 0.7); age band (C) with 11 and 12 years (mean age 11.7 ± 0.5)]. Each group consisted of children with DCD and typically developing children. Children with DCD were defined as those with scores at or below the 5thpercentile on Movement ABC Test. Typically developing children were those whose scores on the test were above the 30th percentile. The children were asked to stand in right position and perform a goal-directed movement. Reaction time, movement time and amplitude of postural adjustments were examined as a function of age. Results indicated that children with DCD were significantly slower than typically developing children during the initiation and execution of the goal-directed movement and also showed a larger lateral displacement of the center of pressure. Developmental analysis showed that, as children grow up, they increase their postural stability in lateral direction and decrease their reaction and movement time. However, children with DCD do not reach the same level of performance as compared to typically developing children. When hypothetical age delays were calculated by the equations in the regression analysis, older children in the DCD group showed increasing age delays of the postural adjustments but decreasing age delays in reaction and movement time. These results support the hypothesis that anticipatory adjustments interfere in movement performance.

Classical experiments on honey bee time-memory showed that foragers trained to collect food at a fixed time of day return the following day with remarkable time-accuracy. Previous field experiments revealed that not all foragers return to a food source on unrewarded test days. Rather, there exist 2 subgroups: “persistent” foragers reconnoiter the source; “reticent” foragers wait in the hive for confirmation of source availability. To examine how these foragers contribute to a colony’s ability to reallocate foragers across sources with rapidly changing availabilities, foragers were trained to collect sucrose during a restricted window for several days and observed over 3 days throughout which the feeder was empty. In 2 separate trials, activity monitoring revealed a high level of activity apparently directed at other food sources. This “extracurricular” activity showed extensive temporal overlap with visits to the feeder, indicating that honey bees can manage at least 2 different overlapping time memories.

abstract: Locomotion is of prime importance in enabling human beings to effectively respond in space and time to meet different needs. Approximately 2 million Americans live with an amputation with most of those amputations being of the lower limbs. To advance current state-of-the-art lower limb prosthetic devices, it is necessary to adapt performance at a level of intelligence seen in human walking. As such, this thesis focuses on the mechanisms involved during human walking, while transitioning from rigid to compliant surfaces such as from pavement to sand, grass or granular media. Utilizing a unique tool, the Variable Stiffness Treadmill (VST), as the platform for human walking, rigid to compliant surface transitions are simulated. The analysis of muscular activation during the transition from rigid to different compliant surfaces reveals specific anticipatory muscle activation that precedes stepping on a compliant surface. There is also an indication of varying responses for different surface stiffness levels. This response is observed across subjects. Results obtained are novel and useful in establishing a framework for implementing control algorithm parameters to improve powered ankle prosthesis. With this, it is possible for the prosthesis to adapt to a new surface and therefore resulting in a more robust smart powered lower limb prosthesis. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Biomedical Engineering 2019

Swallowing problems, and the often-associated sequelae including pneumonia, malnutrition, and dehydration are common, potentially life-threatening conditions suffered by many elderly individuals. The combination of cognitive, physical, and sensory impairments commonly seen in individuals with dementia and following stroke often results in eating needs going unmet, leading to increased morbidity and premature mortality. The functional limitations of many of these individuals frequently result in decreased mealtime independence and necessitate extensive or total assistance (i.e., dependence) with consuming food and liquids. Despite the implication of increased safety associated with feeding assistance, the influence and potential risk of absent pre-oral cues are unclear, especially in an already taxed system. This study investigated the cooperative relationships between the sequential sensorimotor acts involved in eating and swallowing, focusing on the anticipatory stage, under various sensory-loss conditions. Kinematic data from the lips, jaw, and hand were obtained from 24 healthy younger adults (ages 18-30) and 24 healthy older adults (ages 70-85) under four different conditions: typical self-feeding, typical assisted feeding (i.e., loss of proprioceptive cues), sensory loss self-feeding (i.e., loss of visual cues and degradation of auditory cues), and sensory loss assisted feeding (i.e., loss/degradation of auditory, proprioceptive, and visual cues). During typical self-feeding, all participants began the mouth opening gesture shortly after the onset of hand movement toward the mouth and prior to the onset of oral sensation. However, differences in the timing of anticipatory onset and offset lip movements were observed between older and younger adults and also on the basis of the presence/absence of feeding dependency and sensory loss. Older adults initiated lowering movement earlier than younger adults given the availability of proprioceptive and/or visual cues. In addition to demonstrating earlier lip lowering, during both self-feeding conditions older adults more consistently attended to the timing between lip lowering onset and hand movement onset as compared to both the younger adults and other relative timing pairs. Given the absence of proprioceptive cues (i.e., during assisted feeding), the onset of anticipatory lip movement was delayed. Sensory loss (i.e., loss of visual cues, reduction in auditory cues) alone did not negatively impact the onset of lip movement for either group as compared to typical self-feeding. Conversely, the presence of sensory loss more negatively impacted the offset of lip movement as compared to the absence of proprioception (e.g., the offset of lip movement was later given only visual/auditory loss as compared to assisted feeding). The presence of both feeding dependence and sensory loss had the greatest negative impact on the timing of both the onset and offset of anticipatory lip movement. These findings suggest that deglutition should be considered as beginning prior to the onset of oral sensation and highlight the necessity of better understanding the role that pre-oral, or anticipatory, sensorimotor information may play in the overall eating and deglutitory process. As older adults consistently demonstrated a "compensatory advantage" via earlier and less variable movement onset given the availability of proprioceptive and/or visual cues, continued investigation into these age-related differences is important. This study provides a first step in clarifying the relationship between these pre-oral cues and anticipatory oral posturing during eating and swallowing, allowing for a better understanding of the potential for increased risk assisted feeding recommendations may elicit. However, the differences observed between older and younger adults, particularly under conditions of sensory loss, may be further exacerbated in a taxed system, potentially increasing risk for various patient populations.

Background: Professional guidelines recommend that all adolescents receive annual preventive visits including psychosocial and behavioral screening, and anticipatory guidance and counseling for health risk behaviors. Youth with special health care needs (YSHCN) experience many health-related disparities yet little is known about receipt of such counseling this population. Objective: We characterized adolescents’ receipt of recommended healthcare provider-delivered counseling and assessed differences between youth with and without special health care needs. Design/Methods: We used data from a 2016 school-based survey of adolescents ages 16-18 in rural South Central Appalachia Tennessee (n=403). About one-quarter (23%) were categorized as YSHCN. A greater proportion of YSHCN were female (68% vs. 49%), non-Hispanic white (96% vs. 83%), or had seen a doctor or other healthcare provider in the past year (97% vs. 83%) (all p<.05). Adolescents reported on their discussions with a healthcare provider about ten different recommended topics across four areas: weight/physical activity; mental health; substance use; and protective factors (i.e., friends, school). We assessed differences in individual topics discussed by YSHCN status using chi-square analyses and multivariable logistic regression. Results: Overall, only half (50%) of adolescents reported talking with their healthcare provider about any of the assessed topics. As shown in Figure 1, receipt of counseling varied by YSHCN status with a greater proportion of YSHCN reporting having discussed most of the assessed topics with a healthcare provider compared to other youth. In multivariable models controlling for adolescents’ sex, age, race/ethnicity, SES, use of health services, and quality of a relationship with their healthcare provider, YSHCN had greater odds than other youth of discussing topics related to weight/physical activity (OR=4.08, 95% CI: 2.35-7.07); mental health (OR=2.50, 95%CI: 1.46-4.31); protective factors (OR=2.32, 95% CI: 1.29-4.18); but not substance use (p>.05). Conclusion(s): This study provides novel data on receipt of healthcare provider-delivered counseling about important health risk and promotion topics. Findings suggest that YSHCN are more likely than other youth to receive counseling about most topics, even when controlling for their increased receipt of preventive care. However, findings also highlight suboptimal provision of anticipatory guidance to all youth, and point to the need to increase delivery of adolescent preventive servcies.

An evaluation of varied enrichment and feeding schedules were conducted on three spices, drill, Pallas’s cat and cheetah, at Parken Zoo in Sweden. Varied schedules of enrichment and feeding are used to prevent the animals from knowing when the administration of these events are going to happen since anticipation can lead to a number of negative changes in the behaviours of the animals. Scan sampling was used to gather behavioural data of the animals and the data was then used to answer a number of questions about the extent of success of the varied schedule: 1.Is the varied schedule experienced as unpredictable for the animals? 2. Are there any negative behaviours associated with the scheduled enrichments? 3. What are the reactions to the enrichment being withheld at certain days? The results showed that the animals did not perceive the scheduled events as predictable; pacing in cheetahs and aggressive behaviours in Pallas’s cats seemed to be directly associated with the events; active behaviours in the drills decreased and aggressiveness increased as an immediate result of withholding enrichment. Implications for the animals and the zoo in light of the results are discussed.

“Will my flight be cancelled?” “Will I win the eBay auction?” These consumption and product acquisition situations would trigger the experience of . . . suspense. Suspense is defined as the overall anticipatory arousal associated with the hope and/or fear felt by a consumer assessing the likelihood of occurrence of an important and imminent consumption or acquisition event. If one views a potential outcome as causing pleasure (an approach appraisal), hope will be felt, while if one views a potential outcome as causing pain (an avoidance appraisal), fear will be felt. Other variables expected to indirectly impact suspense are frequency of probability change, degree of probability change and anticipation time. The conceptual model in this dissertation also proposes that people have an attitude toward the anticipation period and identifies four resolution emotions, satisfaction, disappointment, relief, and anguish, which may occur once the outcome is known. Further, attitude toward anticipation period and the resolution emotions are expected to affect attitude toward overall experience. Three studies were conducted. The objective of Studies 1 and 2 was to develop scales yielding reliable scores of hope, fear, and suspense. Fifty words related to hope, fear, and suspense were generated. In Study 1, 553 participants rated the words on the evaluative and activity dimensions using 18 semantic differential scale items. O-technique factor analysis was used to analyze the data in Study 1. In Study 2, 354 participants read one of three suspenseful stories, then indicated their hope, fear, and suspense. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were used in Study 2. Study 3 consisted of an experiment in which 241 participants read a suspenseful house-buying scenario, then indicated their hope, fear, and suspense. Structural equation modeling was used to analyze the data in Study 3. Results supported the conceptualization of suspense: both hope and fear had a positive effect on suspense. Additionally, approach appraisal had a positive effect on hope, and avoidance appraisal had a positive effect on fear. The moderating effect of frequency of probability change was not supported. However, frequency of probability change did have a positive effect on both hope and fear.