No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

Mitigation is the modification of language in response to social or cognitive challenges (stressors) in contexts of linguistic interaction (Martinovski, Mao, Gratch, & Marsella 2005). Previous mitigation research has been largely from social perspectives, addressing the word or utterance levels of language. This dissertation presents an empirical study of mitigating language resulting from both a cognitive stressor (degree of uncertainty) and social stressor (degree of imposition) in Spanish discourse, and the impacts of mitigation on interaction and interlocutors. The tripartite approach includes a: (1) quantitative analysis of discourse markers associated with mitigation (speaker-discourse, speaker-listener, and epistemic markers); (2) qualitative discourse analysis, relying on concepts from the Conversation Analysis framework; and (3) qualitative analysis of interlocutors’ perceptions of mitigation, using metalinguistic conversations. The results are discussed considering prior research on mitigation, politeness theories, and Clark’s (2006) model of ‘language use’ to address information types, interlocutor roles, and mutual knowledge. In addition, Caffi and Janney’s (1994) ‘anticipatory schemata’ and Pinker’s (2007) social psychological perspective of indirect language inform the theoretical framework. Results indicate that: (1) Mitigation devices vary depending on contextual factors prompting mitigation, significantly fewer speaker-listener markers are shown as evidence of mitigation, and epistemic markers, which are commonly analyzed mitigation devices, are infrequent overall in these data. These results provide evidence against the assumption that mitigation is associated with increased use of linguistic devices; (2) Two mitigating discourse structures were found, depending on the degree of uncertainty. Within contexts of high-imposition, the Co-reconstruction structure (CRS) is found in contexts with uncertainty and the Non-linear structure (NLS) is in contexts with certainty; and (3) The listeners’ metalinguistic comments indicate that the CRS, compared to the NLS, is preferred. Also, the results indicate how interlocutors address cognitive, social, and emotional stressors in interaction. Considering all analyses, a unifying definition of mitigation in discourse is provided. This phenomenon is characterized as the postponement of both confirmed knowledge and negotiation of the interlocutor relationship. This research contributes the first experimental investigation of mitigation as the result of cognitive and social stressors, and also the first systematic analysis of mitigation in Spanish discourse. / text

This thesis analyses the distribution of the different functions of the subject it in two text types: academic prose and fiction. The objective of the thesis is to discover to what extent and in which aspects the two examined text types differ. The analysis is based on two hundred examples of it in the subject function obtained from the British National Corpus (BNC), one half of them drawn from academic prose, the other from fiction. The functions of it analysed include anaphoric it, anticipatory it, empty it and it as the subject in a cleft sentence (focusing it). The discussion of anaphoric it focuses on the distance of the referent from the pronoun, the realisation form and semantic role of the referent; in the case of anticipatory it, attention is paid to the type of subordinate clause realising the extraposed subject and the realisation form and semantics of the predicate in the superordinate clause; for the cleft sentence, the analysis deals mainly with the realisation form and underlying syntactic function of the focused element. Additionally, the instances of it that did not fit into any of the four main categories are also examined. The two text types are first discussed separately, and the findings are then compared in the final part of the thesis. Key words: anaphoric it, anticipatory...

Les mouvements volontaires sont accompagnés par des ajustements posturaux anticipateurs (APAs). Leur rôle consiste à prévenir et à compenser de possibles perturbations du corps provoquées par l’exécution du mouvement. Des études antérieures ont montré que la coordination posture / mouvement est modifiée selon que le mouvement est exécuté le plus rapidement possible en réponse à un signal externe (réactif :TRS), ou que le mouvement est auto-initié (prédictif :AI). L’objectif de ce travail est d’examiner le mode de coordination posture / mouvement impliqué dans une situation d’anticipation-coïncidence (AC) lors de l’exécution de mouvements simples et complexes, et ensuite, comparer ce mode aux modes TRS et AI. Trois études expérimentales ont été menées pour vérifier si : (1) les modes de coordination, obtenus sur des gestes simples, s’étendent à des mouvements complexes ; (2) le mode de coordination en AC dépend des caractéristiques temporelles du mobile utilisé dans la tâche ; (3) les commandes impliquant les APAs et le mouvement focal sont associées ou dissociées en fonctions des contraintes temporelles TRS et AC. Ainsi, nous avons démontré que : (1) les stratégies de coordination posture / mouvement s’appliquent sur les mouvements complexes ; (2) la prédictibilité du moment de déclenchement dans la condition AC rapproche celle-ci de la situation AI ; (3) les différences de coordination entre les conditions réactive (TRS) et prédictives (AC, AI) sont liées à des différences dans les mécanismes de préparation consistant à dissocier les commandes posturales et focales en situation prédictive et à associer ces commandes dans la situation réactive. Les implications théoriques qui émergent de ces résultats sont discutées. / Voluntary movements are generally accompanied by anticipatory postural adjustments (APAs). They are centrally generated as a feedforward mechanism to counteract the mechanical effects of predicted balance perturbations. Previous studies showed that the coordination between posture and movement is modified depending on whether the movement is performed in a reactive temporal pressure (TRS) or in a self-initiated (AI) manner. The aim of this thesis is to examine the coordination of posture and movement in anticipation-coincidence (AC) timing tasks in simple and complex movements, and then to compare this mode to the TRS and AI modes. Three experiments was achieved to verify : (1) whether simple movement coordination modes can be extended to complex movements ; (2) whether the temporal characteristics of the mobile used in the task modifies the coordination in AC condition ; (3) to which extent the motor commands of APAs and the focal movement are coupled in response to the TRS and AC temporal pressures. Results show that: (1) the different strategies of coordination between posture and movement are extended to the complex tasks; (2) the predictable timing of movement execution in the AC condition generates behaviours closer to those observed in AI condition; (3) the differences in the coordination between the reactive (TRS) and the predictive (AC, AI) conditions are related to the difference in the preparatory processes which consists on the dissociation of postural and focal commands in the predictive situations, and the association of this motor commands in the reactive situation. Theoretical implications emerging from these results are discussed.

A expedição de medidas cautelares pelos Tribunais de Contas é assunto pouco abordado pela doutrina brasileira, apesar de contar com reconhecimento pacífico na jurisprudência pátria a respeito de sua possibilidade. Analisando o tema, averiguouse que as bases teóricas que fundamentam o provimento cautelar no processo de contas servem para sustentar, em verdade, a utilização da técnica antecipatória no âmbito das Cortes de Contas. Tal constatação permitiu a aproximação com os conceitos do processo civil a respeito do assunto, sobretudo quanto à tutela provisória. Assim, o presente trabalho buscou sistematizar cientificamente o emprego dos provimentos provisórios no processo de contas, analisando todas as competências constitucionais atribuídas aos Tribunais de Contais e relacionando-as às hipóteses e os limites da expedição desses provimentos. / The utilization of precautionary measures for the Accounts Tribunals is a topic rarely adressed by the brazilian doctrine, despite trust in the peaceful recognition in the country's jurisprudence about it's ability. Analysing the theme,it was ascertained that the theorical bases that ground the precautionary provision in the Accounts Tribunal. Such finding allowed the aproximation with the concepts of civil procedure about the theme, especially as the provisional protection. Therefor the present project had as objective systematizscientificaly the employ of the temporary provisionses in the procces of accounts analysing all the constitutionals skills assign to the Court of Auditors and relating it to the hypothesis and the limits of the dispatch of those provisionses.

La schizophrénie (SZ), maladie psychiatrique invalidante, est caractérisée par des symptômes positifs, négatifs, cognitifs, désorganisés, affectifs et moteurs. De par l’absence de résultats positifs dans la prise en charge des symptômes négatifs, nous avons décidé de nous intéresser à l’apathie dans la SZ. Elle se définit par une baisse des comportements dirigés vers un but ayant une origine cognitive, émotionnelle ou comportementale. Notre objectif est d’apporter un éclaircissement sur le concept d’apathie en s’intéressant aux liens entre apathie, anhédonie et BIS/BAS. Le protocole 1 porte sur la validation de la Lille Apathy Rating Scale (LARS), outil multidimensionnel de l’apathie validée dans la maladie de Parkinson, dans la SZ, auprès de 112 patients. Le protocole 2 (étude transversale) s’intéresse aux liens entre apathie, plaisir consommé, anticipatoire, sociale et BIS/BAS, auprès de 112 patients. Enfin, le protocole 3 (étude longitudinale d’un an) porte sur l’évolution de l’apathie et explore les déterminants émotionnels et comportementaux qui pourraient la prédire, auprès de 61 patients. Nos résultats ont mis en évidence une LARS à quatre facteurs avec de bonnes qualités psychométriques dans la SZ. Le facteur 1 est associé au BAS, à l’anhédonie sociale et anticipatoire. Le facteur 2 corrèle avec le BIS et l’anhédonie sociale. Trente-six pourcent des patients ont une apathie trait. Enfin, seul leplaisir anticipatoire prédit le facteur 4. L’apathie nécessite donc pour sa compréhension une approche multidimensionnelle. L’anhédonie et le BIS/BAS ne peuvent expliquer à eux seuls l’apathie émotionnelle et comportementale. D’autres pistes méritent donc d’être explorées. / Schizophrenia (SZ) is a chronic psychiatric disease characterized by positive, negative, cognitive, disorganized, emotional and motor symptoms. The lack of positive results in the treatment of negative symptoms led us to be interested in apathy. Apathy is defined as a multidimensional psychopathological state (cognitive, emotional, and behavioral) manifesting as a reduction of voluntary behaviors directed toward one goal. Our aim is to provide a clarification of the concept of apathy by focusing on the relationship between apathy, anhedonia and BIS/BAS. The first study deals with the validation of the Lille Apathy Rating Scale (LARS), which is a multidimensional tool of apathy validated in Parkinson’s disease, in 112 SZ patients. The second study (cross-sectional study) focuses on the link between apathy, consummatory and anticipatory pleasure, social pleasure and BIS/BAS, in 112 SZ patients. Finally, the third study (one year longitudinal study) deals with the evolution of apathy and explores the emotional and behavioral derminants that could predict it. Ours results have shown that the LARS is structured in four factors and has good psychometric properties in SZ. The factor 1 is associated to the BAS and the social and anticipatory anhedonia. The factor 2 is linked to the BIS and the social anhedonia. Thirty-six percent of the patients have an apathy trait. Finally, only anticipatory pleasure predicts the factor 4. Therefore, apathy requires for its understanding a multidimensional approach.Anhedonia and the BIS/BAS cannot by themselves explain the emotional and the behavioral apathy. Consequently, others lines of research need to be explored.