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The present thesis compares media representations of Yekîneyên Parastina Jin (YPJ or the Women’s Protection Units), an all-female Kurdish military organisation, in British media versus the organisation’s own media outlets, with the aim to see how they differ, more specifically in terms of representations of their ideological agency. By utilizing critical discourse analysis (CDA) in combination with postcolonial theory, the media construction of four soldiers’ deaths have been scrutinized in 30 media texts in order to provide a deeper understanding of the hegemonic discourses and sociocultural practices which underpin these constructions. The result shows a discrepancy in terms of representations of YPJ’s ideological agency. On the one hand, YPJ adopts an explicit effort to assert their ideology through a propagandistic discourse that emphasises their values of resistance, freedom, egalitarianism, gender emancipation and democratic confederalism, portraying their fighters as fearless martyrs and heroines that are determined to die for their cause. On the other hand, the UK media represent YPJ’s ideology in generic ways in which hidden ideological ‘us vs. them’ representations are deeply rooted in a broader naturalised Western hegemonic discourse, with portrayals of YPJ’s fallen soldiers mostly characterised by sensationalism and victimisation. One part of such hidden ideological agenda is the way in which YPJ constantly gets included in, and excluded from, ‘us’ (the West), depending on who the enemy is, in addition to mainly receiving media coverage in direct relation to ISIS, a common Western enemy. The result is a representation that endorses YPJ’s fight within a hegemonic Western discourse, neglecting their ideological agency. This has sociocultural implications since such hegemonic discourse misrepresents YPJ’s struggle, constructing their fight mostly as part of a Western counterterrorist strategy, which further legitimises the Western power to construct history based on its own premises and claims of truth.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T18:11:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gesner Duarte Padua.pdf: 10165763 bytes, checksum: 48a392235121ae3342dc6a0555f84894 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-10-19 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / This research analyses the picture construction of Tancredo Neves on the Veja and Manchete magazines from 1982 to 1985, period of his election to Minas Gerais government, his campaign and victory to Republic President and his death high after. The central hypothesis is that these vehicles constructed, in a spectacularized form, an image of an ex-president as a hero at the final period of transition from the authoritarian military regime to the democratic one. On their economic interests defense, the both magazines completely situated in the cultural industry, took part in the moderate and conservative opposition movement (part of PMDB and Frente Liberal). This movement began to construct a hegemonic discourse about Tancredo Neves as the legitimate representative of the popular will and the one capable to save the country from the crisis through a big conciliation national project. That aimed to promote a transition process smoothly and without splits to the existing order, which benefited the economic and politics country elites. In the Veja and Manchete articles Tancredo got first the characteristics of the hero who was going to conduct the country to salvation and, after his death, of a martyr of democracy. This research contributes, on the history and communication fields, to a better understand of the media influence on the big politics events of the country, especially on the first years after the military regime end and resumption of democracy. The study is performed through the critic analysis of the corpus and bibliographical research, under four main theoretical and methodological contributions: 1. The discourse theory from Ernesto Laclau, mainly on the concept of hegemonic discourses , 2. The semiotic discourse, used in its most fundamental aspects to verify the sense construction around the ex president in the texts verbi-visuals. 3. To the results obtained in the study of the corpus is added other analysis based on the historiographycal, sociological, political and communicational critic, according to authors as Florestan Fernandes, Bernardo Kucinski, Alfred Stepan, Bolivar Lamounier, Thomas Skidmore, Maria H. Alves, Basilio Sallum Jr., Ciro Marcondes Filho and others that deal with the cultural industry subject areas / Esta pesquisa analisa a construção da imagem de Tancredo Neves nas revistas Veja e Manchete, de 1982 a 1985, período que compreende sua eleição para o governo de Minas Gerais, a campanha para a presidência da República e sua morte, pouco tempo depois ser eleito. A hipótese central é que esses veículos construíram, de forma espetacularizada, uma imagem heroificada do ex-presidente no período final de transição do regime militar autoritário para o democrático. Na defesa de seus interesses econômicos, as duas revistas, inseridas plenamente na lógica da indústria cultural, se afinaram com a oposição moderada/conservadora (parte do PMDB e Frente Liberal) na criação de um discurso hegemônico sobre Tancredo Neves como legítimo representante da vontade popular e o único capaz de salvar o Brasil da crise, através da grande conciliação nacional. O objetivo era promover uma transição sem sobressaltos e rupturas da ordem vigente, o que beneficiava as elites econômicas e políticas do país. Nas reportagens de Veja e Manchete Tancredo ganhou feições primeiro de herói que conduziria o Brasil à salvação e, depois de morto, de mártir da democracia. A pesquisa se justifica por contribuir, nos campos da História e da Comunicação, para o melhor entendimento da influência midiática sobre os grandes acontecimentos políticos do país, especialmente nos primeiros anos após o fim do regime militar e retomada da democracia. O estudo é realizado através de análise crítica do corpus e de pesquisa bibliográfica, sob quatro aportes teórico-metodológicos principais: 1. A teoria do discurso de Ernesto Laclau, sobretudo quanto ao conceito de discursos hegemônicos , 2. A semiótica discursiva, utilizada em seus aspectos mais fundamentais para verificar como são construídos os sentidos em torno do ex-presidente nos textos verbi-visuais. 3. Aos resultados obtidos no estudo do corpus acrescenta-se uma outra análise baseada na crítica historiográfica, sociológica, política e comunicacional, segundo autores como Florestan Fernandes, Bernardo Kucinski, Alfred Stepan, Bolivar Lamounier, Thomas Skidmore, Maria H. Alves, Basilio Sallum Jr., Ciro Marcondes Filho e outros que tratam da temática da indústria cultural

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:25:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 3531.pdf: 1073503 bytes, checksum: 9279d320d1082fcce708572f16427c76 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-23 / This research proposes to examine the texts ―Obrar‖, ―Ver‖, ―O apanhador de desperdício‖, ―Achadouros‖, ―Sobre importâncias‖ and ―Soberania‖ tha are present, respectively, on the books Memórias Inventadas: A Infância, Memórias Inventadas: A Segunda Infância, Memórias Inventadas: A Terceira Infância, published in 2003, 2006 and 2008 and written by Manoel de Barros, because we start from the premise that the aesthetic discourse of the subjects of these texts represents Barros s architectonics when he works with a construction of a discourses that are opposite of the contemporary social-political system discourses, that´s because while this hegemonic discourse, with its exclusionary and accumulative logic, disseminates a respect to the cartesian and logical world represented by the world of labor, that are the construction of opposite discourses expressed by the subjects of the above texts, which proclaim the world by an optic that values concrete subjectivism and, at the same time, contemplative and erotic, represented by the view and the voice of an adult-child subject, in its childhood. This way, we intend to show the aesthetic construction of these discourses, by a bakhtinian analysis about the subjects, time and space. The theoretical-analytical notions studied by the Bakhtin s Circle (that means the writings by Bakhtin, Voloshinov and Medvedev) are the basic proposals of this research (specifically the dialogism - as a philosophic notion focused on the Russian circle - ethics and aesthetics, subject, chronotope and carnavalization), since they collaborate for a better comprehension around the constitution of the aesthetic discourse proposed by Barros. This way of seeing, understanding and reprsentating the world achieves a new aesthetic meaning which undervalues the sense of speed and accuracy of the "adult world", present in this hegemonic discourse, to turn it into lightness, eroticism and contemplation, that are trangressors and constituentes values of early childhood memories of the ―adult-child‖ subject, ―porque eu não sou da informática: eu sou da invencionática (Barros, 2003, IX). / Esta pesquisa propõe analisar os textos ―Obrar‖, ―Ver‖, ―O apanhador de desperdício‖, ―Achadouros‖, ―Sobre importâncias‖ e ―Soberania‖ presentes, respectivamente nos livros Memórias Inventadas: A Infância, Memórias Inventadas: A Segunda Infância, Memórias Inventadas: A Terceira Infância, publicados em 2003, 2006 e 2008 e de autoria de Manoel de Barros, pois parte-se da premissa que os discursos estéticos dos sujeitos destes textos representem a arquitetônica de Barros ao apontar para a construção de discursos contrários aos proferidos pelo sistema político-social contemporâneo, uma vez que, enquanto o discurso hegemônico, com sua lógica excludente e acumulativa, prega um respeito ao mundo cartesiano e lógico representado pelo mundo do trabalho, surge a construção de contradiscursos expressos pelos sujeitos dos textos supracitados, que preconizam o mundo por meio de uma ótica que valoriza o subjetivismo concreto e, ao mesmo tempo, contemplativo e erótico, representado pela visão e voz de um sujeito adulto-criança, em sua infância. Dessa forma procura-se evidenciar a construção estética desses contradiscursos, por meio de uma análise bakhtiniana sobre sujeito, tempo e espaço. As noções teórico-analíticas estudadas pelo Círculo de Bakhtin (o que compreende os escritos de Bakhtin, Voloshinov e Medvedev) fundamentam a proposta desta pesquisa (especificamente dialogismo enquanto noção filosófica norteadora do Círculo russo , ética-estética, sujeito, cronotopia e carnavalização), uma vez que (co)laboram para uma melhor compreensão acerca da constituição do contradiscurso estético de Barros. Essa maneira de ver, entender e retratar o mundo conquista uma nova significação estética que despreza o sentido de velocidade e de exatidão do ―mundo adulto‖ presente no discurso hegemônico para transcendê-lo em leveza, erotismo e contemplação, valores transgredientes e constituintes das memórias da infância do sujeito adulto-criança, ―porque eu não sou da informática: eu sou da invencionática‖ (Barros, 2003, IX).

At least eight soapstone carvings of birds furnished a shrine, Great Zimbabwe, in the 19th century. This large stonewalled settlement, once a political and urban centre, had been much reduced for four centuries, although the shrine continued to operate as local traditions dictated. The Zimbabwe Birds were handed down from a past that has only been partially illuminated by archaeological inquiry and ethnography, as has the site as such. This thesis publishes the first detailed catalogue of the Birds and attempts to reconstruct their provenance at the site based on the earliest written accounts. A modern history of the Birds unfolds when the European settlers removed them from the site in dubious transactions, claiming them as rewards of imperial conquest. As the most treasured objects from Great Zimbabwe, the fate of the Birds has been intertwined with that of the site in a matrix of contested meanings and ownership. This thesis explores how the meanings of cultural objects have a tendency to shift and to be ephemeral, demonstrating the ability of those in power to appropriate and determine such meanings. In turn, this has a bearing on ownership claims, and gives rise to an “authorized heritage discourse” syndrome.   The forced migrations of the Zimbabwe Birds within the African continent and to Europe and their subsequent return to their homeland decades later are characterised by melodramatic episodes of manoeuvring by traders, politicians and theologians, and of the return of stolen property cloaked as an amicable barter deal, or a return extolled as an act of generosity. International doctrines that urge the return of cultural property are influenced by Western hegemonic ideologies. Natural justice is perverted, as stolen property acquires a (superior) significance in its new context, which merits the extinction of the original provenance. This leaves “generosity” and goodwill as the promises of the future, holding the fate of one Zimbabwe Bird still kept in exile in South Africa.

This study used life experience methods to gather the narratives of seven adult Indigenous transracial adoptees who have reclaimed their Indigenous identities after experiencing closed adoption during the late 1950s through to the early 1980s. Participants had been members of Aboriginal (First Nations, Metis, Inuit) communities at birth but were then raised outside their Indigenous nations in non-Indigenous families. Through analysis of their stories, I identified four themes that marked their trajectories to reclamation: Imposed fracture (prior to reclamation); Little anchors (beginning healing); Coming home (on being whole); Our sacred bundle (reconciling imposed fracture). Their stories of reconnecting to their Indigeneity, decolonizing and healing illustrate their shifts from hegemonic discourse spaces that characterized their lived experiences as “other” to spirit-based discourses that center Indigenous knowledge systems as valid, life affirming, and life changing. This dissertation contributes to the debate on state sanctioned removal of children and the impacts of loss of Indigenous identity in Canadian society. My findings indicate that cultural and spiritual teachings and practices, as well as, the knowledge of colonization and its impacts on Indigenous families, communities, and nations, all contributed to adoptees’ healing and ability to move forward in their lives. Key recommendations include: further exploration of the concept of cultural genocide in relation to settler-colonial relations in Canada; further examination of the intersection of counter-narratives, resistance discourse, and colonial violence; increased investigation of the connections between Indigenous knowledge systems, living spirit-based teachings and educative aspects of community wellness; and more research examining education beyond formal schooling, including the formative effects upon Indigenous youth of social values, public policy, and legal frameworks. / Graduate

Ausgehend von einem sozialkonstruktivistischen, pragmatisch-kognitiven Verständnis von Namen untersucht die Studie die diskriminierenden Wahrnehmungen, die über Personen-namen in Deutschland und Schweden aufgerufen werden. Durch Anwendung der kritischen Theorien und Zugänge der Black Feminist, Postcolonial, Postmigrant, Trans und Disability Studies auf Namensdiskurse werden gegenwärtige sowie historische hegemoniale Normen dekonstruiert. Mit Hilfe des durch intersektionale Machtverhältnisse konstituierten Dispositivmodells wird die Intelligibilität von Personennamen zur Diskussion gestellt. Vergewohnheitung (accustoming) als neues analytisches Konzept macht nachvollziehbar, wie hegemoniales Wissen zu Namensgebung auf strukturalistische und essentialisierende Weise erworben und internalisiert wird. Die Analyse administrativer und legislativer Diskurse zeigt, wie hegemoniale Namensnormen historisch und institutionell vergewohnheitet wurden. Dass ein Personenname institutionell auch durch individuelle Wahrnehmung bestimmt wird, illustriert die Analyse des ‚Kindeswohl‘, einem zentralen Argument für Namensentscheidungen auf Standesämtern. Ein weiteres Beispiel für die Rechtfertigung ent_wahrgenommener diskriminierender Namenspraktiken ist das Sprachgefühlkonzept, dessen Verwendung daraufhin untersucht wird, inwiefern es nationalistische Vorstellungen des Eigenen und des Anderen aufruft. Schließlich wird die An- und Aberkennung von Menschsein als Konsequenz diskriminierender Namenshandlungen adressiert. Eine Sammlung empowernder Interventionen in diskriminierende Namenspraktiken sowie Empfehlungen für eine kontra_diskriminierende, antistrukturalistische Wahrnehmung von Personennamen runden die Studie ab. Mit ihrem transdisziplinären Ansatz veranschaulicht die Arbeit, wie disziplinäre Grenzen überschritten und Diskursfelder und -materialien, die traditionellerweise in den Rechts-, Geschichts-, Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaften analysiert werden, in die Genderforschung integriert werden können. / Based on a social constructivist, pragmatic cognitive understanding of naming, the study investigates the discriminatory hegemonic presuppositions and perceptions that are interpellated with personal names in Germany and Sweden. The critical lens of Black Feminist, Postcolonial, Postmigrant, Critical Trans and Disability Studies is applied in order to deconstruct current and past hegemonic naming norms. By regarding the un/intelligibility of names as constituted by intersecting power relations, racism_genderism_ableism_migratism_ classism, the dispositive model helps to identify what personal names and naming practices are made un/thinkable. Accustoming is introduced as an analytic tool to understand how hegemonic knowledge on naming is acquired and internalized in a structuralist and essentializing way. The analysis of administrative and legislative discourses demonstrates how hegemonic naming norms have been historically and institutionally accustomed. That a personal name is not only determined by institutional but also by individual decision-making is illustrated on the example of the child’s well-being, a commonly used argument for name decisions at registry offices. The feel for language as another norm to justify de_perceived name discrimination is analyzed against the background of how sprachgefühl as an emotive concept interpellates nationalist images of the self and the Other. The final chapter addresses the consequences of discriminatory naming practices: the definition and denial of personhood. The study concludes with a collection of empowering interventions in discriminatory naming practices and recommendations for a contra_ discriminatory anti-structuralist perception of personal names. By employing a transdisciplinary approach, the study illustrates how disciplinary boundaries are transgressed and how different discourse areas and material that traditionally are investigated in law, history, linguistics and literature is integrated in Gender Studies research.