Background: The recent literature has shown that triple antiplatelet therapy with cilostazol in addition to the standard dual antiplatelet therapy with aspirin and clopidogrel may reduce platelet reactivity and improve clinical outcomes following percutaneous coronary intervention. The purpose of this meta-analysis is to compare the efficacy of triple antiplatelet therapy and dual antiplatelet therapy in regard to on-treatment platelet reactivity. Methods: Nine studies (n = 2179) comparing on-treatment platelet reactivity between dual antiplatelet therapy (n = 1193) and triple antiplatelet therapy (n = 986) in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention were included. Primary end points were P2Y12 reaction unit (PRU) and platelet reactivity index (PRI). Secondary end points were platelet aggregation with adenosine diphosphate (ADP) 5 and 20 μmol/L and P2Y12% inhibition. Mean difference (MD) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were computed and 2-sided α error <.05 was considered as a level of significance. Results: Compared to dual antiplatelet therapy, triple antiplatelet therapy had significantly lower maximum platelet aggregation with ADP 5 μmol/L (MD: -14.4, CI: -21.6 to -7.2, P < .001) and 20 mmol/L (MD: -14.9, CI: -22.9 to -6.8, P < .001), significantly lower PRUs (MD: -45, CI: -59.4 to -30.6, P < .001) and PRI (MD: -26, CI: -36.8 to -15.2, P < .001), and significantly higher P2Y12% inhibition (MD: 18.5, CI: 2.3 to 34.6, P = .025). Conclusion: Addition of cilostazol to conventional dual antiplatelet therapy significantly lowers platelet reactivity and may explain a decrease in thromboembolic events following coronary intervention; however, additional studies evaluating clinical outcomes will be helpful to determine the benefit of triple antiplatelet therapy.

Background: The recent literature has shown that triple antiplatelet therapy with cilostazol in addition to the standard dual antiplatelet therapy with aspirin and clopidogrel may reduce platelet reactivity and improve clinical outcomes following percutaneous coronary intervention. The purpose of this meta-analysis is to compare the efficacy of triple antiplatelet therapy and dual antiplatelet therapy in regard to on-treatment platelet reactivity. Methods: Nine studies (n = 2179) comparing on-treatment platelet reactivity between dual antiplatelet therapy (n = 1193) and triple antiplatelet therapy (n = 986) in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention were included. Primary end points were P2Y12 reaction unit (PRU) and platelet reactivity index (PRI). Secondary end points were platelet aggregation with adenosine diphosphate (ADP) 5 and 20 μmol/L and P2Y12% inhibition. Mean difference (MD) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were computed and 2-sided α error <.05 was considered as a level of significance. Results: Compared to dual antiplatelet therapy, triple antiplatelet therapy had significantly lower maximum platelet aggregation with ADP 5 μmol/L (MD: -14.4, CI: -21.6 to -7.2, P < .001) and 20 mmol/L (MD: -14.9, CI: -22.9 to -6.8, P < .001), significantly lower PRUs (MD: -45, CI: -59.4 to -30.6, P < .001) and PRI (MD: -26, CI: -36.8 to -15.2, P < .001), and significantly higher P2Y12% inhibition (MD: 18.5, CI: 2.3 to 34.6, P = .025). Conclusion: Addition of cilostazol to conventional dual antiplatelet therapy significantly lowers platelet reactivity and may explain a decrease in thromboembolic events following coronary intervention; however, additional studies evaluating clinical outcomes will be helpful to determine the benefit of triple antiplatelet therapy.

Healthcare providers often are faced with the challenge of determining an appropriate length of dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) for patients who have had percutaneous coronary intervention and stent placement. This is an especially challenging clinical decision for patients with drug-eluting stents, as several studies show different results when assessing risk and benefit.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第18868号 / 医博第3979号 / 新制||医||1008(附属図書館) / 31819 / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 横出 正之, 教授 坂田 隆造, 教授 川村 孝 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Background: Dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) remains the cornerstone management for the prevention of acute stent thrombosis after percutaneous intervention (PCI). Situations mandating early interruption of DAPT carry a high risk of ischemic complications. Perioperative bridge therapy using Cangrelor, an intravenous P2Y2 inhibitor, may offer a potential solution. Unfortunately, evidence for its use in non-cardiac procedures is limited. Methods: Our protocol demonstrates successful off-label use of IV Cangrelor bridge therapy in a non-cardiac surgery patient. We describe a case of a 77-year old male; triple therapy with Aspirin, Apixaban, and Ticagrelor for recent drug-eluting stent placement required immediate surgical resection of stage I colonic adenocarcinoma. Results: Cangrelor bridge therapy was utilized both preoperatively and postoperatively without ischemic or bleeding complications. The patient tolerated exploratory laparoscopic colectomy with minimal bleeding and good post-op recovery. Conclusion: Minimizing the interruption of DAPT therapy in high-risk patients is achievable. However, careful planning with a team-based approach involving surgeons, cardiologists and pharmacists, along with close clinical follow-up and vigilant management of anti-platelet therapy is recommended.

No / The isolation and characterisation of antiplatelet antibodies in autoimmune thrombocytopenia purpura patients (ITP) is described. Autoimmune thrombocytopenia purpura is an autoimmune disease, clinically defined by low platelet counts, normal or increased megakaryocytopoiesis and antiplatelet antibodies in serum. This study used phage display to isolate Fab antiplatelet antibodies to study the structure-function relationships of pathogenic antibodies in ITP. Out of six randomly selected colonies, four colonies reacted strongly with whole platelets in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Sequence analysis showed that all four colonies had the same DNA sequence and were the same antibody. Results of Western blotting against non-reduced human platelet lysate showed that the Fab reacted with platelet proteins with apparent molecular weights of 116, 92 and 39 kD. Furthermore, Western blotting assay against purified membrane glycoprotein IIIa demonstrated reactivity against a band with a molecular weight of 92 kD. Results from Western blotting against platelet lysate and pure platelet glycoprotein confirmed the Fab fragment recognised the platelet glycoprotein IIIa. Three out of the four phage colonies produced soluble Fab, which demonstrated reactivity against platelet autoantigens in ELISA. Further sequence analysis showed that the Fab was somatically mutated suggesting antigen drive and therefore T-cell assistance was important in the development of this antibody. One of the somatic mutations introduced an RSD amino acid sequence in the complementary determining region 1(CDR1) of the light chain, which may mimic the RGD motif of fibrinogen which binds integrin GPIIb/IIIa. This raises the possibility that somatic mutation and antigen drive have produced a pathogenic autoantibody.

Η καρδιαγγειακή νοσηρότητα είναι πολύ υψηλή στους ασθενείς με Χρόνια Νεφρική Νόσο (ΧΝΝ) τελικού σταδίου οι οποίοι υποβάλλονται σε αιμοκάθαρση και πολλοί ασθενείς έχουν ένδειξη χορήγησης αντι-αιμοπεταλικής αγωγής. Παρόλα αυτά, η αυξημένη αντιδραστικότητα των αιμοπεταλίων είναι συχνή σε ασθενείς που υποβάλλονται σε αιμοκάθαρση. Σκοπός: Σκοπός της μελέτης είναι η σύγκριση της αποτελεσματικότητας της πρασουγρέλης σε σχέση με υψηλή δόση κλοπιδογρέλης σε ασθενείς οι οποίοι υποβάλλονται σε αιμοκάθαρση και παρουσιάζουν υψηλή αντιδραστικότητα αιμοπεταλίων. Υλικό/Μέθοδος: Προοπτική, τυχαιοποιημένη, διασταυρούμενη (cross-over) μελέτη που περιέλαβε 25 αιμοκαθαιρόμενους ασθενείς που λάμβαναν κλοπιδογρέλην σε δόση 75 mg/ημέρα. Οι 21 (84%) εξ αυτών παρουσίαζαν αυξημένη αντιδραστικότητα αιμοπεταλίων και τυχαιοποιήθηκαν σε πρασουγρέλη 10 mg/ημέρα ή κλοπιδογρέλη 150 mg/ημέρα. Οι μετρήσεις της αντιδραστικότητας έγιναν με τη συσκευή VerifyNow© (Accumetrics, San Diego, USA). Ως αυξημένη αντιδραστικότητα των αιμοπεταλίων καθορίστηκε η τιμή PRU (P2Y12 reaction units) ≥235. Επίσης μελετήθηκε η παρουσία του CYP2C19*2 loss-of-function αλληλίου ως πιθανού παράγοντα που σχετίζεται με την αντιδραστικότητα των αιμοπεταλίων. Αποτελέσματα: Το πρωτεύον καταληκτικό σημείο της αντιδραστικότητας των αιμοπεταλίων ήταν χαμηλότερο στους ασθενείς που έλαβαν πρασουγρέλη (least square 156,7, 95% CI 132,2-181,1) σε σχέση με όσους έλαβαν διπλή δόση κλοπιδογρέλης (least square 279,9, 95% CI 255,5-304,4, p<0,001). Η διαφορά ελαχίστων τετραγώνων μεταξύ των δύο ομάδων ήταν -113,4, 95% CI -152,9 έως -73,8, p<0,001 και -163,8, 95% CI -218,1 έως -109,2, p<0,001 σε μη φορείς και σε φορείς τουλάχιστον ενός CYP2C19*2 αλληλίου αντίστοιχα. Η αυξημένη αντιδραστικότητα ήταν χαμηλότερη στην πρασουγρέλη σε σχέση με την κλοπιδογρέλη σε όλους τους ασθενείς (19% έναντι 85,7%, p<0,001) και στους μη φορείς (25,7% έναντι 80%, p=0,003). Όλοι οι φορείς του αλληλίου που ήταν σε θεραπεία με διπλάσια δόση κλοπιδογρέλης συνέχιζαν να εμφανίζουν υψηλή αντιδραστικότητα των αιμοπεταλίων αλλά κανείς από τους λαμβάνοντες πρασουγρέλη (p=0,07). Συμπεράσματα: Σε ασθενείς που υποβάλλονται σε αιμοκάθαρση και εμφανίζουν αυξημένη αντιδραστικότητα αιμοπεταλίων στη συνήθη δόση κλοπιδογρέλης, ο διπλασιασμός της δόσης είναι ιδιαίτερα αναποτελεσματικός. Αντιθέτως, η πρασουγρέλη σε δόση 10 mg ημερησίως οδηγεί σε επαρκή αναστολή. Η παρουσία ή όχι του αλληλίου του γονιδίου CYP2C19*2 δεν επηρεάζει αυτή την απάντηση. / High on treatment platelet reactivity (HTPR) during clopidogrel administration is frequent in patients undergoing chronic maintenance hemodialysis (HD). Objectives: The primary aim of the study was to determine the antiplatelet effects of prasugrel (10 mg/day) versus high-dose clopidogrel (150 mg/day) in HD patients who present HTPR (“High on-Treatment Platelet Reactivity”) under standard dose of clopidogrel (75 mg/day). Patients/Methods: We performed a prospective, single-center, single-blinded, investigator-initiated, randomized, cross-over study to compare platelet inhibition by prasugrel 10 mg/day versus high-dose 150 mg/day clopidogrel in 21 chronic HD patients with HTPR. Platelet function was assessed by the VerifyNow assay and genotyping was performed for CYP2C19*2 carriage. Results: The primary end point of platelet reactivity (PR, measured in PRU) was lower in patients receiving prasugrel (least squares estimates (LS) 156.6, 95% CI 132.2-181.1) compared with high dose clopidogrel (LS 279.9, 95% CI 255.4-304.3), p<0.001). The LS mean difference between the two treatments was -113.4 PRU (95% CI -152.9 to -73.8, p<0.001) and -163.8 PRU (95% CI -218.1 to -109.2, p<0.001) in non-carriers and carriers of at least one CYP2C19*2 allele, respectively. HTPR rates were lower for prasugrel than clopidogrel, in all patients (19% vs 85.7%%, p<0.001) and in non-carriers (25.7% vs 80%, p=0.003). All carriers continued to demonstrate HTPR on high clopidogrel, but none while on prasugrel. Conclusions: In HD patients exhibiting HTPR following standard clopidogrel treatment, prasugrel 10 mg/d is significantly more efficient than doubling the clopidogrel dosage, in achieving adequate platelet inhibition. Both effects seem not to be influenced by the presence of the loss-of-function CYP2C19*2 allele carriage.

L'aspirine est l'anti-plaquettaire le plus largement prescrit à la phase aiguë de l'accident vasculaire cérébral (AVC) ischémique. Cependant, la survenue de récidives, malgré cette prescription, est fréquente. La description de l'effet de l'aspirine sur l'activité plaquettaire durant cette phase n'a jamais été réalisée. Elle pourrait mettre en évidence une moindre réponse plaquettaire et aider à établir de nouvelles stratégies thérapeutiques. Cinquante patients, ont reçu par voie orale 300 mg d'aspirine, suite à un AVC ischémique. Ensuite, des prélèvements sanguins ont été réalisés : entre 2 et 3 heures (T1), entre 23 et 24 heures (T2) après la prise d'aspirine et, pour des patients déjà traités quotidiennement par une dose inférieure, avant la prise d'aspirine (T0). Les concentrations sériques de thromboxane (TX) B2 ont été mesurées, ainsi que les agrégations induites par l'acide arachidonique, par le collagène à la concentration de 2µg/L (Col2) et 20 µg/L (Col20). Afin de diminuer l'effet des variations de condition d'expérience, les résultats pour Col2 ont été rapportés à ceux pour Col20 (Col2/20). Tous les patients ont présenté une réponse à l?aspirine visible à T1 avec de plus, des concentrations de TXB2 abaissées en comparaison à T0. Il existe une récupération de l'activité plaquettaire à T2 comparée à T1, montrée par les concentrations de TXB2 et le rapport Col2/20. La dose orale de 300 mg d'aspirine, donnée à la phase aiguë de l'AVC, entraîne une inhibition plaquettaire, mais avec une récupération visible sur 24 heures. Pour les patients déjà traités quotidiennement par une dose inférieure, elle permet de compléter l'inhibition de la voie TXA2 dépendante / Aspirin is the most commonly used antiplatelet treatment during the acute phase of cerebral ischemic events. But, despite this protection, early ischemic recurrences are frequent, and considered as clinical failures of this therapy. We studied laboratory parameters of the first 300 mg oral dose of aspirin given, within 48 hours, after ischemic cerebral event. Fifty patients were included. For all patients, two blood sampling were performed, the first, during the third hour after aspirin intake (T1) and the second during the twenty-fourth hour (T2). For patients already treated with a daily dose of aspirin, a supplementary withdrawn was done before aspirin intake (T0). Platelet reactivity was studied on the basis of serum thromboxane (TX) B2 levels and light transmission aggregometry after stimulation of platelet-rich plasma by acid arachidonic and collagen 2µg/mL reported to results with collagen 20 µg/mL (ratio Col2/20). Inhibition of platelet activity was observed, at T1, for all patients. There is a significant increase of TXB2 values, and of relative values of the ratio Col2/20, at T2 as compared to T1. For already aspirin treated patients, there is a significant decrease of TXB2 levels at T1 as compared to T0. There is a platelet reactivity recovery within 24 hours, following the first 300 mg oral dose of aspirin, during the acute phase of a cerebral ischemic event, and demonstrated by TXB2 levels and ratio Col2/20. This fact would favour early ischemic recurrences. However, this dose is able to complete the inhibition of the TXA2 pathway for already aspirin treated patients

Thrombosis is initiated by platelets and leads to cardio-, cerebro-, and peripheral vascular disease, the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in the western world. Antiplatelet drugs have improved clinical outcomes for thrombosis patients. However, their expanded use is limited by hemorrhage at high concentrations and sub-therapeutic activity at lower doses. Thus, development of new antiplatelet agents with improved safety and efficacy is a medical priority. VWF is a multimeric plasma glycoprotein that plays a critical role in platelet-mediated thrombus formation and presents an attractive target for antiplatelet therapy. To this end, I have isolated and characterized aptamer molecules that bind to VWF with high affinity and have shown that some of these aptamer molecules could inhibit platelet activation/aggregation in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, I designed antidote molecules that can reverse the effects of the aptamer molecules, restoring platelet function quickly and effectively. This project has yielded the first antidote controlled antiplatelet agent and may lead to significant improvements in thrombosis therapy. Thrombin is a plasma protein that plays a critical role in thrombosis. Currently, available antithrombin agents are efficacious in preventing coagulation but do not significantly affect platelet activation and aggregation, both essential components of thrombus formation. Therefore, I tested two aptamer molecules that bind to mutually exclusive exosites on thrombin and, when used together, synergistically inhibit both coagulation and platelet activation. I demonstrated that this method could potentially lead to the development of effective antithrombotic therapies. With an ever-increasing number of people taking multiple medications, the need to safely administer drugs and limit unintended side effects has never been greater. Antidote control remains the most direct means to counteract acute side effects of drugs but unfortunately it has been challenging and cost prohibitive to generate antidotes for most therapeutic agents. Therefore, I described the development of a set of antidote molecules that are capable of counteracting the effects of an entire class of therapeutic agents, i.e. aptamers, including those that I generated against VWF. I demonstrated that protein and polymer-based molecules that capture oligonucleotides can reverse the activity of aptamers in vitro and in vivo. / Dissertation

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・論文博士 / 博士(医学) / 乙第12999号 / 論医博第2107号 / 新制||医||1016(附属図書館) / 32927 / (主査)教授 川上 浩司, 教授 古川 壽亮, 教授 小池 薫 / 学位規則第4条第2項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM