Introdução: Há relatos na literatura sobre anti-sépticos que sofreram contaminação, reportados como causas de surtos de infecção em estabelecimentos de assistência à saúde. Em relação aos recipientes que veiculam essas soluções, a preferência por almotolias descartáveis, de pequeno volume, que possibilitem a individualização do uso e o consumo rápido do produto é largamente difundida. No entanto, constata-se que a utilização de almotolias coletivas e reprocessáveis, tem sido a prática mais comum nas instituições de saúde do país. A forma de processamento de almotolias para envase de anti-sépticos não está esclarecida na literatura e é amplamente discutida nos serviços de saúde sem respaldo científico. Objetivos: os objetivos deste estudo constituiram-se em avaliar a sobrevivência dos microrganismos nas diferentes formulações dos anti-sépticos - CHX e PVPI-I - após contaminação intencional das almotolias com Serratia marcescens e extrapolar os resultados laboratoriais para o cuidado mínimo a ser dispensado às almotolias de múltiplo uso para o envase dos anti-sépticos testados. Método: Foi conduzido um estudo laboratorial, em que 180 almotolias foram contaminadas com 1 x 105 UFC/mL de suspensão contendo S. marcescens. Nas almotolias contaminadas, foram distribuídos 150 mL das seis diferentes formulações de anti-sépticos (CHX e PVP-I nos veículos alcoólico, degermante e aquoso), sendo testadas 30 almotolias para cada solução. Os frascos foram tampados e armazenados em temperatura ambiente por 7 dias com agitação diária. Alíquotas de 1 mL de cada uma das soluções anti-sépticas foram diariamente pipetadas e transferidas para os tubos contendo meio de cultura TSB. Os meios inoculados foram incubados em temperatura ambiente durante 21 dias. Resultados: Os resultados foram 100% de ausência de crescimento do contaminante-teste nas soluções, demonstrando uma capacidade dos anti-sépticos em incorporar microrganismos na ordem de pelo menos 105 UFC/mL. Conclusões: Considerando que as almotolias apenas limpas carreiam microrganismos vegetativos da água do enxágüe, na ordem de 102 UFC, os resultados desta investigação permitem a recomendação de que a limpeza como procedimento mínimo no processamento desses recipientes garante a segurança de sua utilização repetida para distribuição dos anti-sépticos testados - clorexidina e PVP-I / Background: Literature reports contamined antiseptic solutions as infection causes in healthcare settings. Small disposable antiseptic containers, which allow fast and individual use, are broadly preferred. However, the use of nondisposable containers is the most common practice in Brazilian health-care institutions. The best techniques for processing these no-disposable antiseptic solution containers are not yet known. They have been frequently discussed in healthcare settings, but without scientific basis. Aims: the present study aimed to evaluate the survival rate of microorganisms within different antiseptic formulations - povidone-iodine (PVPI-I) and chlorhexidine (CHX) - after intentional contamination with Serratia marcescens and to establish the minimum care needed to ensure the sterilization of nondisposable antiseptic solution containers. Methods: a laboratory study was performed with 180 antiseptic disposable containers, which were contaminated with Serratia marcescens [1 x 105 UFC/mL]. In each container were added 150 mL of one of six different antiseptic solutions (povidone-iodine and chlorhexidine in aqueous, detergent, and alcoholic formulations), totaling 30 containers with each formulation. The recipients were closed and stored at room temperature during seven days and shaken daily. One milliliter of each antiseptic solution was collected each day and inoculated into tryptic soy broth (TSB) cultures and incubated at room temperature for 21 days. Results: the antiseptic cultures were evaluated to be 100% negative to Serratia marcescens in all of the nondisposable containers. Conclusion: These results suggested that antiseptic solutions CHX and PVPI-I were able to inactivate microorganisms [1 x 105 UFC/mL]. Since cleaned antiseptic recipients have around 102 UFC coming from sink water, it can be supposed that cleansing is a safe minimum procedure to ensure reuse of containers for distribution of CHX and PVIP-I solutions in aqueous, detergent, and alcoholic formulations

Introdução: Há relatos na literatura sobre anti-sépticos que sofreram contaminação, reportados como causas de surtos de infecção em estabelecimentos de assistência à saúde. Em relação aos recipientes que veiculam essas soluções, a preferência por almotolias descartáveis, de pequeno volume, que possibilitem a individualização do uso e o consumo rápido do produto é largamente difundida. No entanto, constata-se que a utilização de almotolias coletivas e reprocessáveis, tem sido a prática mais comum nas instituições de saúde do país. A forma de processamento de almotolias para envase de anti-sépticos não está esclarecida na literatura e é amplamente discutida nos serviços de saúde sem respaldo científico. Objetivos: os objetivos deste estudo constituiram-se em avaliar a sobrevivência dos microrganismos nas diferentes formulações dos anti-sépticos - CHX e PVPI-I - após contaminação intencional das almotolias com Serratia marcescens e extrapolar os resultados laboratoriais para o cuidado mínimo a ser dispensado às almotolias de múltiplo uso para o envase dos anti-sépticos testados. Método: Foi conduzido um estudo laboratorial, em que 180 almotolias foram contaminadas com 1 x 105 UFC/mL de suspensão contendo S. marcescens. Nas almotolias contaminadas, foram distribuídos 150 mL das seis diferentes formulações de anti-sépticos (CHX e PVP-I nos veículos alcoólico, degermante e aquoso), sendo testadas 30 almotolias para cada solução. Os frascos foram tampados e armazenados em temperatura ambiente por 7 dias com agitação diária. Alíquotas de 1 mL de cada uma das soluções anti-sépticas foram diariamente pipetadas e transferidas para os tubos contendo meio de cultura TSB. Os meios inoculados foram incubados em temperatura ambiente durante 21 dias. Resultados: Os resultados foram 100% de ausência de crescimento do contaminante-teste nas soluções, demonstrando uma capacidade dos anti-sépticos em incorporar microrganismos na ordem de pelo menos 105 UFC/mL. Conclusões: Considerando que as almotolias apenas limpas carreiam microrganismos vegetativos da água do enxágüe, na ordem de 102 UFC, os resultados desta investigação permitem a recomendação de que a limpeza como procedimento mínimo no processamento desses recipientes garante a segurança de sua utilização repetida para distribuição dos anti-sépticos testados - clorexidina e PVP-I / Background: Literature reports contamined antiseptic solutions as infection causes in healthcare settings. Small disposable antiseptic containers, which allow fast and individual use, are broadly preferred. However, the use of nondisposable containers is the most common practice in Brazilian health-care institutions. The best techniques for processing these no-disposable antiseptic solution containers are not yet known. They have been frequently discussed in healthcare settings, but without scientific basis. Aims: the present study aimed to evaluate the survival rate of microorganisms within different antiseptic formulations - povidone-iodine (PVPI-I) and chlorhexidine (CHX) - after intentional contamination with Serratia marcescens and to establish the minimum care needed to ensure the sterilization of nondisposable antiseptic solution containers. Methods: a laboratory study was performed with 180 antiseptic disposable containers, which were contaminated with Serratia marcescens [1 x 105 UFC/mL]. In each container were added 150 mL of one of six different antiseptic solutions (povidone-iodine and chlorhexidine in aqueous, detergent, and alcoholic formulations), totaling 30 containers with each formulation. The recipients were closed and stored at room temperature during seven days and shaken daily. One milliliter of each antiseptic solution was collected each day and inoculated into tryptic soy broth (TSB) cultures and incubated at room temperature for 21 days. Results: the antiseptic cultures were evaluated to be 100% negative to Serratia marcescens in all of the nondisposable containers. Conclusion: These results suggested that antiseptic solutions CHX and PVPI-I were able to inactivate microorganisms [1 x 105 UFC/mL]. Since cleaned antiseptic recipients have around 102 UFC coming from sink water, it can be supposed that cleansing is a safe minimum procedure to ensure reuse of containers for distribution of CHX and PVIP-I solutions in aqueous, detergent, and alcoholic formulations

Introduktion En stor del av distriktsköterskans arbetstid utgörs av sårvård. Cirka två procent av befolkningen drabbas någon gång av svårläkta bensår vilket orsakar stort fysiskt och psykiskt lidande för dessa personer. Studier på andra sårtyper visar att användning av antiseptiska och mikrobreducerande förband har en positiv effekt på sårläkning. Denna studie sammanställer studier om effekten av förband med honung, silver, jod, PHMB och DACC på svårläkta bensår. Syfte Att sammanställa studier som undersöker effekten hos antiseptiska och mikrobreducerande förband som används i dagens sjukvård för att behandla svårläkta bensår. Metod Systematisk litteraturstudie. Sökningar gjordes i databaserna PubMed, Cinahl och Cochrane, samt i referenslistor till review studier som framkom vid sökningarna. Efter en urvalsprocess hittades 15 studier som besvarade syftet.   Resultat De inkluderade studierna gav inget entydigt resultat. Honungsförband förbättrade läkningen eller var likvärdigt med standardbehandling i de inkluderade studierna Silverförband hade en positiv effekt på läkningen i övervägande del av de inkluderade studierna. I en studie var ett annat antiseptiskt ämne bättre än silver och i en studie visade sig silverförband vara likvärdigt med standardbehandling. Jodförband visade sig vara likvärdigt med silverförband i fråga om läkning och PHMB-förband var likvärdigt med standardbehandling Slutsats Majoriteten av de inkluderade studierna tyder på att antiseptiska förband har en positiv effekt på sårläkningen hos svårläkta bensår. Då ingen av studierna visade att de undersökta förbanden var sämre än standardbehandling, eller hade negativa effekter på sårläkningen, så är det förenligt med evidensbaserad omvårdnad att använda förbanden på patienter med svårläkta bensår utan risk för att fördröja eller försämra läkningen. / Introduction A considerable part of the district nurse's working time consists of wound care. Approximately two percent of the population will sometime be affected by hard to heal leg ulcers which is the cause of physical as well as psychic suffering for these people. Studies of other wound types shows that the usage of antiseptic and microbe reducing wound dressings have a positive effect on wound healing. This study review studies about the effect of wound dressings with honey, silver, iodine, PHMB and DACC on hard to heal leg ulcers.   Aim To review studies that examines the effect of antiseptic and microbe reducing wound dressings that are being used in today’s health care to treat hard to heal leg ulcers. Method Systematic review. Searches were made in databases Pubmed, Cinahl and Cochrane as well as manually among references in review articles that were found through the searches. After a selection process 15 studies were found which proved to be relevant to the study’s aim.   Results The included studies gave no coherent result. Honey dressings improved healing or were equivalent to standard care in the included studies. Silver dressings had a positive effect on wound healing in the predominant proportion of the included studies. In one study, another antiseptic substance had better results than silver, in another study silver dressings turned out to be equivalent to standard care. Iodine dressings turned out to be equivalent to silver dressings in the case of healing and PHMB dressings were equivalent to standard care. Conclusion The majority of the included studies indicates that antiseptic wound dressings have a positive effect on healing of hard to heal leg ulcers. None of the included studies showed that the examined wound dressings were less effective than standard care or had any negative effects on wound healing. Therefore, it can be considered safe and compatible with evidence-based nursing to use the antiseptic dressings on hard to heal leg ulcers.

Thesis (M.Sc. (Pharmacology)) -- University of Limpopo, 2018. / Refer to the document

Integrated evaluation of materials used for cow teats preparation before milking was carried out. To investigate the efficiency of materials (“Trionet”, “Soap”, “Vissi-Tissi”, “Dermisan”, “ProfilacIopre”, “ProfilacHexopre”, chlorine tablets, wood wool, disposable udder and teats wipes) used for cow teats preparation before milking in our republic and their influence on main indicators of quality of milk (total bacterial contamination, somatic cells count, inhibitory substances in milk). Materials recommended for use as remedies for cow teats preparation before milking imported into Lithuania (such as “Trionet”, “Soap”, “Vissi-Tissi”, “Dermisan”, “ProfilacIopre”, “ProfilacHexopre”, chlorine tablets, wood wool, wet udder wipes “Sowotaan wet”) were investigated and efficiency of their usage was determined. Expediency usage of proposed materials for that purpose in Lithuanian market was evaluated.

Mūsų tyrimų duomenimis analizuotoje fermoje yra pakankamai aukštas išmilžis, kuris už 2007 metus sudarė 6234 kg per laktaciją. Karvių bandoje per mažą procentą sudaro pimaveršės (11,3%). Vyresnės karvės bandoje pasiskirsto beveik vienodai : antraveršės – 24,7 %, trečiaveršės- 39,1 % ir ketvirtos laktacijos- 24,7 %. Karvių sergamumas slaptuoju mastitu priklauso nuo produktyvumo. Mūsų tyrimai rodo, karvės, kurių produkcija per laktaciją buvo 3000 kg pieno - iki 200 tūkst./ml somatinių ląstelių turėjo 20,93 %, 3001 – 5000 kg – 55,8 % ir virš 5001 kg – 23,26 % karvių. Antroje bandomoje grupėje, karvių somatinių ląstelių skaičius buvo 201 – 400 tūkst./ml pirmaveršių buvo 20,0 %, 3001 – 5000 kg- 43,3% ir virš 5001 kg – 36,6 %. Trečioje bandomojoje grupėje ( 24 karvės) 401 tūkst./ml SLS turėjo 25 %, 3001 – 5000 kg – 16,7% ir virš 5001 kg – 58,3 %. Tyrimai rodo, kad didėjant karvių produktyvumui jos dažniau serga slaptuoju mastitu. Tuo mūsų tyrimų duomenys sutampa su J. Rudejevienės (2007), E Aniulio (2007), Sederevičiaus (2004) tyrimų duomenimis. Analizuojant pažeistus karvių tešmens ketvirčius pastebėjome, kad vienas ketvirtis buvo pažeistas pas 40,0 %, du ketvirčiai - 30 %, trys ketvirčiai - 16,7 % ir visi ketvirčiai 13,3 %. Šio tyrimo duomenys nevisiškai sutampa su J. Klimaitės (2005) duomenimis. Manome, kad pažeistų ketvirčių skaičius priklauso nuo karvių laikymo būdo, sanitarinių ir kitų priežasčių. Pieno sanitarinė būklė priklauso nuo tvarto higienos, spenių paruošimo melžimui... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / According to the data of our studies, there is quite high milk yield in analyzed farm. This milk yield composed 6234 kg per lactation during 2007. In the herd of cows there is a small percent of first-calf cows (11,3%). Older cows are spread in the herd almost equally: second- calf cows – 24,7 %, third-calf cows- 39,1 %, and cows of fourth lactation- 24,7 %. Cows’ morbidity with subclinical mastitis depends on productivity. Our study shows that cows whose production during lactation was 3000 kg- till 200 thousands/ml of somatic cells had 20,93 %, 3001 – 5000 kg – 55,8 % and over 5001 kg – 23,26 % of cows. In the second experimental group the somatic cells count 201 – 400 thousands/ml had 20,0 % of first-calf cows, 3001 – 5000 kg- 43,3% and over 5001 kg – 36,6 %. In the third experimental group ( 24 cows) 401 thousands/ml of SCC (somatic cells count) had 25 %, 3001 – 5000 kg – 16,7% and over 5001 kg – 58,3 %. Studies show that during the rise of productivity of cows they more often suffer from subclinical mastitis. According to this aspect our studies data are compatible with research data of J. Rudejevienė (2007), E Aniulis (2007), Sederevičius (2004). While analysing damaged udder quarters we noticed that one quarter was damaged at 40,0 %, two quarters - 30 %, three quarters - 16,7 % and all four quarters- 13,3 %. The data of this study are only partially compatible with data of J. Klimaitė (2005). It is clear that the number of damaged quarters depends on the way of cows’... [to full text]

Submitted by Socorro Pontes (socorrop@ufersa.edu.br) on 2017-02-22T15:48:56Z No. of bitstreams: 1 KhaledSDAF_DISSERT.pdf: 1652583 bytes, checksum: 6b68b9459cfef1773aadaf9370dcd0dd (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-22T15:48:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 KhaledSDAF_DISSERT.pdf: 1652583 bytes, checksum: 6b68b9459cfef1773aadaf9370dcd0dd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-25 / By theincreasing of pathogenic microorganisms resistance´s to drugs due to the indiscriminate use of antibiotics, there is the concern to seek alternative therapies. The diversity of medicinal plants known in the Caatinga is high and getting in the community suggests a strong correlation between the using and traditional knowledge of these plants. During breastfeeding, the umbilical stump becomes gateway to pathogens that can cause infection and subsequent death of the animals. The objective is to characterize the technological and social aspects of decoction use as an antiseptic of the inner bark of cashew (Anacardium occidentale) and bush plum (Ximeniaamericana) in the umbilical stump of sheep and goats in settlements of Mossoró / RN with producers of the “Associação de Criadores de Caprinos do Oeste Potiguar e Região de Mossoró –ASCCOM”. Statistical analysis (in vitro) was used a completely randomized arrangement, considering as treatments the concentrations of 100%, 50%, 25%, 12,5% and iodine and chlorhexidine as a positive control with three replicates in the analysis of inhibition of bacterial growth halo, with its analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by the application of the Tukey test at 5% probability. In the in vivo analysis, the application of decoctions happened once daily for 6 days and were collected swabs of navels and sent to the Veterinary Microbiology Laboratory of UFERSA, this was used Kruskal-Wallis test at 5% probability in comparison of treatments with iodine glycerin, decoction of the bark of A. occidentaleand X. americana., to observe the growth of bacterial colonies forming units. For the statistical analysis of data collected in the questionnaires it was used descriptive statistics. The results obtained for the presence of microorganisms such as Actinomycesspp., Acinetobacterspp., Aeromonasspp., Bacillus coagulans, Corynebacteriumsp., Citrobactersp., Escherichia coli, Enterobactersp., Pasteurella sp., Stomatococcusspp. Staphylococcusspp. and Xanthomonas maltophilia. The decoctions of A. occidentaleand X.americanapresented a great antiseptic action in vitroand in vivo. Most respondents had the age over of forty years old and had knowledge about the use of medicinal plants, had incomplete primary education and form of income was livestock. It was observed that Xamericana.is the most widely used plant. The main therapeutic indication is for wounds, the most used part of the inner bark and tea was, however, used orally or topically. A. occidentaleand knew X. Americanas herbal and had onfalopatia inthe cattle.The minority conductedtreatment with medicinal plants, although they believe in the use of medicinal plants efficiency. Most producers affirmed that the knowledge of the use of medicinal plants was passed on through family were traditional knowledge and conservation by maintaining the nature reserve. The inner bark of the cashew action prevents onfaloflebite. We can conclude that the plants A. occidentaleand X.americanaare an alternative as antiseptics, as well as the use of traditional knowledge about plants are a reality in the rural settlements of Mossoró / RN / Com aumento da resistência de micro-organismos patogênicos às drogas e uso indiscriminado de antimicrobianos, surge a preocupação para procurar alternativas terapêuticas. A diversidade de plantas medicinais conhecida na Caatinga é elevada e sua obtenção na comunidade sugere uma forte correlação entre uso e o conhecimento tradicional dessas plantas. Durante a amamentação, o coto umbilical se torna porta de entrada para patógenos que podem causar infecção e posterior óbito dos animais. Objetiva-se caracterizar os aspectos tecnológicos e sociais do uso do decócto como antisséptico da entrecasca do cajueiro (Anacardium occidentale) e da ameixa do mato (Ximenia americana) no coto umbilical de ovinos e caprinos em assentamentos de Mossoró/ RN, com produtores da Associação de criadores de caprinos do oeste potiguar e região de Mossoró – ASCCOM. Para análise estatística (in vitro) foi utilizado o delineamento inteiramente casualisado, considerando-se como tratamentos as concentrações de 100%, 50%, 25%, 12,5% e iodo e clorexidine como controle positivo, com três repetições na análise da inibição do halo de crescimento bacteriano, com respectiva análise de variância (ANOVA) seguida da aplicação do teste de Tukey ao nível de 5% de probabilidade. Na análise in vivo, a aplicação dos decóctos aconteceu uma vez ao dia, durante 6 dias e foram colhidos suabes dos umbigos e enviado ao laboratório de Microbiologia Veterinária da UFERSA, neste, foi utilizado teste de Kruskal-Wallis, ao nível de 5% de probabilidade, na comparação dos tratamentos com iodo, glicerina, decócto da entrecasca do A. occidentale e X. americana, para observação do crescimento das unidades formadoras de colônias bacterianas. Para análise estatística dos dados coletados nos questionários, utilizou-se estatística descritiva. Como resultados obteve-se a presença de micro-organismos como Actinomyces spp., Acinetobacter spp., Aeromonas sp., Bacillus coagulans, Corynebacterium sp., Citrobacter sp., Escherichia coli, Enterobacter sp., Pasteurella sp., Stomatococcus spp. Staphylococcus spp. e Xanthomonas maltophilia. Os decóctos de A. occidentale e X. americana apresentaram ótima ação antisséptica in vitro e in vivo. A maioria dos entrevistados apresentaram idade superior a quarenta anos e tinham conhecimento sobre a utilização de plantas medicinais, apresentavam ensino fundamental incompleto e a forma de renda era pecuária. Foi observado que a X. americana é a planta mais utilizada. A principal indicação terapêutica foi para feridas, a parte mais utilizada a entrecasca e a forma foi o chá, contudo, utilizada por via oral ou tópica. Conheciam A. occidentale e X. americana como fitoterápico e tiveram onfalopatia no rebanho. A minoria realizou tratamento com plantas medicinais, embora acreditem na eficiência do uso das plantas medicinais. A maioria dos produtores afirmaram que o conhecimento do uso de plantas medicinais era repassado através do conhecimento tradicional familiar e faziam a conservação através da manutenção da reserva natural. A ação de entrecasca do cajueiro previne a onfaloflebite. Podemos concluir que as plantas A. occidentale e X. americana são uma alternativa como antissépticos, bem como o uso o conhecimento tradicional sobre as plantas são uma realidade nos assentamentos rurais de Mossoró/ RN / 2017-02-22

Content: A Conventional technique of bovine hide preservation requires approximately 40-50% sodium chloride or table salt on raw hide weight or 95% saturated brine in case of wet salting. This salt resides in wastewater after the soaking process and generates a huge environmental pollution in the form of total dissolved solids (TDS) and chloride (Cl-) during leather processing. The current research has developed an antiseptic based hide curing formulation using 45% saturated brine solution which reduces 50% salt usage in compare to the traditional method. For hide preservation, it is essential to arrest microbial attack on hide as the main constituent of raw hide is protein which is very susceptible for bacterial degradation. The newly developed formulations have been found more effective in limiting microbial growth on cured hide than the conventional method preserving the bovine hide for more than 30 days. In-process analysis of cured hides during storage period reveals the compatibility of the alternative curing process. Post-leather analysis e.g. grain pattern, scanning electron microscopic images, mechanical properties and organoleptic evaluation reveal that the crust leather produced from alternatively cured hides are comparable to the control obtained from traditionally preserved hide. The efficacy of the alternative system is also assessed by monitoring the environmental impacts caused by the leather processing effluents on the basis of TDS and chloride content, total solids (TS), total aerobic bacterial counts in soaking liquor, Bio-Chemical oxygen demand (BOD) and Chemical oxygen demand (COD). The environmental advantages of the alternative hide curing method are determined particularly by 50% reduction of TDS and chloride content. Therefore, this new development will not only preserve hide through better protection from microorganisms but also offer improved conservation of the environment. Take-Away: Environmentally friendly technique of animal hide preservation Hide preservation through better protection from microbial degradatoin than the traditional technique

To ιχνοστοιχείο Ιώδιο είναι απαραίτητο συστατικό των θυρεοειδικών ορμονών. Οι θυρεοειδικές ορμόνες συντίθενται και εκκρίνονται στην κυκλοφορία από το θυρεοειδή αδένα και είναι απαραίτητες για τη διαφοροποίηση, την ανάπτυξη και το πολλαπλασιασμό των ανθρώπινων (και όχι μόνο) κυττάρων. Η αναγκαία ποσότητα Ιωδίου για τον οργανισμό προσλαμβάνεται από τη τροφή. Είναι γνωστό ότι οι κάτοικοι των παραθαλάσσιων περιοχών προσλαμβάνουν διαιτητικώς μεγαλύτερα ποσά Ιωδίου, σε σύγκριση με τους κατοίκους ορεινών περιοχών. Παρόλα αυτά ανεπάρκεια ημερήσιας πρόσληψης Ιωδίου έχει αναφερθεί και σε κατοίκους παραθαλάσσιων περιοχών. Οι διαφορές αποδίδονται σε αυξημένες ποσότητες σε μερικές παράλιες περιοχές εισπνεόμενου αέριου Ιωδίου που προκύπτει από την έντονη παρουσία παράλιων φυκιών πλούσιων σε Ιώδιο. Η ανεπαρκής ή εξεζητημένη διαθεσιμότητα και πρόσληψη Ιωδίου από τον ανθρώπινο οργανισμό μπορεί να οδηγήσει σε διαταραχές της θυρεοειδικής λειτουργίας. Το Ιώδιο εμφανίζει το φαινόμενο της εξάχνωσης και μπορεί να μεταβεί από την στερεή στην αέρια κατάσταση, χωρίς να μεσολαβήσει η υγρή. Χρησιμοποιείται ιδιαίτερα στη φαρμακολογία ως απολυμαντικό και αντισηπτικό μέσο, κυρίως αυτούσιο, με τη μορφή διαλύματος σε αιθυλική αλκοόλη και νερό. Διάλυμα 10% σε νερό ιωδιούχου ποβιδόνης (Betadine) χρησιμοποιείται ως αντισηπτικό στα χειρουργεία. / Our Letter to the Editor entitled "Absence of differences in urinary iodine excretion and thyroid function tests in operating room staff members using or not using iodine-containing antiseptic solutions" refered to a recently published article to Thyroid by Erdogan et al (Vol 23 (3) page 342-345, March 2013).

O Staphylococcus aureus é bactéria espécie não específica que, além de potencial patogenicidade, evoluiu em mecanismos de resistência a antimicrobianos. O S. aureus meticilina resistente (MRSA) antes restrito a infecções nosocomiais, dispersou-se na comunidade e nos animais de companhia e para produção de alimento. Na conduta para o controle da transmissão, além do uso de antibióticos, a ação sobre os agentes causais nas fontes de contaminação exige atenção, sendo decisiva e crítica a escolha de desinfetantes e antisépticos. A busca por recursos frente a agentes patogênicos resistentes a antimicrobianos convencionais e a demanda por insumos sanitários aplicáveis em modelos sustentáveis de produção agropecuária, motivam a investigação de extrações vegetais que apresentem atividade antibacteriana. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a atividade bactericida de desinfetantes convencionais sobre isolados MRSA, testar a hipótese da possibilidade de resistência cruzada entre grupos químicos antibióticos (beta-lactâmicos) e desinfetantes e também avaliar a atividade bactericida de extrações das inflorescências de Achyrocline satureioides (Lam.) DC. (Asteraceae) (“macela”), planta medicinal, de uso popular e tradicional, nativa na região sul do Brasil, sobre os mesmos inóculos. A técnica de referência foi o “Teste de Suspensão na Avaliação Quantitativa da Atividade Bactericida de Desinfetantes e Antissépticos Químicos”. Nos testes com os desinfetantes hipoclorito de sódio (HS), iodofór (I) e quaternário de amônio (QAC - cloreto de cetil trimetilamônio), quatro concentrações de cada grupo químico foram confrontadas com 21 MRSA, em tempos de contato de cinco, 15 e 30 minutos e densidade populacional inicial dos inóculos de 107UFC/mL. Observou-se que os grupos químicos nas menores concentrações HS 25 ppm, I 12,5 ppm e QAC 125 ppm, apresentaram atividade bactericida frente a todos os isolados no menor tempo de contato. A proporção usada da A. satureioides foi de 5 g:100 mL de solvente e as densidades iniciais dos inóculos confrontados foram 107, 106 e 105 UFC/mL. A atividade da forma decocto foi verificada frente a 51 isolados MRSA, em tempos de contato de uma, oito e 24 h. Vinte e um deles também foram submetidos ao extrato hidroetanólico hidratado (EH), obtido de maceração hidroetanólica 70º GL, desalcoolizada e hidratada ao volume inicial, nos tempos de contato de cinco e 30 minutos e de uma até quatro horas. Por Cromatografia Liquida de Alta Eficiência (CLAE) foi confirmada, no acesso da planta, a presença dos marcadores fitoquímicos quercetina, luteolina e 3-Ometilquercetina. As extrações da A. satureioides apresentaram atividade antibacteriana frente a todos os isolados MRSA. O EH mostrou atividade de inativação em menor tempo. Tomando como exemplo a 1 h de contato, na maior densidade do inóculo, 19% dos isolados estavam inativados, enquanto que no decocto não foi observada inativação. Em 4 horas de contato com o EH 85,7% dos isolados, na maior densidade desafio, estavam inativados e 100% dos isolados sofreram redução da densidade populacional. O decocto demonstrou maior atividade bactericida entre 8h e 24 horas, inativando 100% dos isolados até as 24 h. Concluiu-se que, controlados os conhecidos fatores limitantes da atividade bactericida, o hipoclorito de sódio o iodofor e o quaternário de amônio são adequados para controlar os MRSA nas fontes de contaminação em ambientes de saúde humana ou nos de saúde e de produção animal. Para os isolados resistentes aos antibióticos beta-lactâmicos confrontados não foi observada relação de resistência com os desinfetantes. A atividade bactericida das soluções de Achyrocline satureioides frente aos isolados MRSA e ao microrganismo de referência Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 sugere seu potencial uso, diretamente nas formas avaliadas ou em formulações, em procedimentos de higiene, tanto nas fontes de infecção de ambientes de saúde humana quanto nos de saúde e de produção animal. / The bacterium Staphylococcus aureus is a speciea not specific and potential pathogenicity, which has evolved mechanisms for antimicrobial resistance. S. aureus methicillin resistant (MRSA) once restricted to nosocomial infections, dispersed in the community and in companion animals and production. In order to control the transmission, besides the use of antibiotics, the action on the causative agents in the sources of contamination requires attention, being decisive and critical the choice of disinfectants and antiseptics. The search for resources against pathogens resistant to conventional antibiotics and the demand for health inputs applicable in sustainable agriculture production motivated the investigation of plant extractions that have antibacterial activity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the bactericidal activity of conventional disinfectants on MRSA isolates, testing the hypothesis of the possibility of cross-resistance between chemical groups antibiotics (beta-lactams) and disinfectants and also assess the bactericidal activity of extractions of inflorescences Achyrocline satureioides (Lam.) Dc. (Asteraceae) ("macela"), a medicinal plant with a popular and traditional use, native from southern Brazil on the same isolates. The reference technique was the "Suspension Test in Quantitative Evaluation of Bactericidal Activity of Chemical Disinfectants and Antiseptics." In tests with disinfectant sodium hypochlorite (HS), iodophor (I) and quaternary ammonium (QAC-cetyl trimethylammonium chloride), four concentrations of each chemical group were confronted with 21 MRSA on contact time of five, 15 and 30 minutes. The population density of the initial inoculum was 107UFC/mL. It was observed that the chemical groups at lower concentrations HS 25 ppm, and 12.5 ppm I 125 ppm QAC showed bactericidal activity against all isolates in less contact time. The proportion used of A. satureioides was 5 g: 100 mL of solvent and the initial densities of the inocula confronted were 107, 106 and 105 CFU / mL. The activity of decoction form was checked against 51 MRSA isolates, in times of a contact, eight and 24 h. Twenty-one of them also underwent hydroethanolic extract hydrate (EH) obtained by maceration hydroethanol 70 º GL, dealcoholised hydrated and the initial volume, the contact time of five and 30 minutes and one to four hours. By High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was confirmed in the access plan, the presence of markers phytochemicals quercetin, luteolin and 3-O-methylquercetin. The extractions of A. satureioides showed antibacterial activity against all MRSA isolates. The EH showed activity inactivation in less time. Taking as an example the 1 hr of contact, the greater density of the inoculum, 19% of the isolates were inactive, whereas the decoction did not show inactivation. In 4 hours of contact with the EH 85.7% of isolates in higher density challenge were inactivated and 100% of isolates reduced population density. The decoction showed greater bactericidal activity between 8 and 24 hours, inactivating 100% of isolates until 24 h. It was concluded that, controlling for known factors affecting the bactericidal activity, the sodium hypochlorite and quaternary ammonium iodophor are suitable for controlling MRSA in the sources of contamination in healthcare environments or in human health and animal production. For the isolates resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics confronted no relationship was observed resistance to disinfectants. The bactericidal activity of solutions Achyrocline satureioides against of MRSA isolates and reference microorganism Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 suggests its potential use, directly into forms or formulations evaluated in hygiene procedures, both in the sources of infection in healthcare environments as in human health and animal production.