Bakgrund: Vaccin är sjukvårdens viktigaste, mest kostnadseffektiva åtgärd som räddar två till tre miljoner liv per år världen över. Hög vaccintäckning skyddar inte bara individerna utan minskar spridningen av sjukdomar i samhället. Trots detta finns det personer som tvekar på dess effektivitet, säkerhet och nödvändighet. Dessa personer väljer att avstå från att vaccinera sina barn, vilket innebär en risk för individen och samhället. Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva vilka faktorer som gör föräldrar tveksamma till att vaccinera sina barn enligt deras nationella vaccinationsprogram. Metod: Litteraturstudie baserad på tio kvalitativa artiklar publicerade mellan år 2012 och 2019. Datainsamlingen utfördes i databasen PubMed och en sekundärsökning gjordes för att få ett så täckande resultat som möjligt. Den teoretiska referensramen för den här studien grundades på Leiningers transkulturella omvårdnadsteori. Resultat: Resultatet presenteras i fem olika teman: Allvarliga biverkningar och farliga tillsatser, Brist på information, Hälsosam livsstil och naturlig immunisering, Förtroende för myndigheter och Bristande kunskap om sjukdomar. Majoriteten av deltagarna var rädda för att vaccinet kunde skada deras friska barn. Det fanns även en misstanke om att sjukdomarna som vaccin skyddar mot inte är speciellt farliga och att myndigheter som rekommenderar vaccin har finansiellt motiverade avsikter. Hälsosamma levnadsvanor och naturlig uppbyggnad av immunförsvaret ansågs tillräckligt för att skydda ett barn genom livet. Slutsats: De huvudsakliga faktorerna till varför föräldrar tvekar inför att vaccinera sina barn grundar sig i bristande förståelse för vaccin och sjukdomarna det skyddar mot. Genom att skapa sig en förståelse av alla bakomliggande faktorer som påverkar vaccinets förtroende kan varje land skräddarsy insatser som ökar vaccintäckningen. / Background: Vaccine is the most important, cost effective healthcare action that saves two-three million lives each year all over the world. High coverage of vaccine not only protects the individuals but reduces the spread of diseases in the community. Still, there are people who doubt its effectiveness, safety and necessity. These people choose to refrain from getting their children vaccinated, which puts the individual and the society at risk. Purpose: The purpose was to describe what factors make parents hesitant to vaccinate their children according to their national vaccination programme. Method: Literature study based on ten qualitative articles published between 2012 and 2019. The data collection was carried out in the PubMed database and a secondary search was done to obtain as comprehensive result as possible. The theoretical framework of reference for this study was based on Leininger's transcultural nursing theory. Results: The results are presented in five different themes: Serious side effects and dangerous additives, Lack of information, Healthy lifestyle and natural immunization, Trust in authorities and Lack of knowledge about diseases. The majority of participants were afraid that the vaccine could harm their healthy children. There was also a suspicion that what the diseases vaccines protect against are not particularly dangerous and that the authorities recommending the vaccines have financially motivated intentions. Healthy living habits and natural enhancement of the immune system were considered sufficient to protect a child through life. Conclusion: The main factors to why parents hesitate to vaccinate their children are based on a lack of understanding about the vaccines and the diseases it protects against. By creating an understanding of all the factors affecting the confidence in vaccine, each country can tailor actions that increase vaccine coverage.

Compulsory vaccination is one of the fundamental pillars of public health protection that has helped eradicate many previously lethal and widespread diseases from our geographical area. Although the vaccination rates remain high in the Czech Republic, the number of parents who refuse to vaccinate their children is growing. Reasons for this restraint are various. This thesis looks at the issue from the perspective of social constructivism. By implementing in-depth interviews, it tries to contribute to understanding how parents perceive the influence of the media on their decisions on the issue of compulsory vaccination. Other theoretical starting points are the media construction of reality, the theory of representation or biopower, and biopolitics in Michel Foucault's conception. A significant part of the theory also describes the current period, which is characterized by terms such as post-truth or post-factual era, and addresses which role plays new media such as social networks and the internet in the growing mistrust in expert knowledge and institutions. The analytical part is devoted to the analysis of collected data in the grounded theory approach. The identified categories then describe how parents evaluate the role of the media in the debate on compulsory vaccination, how they evaluate...

This study aims to examine, using a late modern perspective, the anti­vaccination discourse in Sweden. The study contributes to a better understanding of what is communicated in the discourse, the truths that are presented and how legitimacy is created. Through a broadened understanding of the way this resistance operates in digital media, we are given a better understanding of how authorities can respond to the increased vaccination resistance on these platforms. The theories used in this study is Ulrich Beck's theories of the late modern risk society, Henry Jenkins theory of participatory culture and media convergence and Michel Foucault's theory of power/knowledge and truth effects. The method used for this study is a discourse analysis inspired by Michel Foucault. The premise regarding the choice of material for the study was to adopt a position of a person seeking information regarding vaccine. Thus, a search at Google.com was made. The result showed that the authorities were under­represented in the hit lists in all the searches, and sometimes even completely absent. The results also show that the anti­vaccination discourse is characterized by a strong distrust of authorities, science and pharmaceutical companies. Further, truths about societal actors systematic cover­up of the vaccine's actual content and effects is revealed in the discourse. Moreover, there is a focus on the truths about vaccines. The vaccines are said to be ineffective, dangerous because of its toxic content and causing serious side effects. Furthermore, the diseases that we are vaccinated against is said to be harmless and natural. Overall, the anti­vaccination discourse presents a very critical view of the entire vaccine industry. Finally, this resistance must be faced and dealt with by the authorities to prevent serious social consequences due to decreased vaccination coverage.