This thesis deals with the evaluation of social and emotional competencies in 7 - 10 years old children and with comparison of different techniques of their measurement. The aim of the study is to evaluate these competencies by using Intelligence and Development Scale for Children (IDS) and to compare them with the social and emotional level of the same sample proven in the selected apperception technique (the Child's World of Michal's projective interview evaluated with SCORS technique). It is therefore a question of comparison of performance-based intelligence test and apperception technique. The focus of this study is to identify whether there is a relationship between the social-emotional scales of IDS and the selected scales of SCORS. This comparison is grounded in the assumption that both methods evaluate similar psychological constructs and therefore their results should correspond. The theoretical section deals with the development of emotional and social competencies in children and their specifics in a younger school age, then the introducing of apperception techniques and intelligence development scales with emphasis on the methods chosen for the present study. The empirical section provides analysis of data obtained from both diagnostic methods. Item analysis and reliability estimates...

This thesis copes with the research of empathy of deliquent youngsters-specifically their emotional and congitive part, it also evaluates the egoism or altruism of these individuals and their compassion level. The main purpose of this thesis is therefore to find out, what is the level and structure of empathy in these deliquent youngsters. The data was acquired by a specific TAT test and was evaluated according to the five subscales of SCORS ,which resemblance to empathy is proven in this work. Moreover, the content analysis of the acquired TAT protocols was carried out. The results of protocol evaluation according to SCORS system show low,yet not pathological values of emotional and cognitive empathy of youngster deliquents, additionally, they show their mainly egoistic motives across their social interactions as well as a pathological low level of compassion with others. In this thesis, the results, describing the level of cognitive and emotional empathy, are being compared to the Smith's theory (2006), which copes with the possibility of having a disorder caused by general lack of empathy in youngster deliquents. TAT protocols of respondents were also subjects of the content analysis, and its result show for example uncertainity in the external manifestation of respondents, "black and white"...

La philosophie critique de Kant entretient un rapport ambigu à la question du langage. Bien que le système critique ne semble pas contenir de théorie du langage à proprement parler, les effets du registre transcendantal sur la façon d’appréhender le langage en philosophie semblent aussi massifs que souterrains. Pour envisager ce paradoxe, une hypothèse nouvelle est formulée : la philosophie kantienne serait l’expression paradoxale mais particulièrement paradigmatique d’une crise du langage de grande ampleur observable en Allemagne autour de 1800. Ce n’est qu’en replaçant le système critique dans ce contexte de crise que l’on pourra saisir sa portée pour traiter des problèmes du langage. Cela engage paradoxalement à saisir les effets positifs de la mise entre parenthèses du langage. Pour cela, la philosophie critique est d’abord située dans la crise épistémologique de grande ampleur qui accompagne autant un changement de paradigme des théories du langage (de la grammaire générale à la grammaire comparée), que la naissance d’une linguistique « scientifique ». Elle est ensuite située dans un faisceau de symptômes convergeant vers une crise du langage étudiée successivement à travers les exemples des crises poétique, métacritique et de la crise de la langue philosophique. Ces deux contextualisations permettent de poser à nouveaux frais les raisons systématiques qui expliquent un tel travail souterrain du langage par la philosophie critique. La lecture du système kantien comme modélisation topique de la subjectivité permet alors de rendre compte du statut nouveau qu’acquiert le langage et en particulier l’idée de langue naturelle dans le sillage de la philosophie transcendantale. / Kant’s critical philosophy maintains an ambiguous relationship with language. Even though no proper theory of language seems to be found in the critical system, the transcendental method of the Critique has both highly and unexpectedly influenced the philosophical approach to language. Such a paradox can be accounted for by the following hypothesis: Kantian philosophy is the expression of a major language crisis occurring in Germany at the turn of the 18th century, in a paradigmatic but paradoxical way. It is necessary to put the critical system in this context to understand the far-reaching consequences of setting aside language as a philosophical issue. This will lead to analyse the positive effects of Kant’s attitude on new way to deal with language issues. Three steps will be taken in this purpose. The first one examines the meaning of Kant’s critical philosophy in the light of an epistemic crisis mainly embodied by the theoretical shift from “general grammar” to “comparative grammar” and the emergence of scientific linguistics. The second step sheds light on the place of critical philosophy within the framework of a broader language crisis, which will be studied in three fields: 1) Poetry, 2) “Metacritique”, 3) Philosophical language. Systematic reasons for the strong influence of critical philosophy on language will emerge from this double contextualisation. Indeed, understanding the Kantian system as a topical modelling of subjectivity enables to account for the new status of language – and more specifically, for the concept of natural languages – in the wake of transcendental philosophy.

Le propos de cette thèse est de réfléchir sur la notion philosophique de Maine de Biran : l’ "aperception immédiate". L’aperception immédiate, c’est le moment où je m’aperçois de moi, où je saisis immédiatement l’évidence de mon existence. Biran a relié ce moment au mouvement volontaire, le mouvement dont le but est le mouvement lui-même. Quelle est la signification philosophique de cette corrélation ? Dans cette thèse, à l’entremise de Félix Ravaisson et de Kitarô Nishida, nous trouverons que le mouvement volontaire chez Biran est d’abord la réflexion, qui nous fait reconnaître nous-même, et puis il est ultimement considéré comme création, l’acte de s’engager dans le monde réel et historique. / The aim of this thesis is to prove a philosophical notion of Maine de Biran: the “immediate apperception (aperception immédiate)”. The immediate apperception is the moment when I know myself, or when I grab immediately the evidence of my existence. Biran links this moment to voluntary movement, a movement which has its purpose in itself. What is a philosophical signification of this connection? In this thesis, with the study of Félix Ravaisson and of Kitaro Nishida, we will find that the voluntary movement in Biran is, at first, a reflection (réflexion), which lets us know ourselves. We will also find that it should be considered as a creation, an act of taking part in the real and historical world. / 本論文の目的は、メーヌ・ド・ビランにおける概念「直接的覚知 (aperception immédiate)」について考察することにある。直接的覚知とは、私が私に気付く瞬間、あるいは私が直接的に私の存在を確信する瞬間である。ビランはこの瞬間を、意志的運動に見出した。意志的運動とは運動それ自体が目的である運動である。この連結は何を意味しているのか。本論文は、フェリックス・ラヴェッソン、西田幾多郎を経由して、この問いに答える。すなわち、意志的運動とはまず、自分自身を知る反省として考えられる。次いで、それは究極的には創造として考えられるべきであることを明らかにする。創造とは、現実的歴史的世界へ参与する行為である。

The aim of the thesis is to examine both Husserl's and Kant's transcendentalism in a way that would avoid the tendency to put the main accent on Husserl, which is an approach common to almost all literature dealing with this topic so far. Since it is for the most part Husserl's own critique of Kant that inspires such ongoing underestimation of Kant in comparison to Husserl, this work focuss on the question of the legitimacy of this critique. The core of the thesis is an original interpretation of Kant's transcendental philosophy which, instead of taking for granted the phenomenological point of view, attempts to describe Kant's philosophical enterprise from its own perspective and in its own right. In its second part, the thesis provides a brief description of how Husserl, starting initially from the position of descriptive psychology, arrives at a transcendental dimension. When so put side by side, it becomes evident that the two transcendental positions are in fact very different. Husserl's critique of Kant then appears as unjustified, even though quite understandable as an attempt to draw back from certain immature motives of his own philosophy.