Reivindicamos desde estas páginas la necesidad de reubicar el Mirouer des simples ames en su contexto medieval para restaurar sus imágenes en lo que a percepción, retórica y recepción se refiere. En este trabajo tomaremos lo textualmente visible como categoría de análisis histórico y lo justificaremos por su carácter didáctico, situándolo en contextos de difusión que no presuponían un auditorio necesariamente clerical ni letrado. Intentaremos reconstruir los aspectos visibles del Mirouer y exponer la poética de los mismos. En primer lugar, decodificaremos las imágenes a través del análisis filológico del texto para, en segundo lugar, establecer la comparación de la obra poreteana con otros documentos de la época (escritos y plásticos), lo que nos permitirá entender el posicionamiento de la obra ante su tradición expresivo-doctrinal. Propondremos una hermenéutica de lo meramente escrito a través de los mecanismos verbales que crean la visibilidad de la imagen en la obra poreteana. / In this thesis we claim the recontextualization of the Mirouer des simples ames in its medieval context so that its images can be restored as far as perception, rhetoric and reception are concerned. By this work we place the text in contexts where the audience was no necessarily clerical or educated: we justify the textual visibility because of the didactic character of the device, and we take it as a category of historical analysis. We therefore reconstruct the visible aspects of the Mirouer and explain its poetics. In the first place, we decode the images through the philological analysis of the text and, in the second place, we compare the poretean work with other documents from that period (written and, mostly, visual ones). In short, we propose a hermeneutic of the mere written word through the verbal mechanisms that create the visualization of the image in the poretean work.

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Même pendant l’époque moderne, qui se définit elle-même en opposition à une organisation reli-gieuse de l’univers, la poésie n’a pas cessé de s’identifier, de manière complexe, avec le problème de la transcendance. Nous dirons, dans un premier temps, que c’est bien de cela qui témoigne la situation toujours exceptionnelle de la poésie à l’intérieur de la pensée moderne, qui la caractérise comme une expérience limite, inassimilable à sa propre conception séculaire de l’histoire, du lan-gage et de la littérature, mais indispensable pour la délimiter. La pensée poétique de la modernité, qui insistera sur une interprétation immanente du processus de création en stricte corrélation avec son propre idéal d’autonomie, ne sera pas en mesure d’éviter l’institution du poème comme un espace privilégié et illégitime de réflexion autour de tout ce qui précède ou dépasse les contours de sa figure, les limites de sa raison. Dans ce contexte, il n’est pas surprenant que l’approche moderne au phénomène poétique témoigne d’une prolifération de figures autour de l’indicible, dont la plus décisive sera peut-être celle du poème. Le recours systématique à ce genre de figures relève d’un processus laborieux d’assimilation de la transcendance aux structures de la pensée poétique de la modernité. Ce processus récupère, de manière explicite ou implicite, toute une série des procédés spéculatifs et rhétoriques visant un rapprochement négatif à la divinité absolument transcendante connu, dans la longue durée de l’histoire, sous le nom d’apophase ou via negationis. Ce travail de thèse a pour objectif d’examiner de près la situation et la signification du poème, figure de l’indi-cible, au sein de la pensée moderne, les types des liens qui établit avec la question de la transcen-dance, ainsi que la spécificité de son inscription, qu’on appellera ici « l’expression de l’indici- ble ». Afin de mieux saisir la spécificité de cette inscription, il est capital de revoir la manière dont l’écriture poétique interprète l’héritage apophatique chiffrée dans la figure du poème. A travers la lecture d’un corpus moderne de poésie latino-américaine et arabe, ce travail de recherche propose que le poème, dont l’écriture réclame un corps et une présence pour ce qui est absent, se refusant à séparer l’expression de son objet indicible, résiste à l’assimilation négative de la transcendance à l’intérieur de la pensée moderne. / Throughout modernity, which defines itself in opposition to a religious ordering of the universe, poetry hasn’t ceased to rise questions intricately related to the problem of transcendence. This can be recognized in the exceptional situation of poetry within modern thought, which characterizes it as a limit-experience, necessary to outline its secular conception of history, literature, and language, but not easily assimilated to it. Modernity, while emphasizing the immanent character of both po-etry and the creation process in accordance with its own alleged ideal of autonomy, codifies the poem as a privileged and illegitimate space of reflection about everything that predates or exceeds the margins of its figure, the limits of its reason. In this context, it is not surprising that the modern approach to poetry witnessed a proliferation of figures of unsayability, at the forefront of which is the poem itself, suggesting a laborious assimilation process of transcendence into the conceptual scaffolding of modernity’s poetic thought. Such a process reenacts, implicitly or explicitly, a neg-ative approximation to the absolutely transcendent God known, in the long term of history, as apophasis or via negationis. This thesis aims to examine the situation of the poem as a figure of the unsayable within modern thought, its relationship with the question of transcendence, as well as the specific modes of inscription of the latter, which I call “the expression of the unsayable”. To gain better grasp of this specificity, it is crucial to understand the way in which poetic writing deals with the apophatic heritage of the poem. Through a close reading of a corpus of Latin American and Arabic modern poetry, I will argue that the poem, whose writing claims for a body and a presence for what is absent (and thus refuses to detach the expression from its intended unsayable object), resists the negative assimilation of transcendence into modern thought. / Incluso durante la era moderna, que se define a sí misma en oposición a un ordenamiento religioso del universo, la poesía no ha dejado de identificarse, de manera compleja, con el problema de la trascendencia. De esto rinde testimonio, en primer término, la situación siempre excepcional de la poesía al interior del pensamiento moderno, que tiende a caracterizarla como una experiencia lí-mite, inasimilable a su concepción secular de la historia, el lenguaje y la literatura, pero definitoria de ella. El pensamiento poético de la modernidad, que propondrá una interpretación inmanente del proceso creador en concordancia precisa con su propio ideal de autonomía, no puede evitar instituir al poema como un espacio privilegiado e ilegítimo de reflexión en torno a aquello que precede o excede su figura, los límites de su razón. No extraña, en este contexto, que la aproximación mo-derna al fenómeno poético se encuentre frecuentemente mediada por figuras en torno a lo indecible, de las cuales tal vez la más prominente sea la del poema mismo. El recurso a estas figuras sugiere un arduo proceso de asimilación de la trascendencia al pensamiento poético de la modernidad que recupera, de manera explícita o implícita, una serie de procedimientos especulativos y retóricos de aproximación a la divinidad absolutamente trascedente conocidos, en el tiempo largo de la historia, como apófasis o via negationis. La presente tesis tiene como objetivo examinar la situación y la significación del poema, figura de lo indecible, al interior del pensamiento moderno, el tipo de vínculos que establece con la cuestión de la trascendencia y sus formas específicas de inscripción, a las que me refiero como “la expresión de lo indecible”. En el marco de estas preocupaciones, es crucial revisar la manera como la escritura poética confronta su propio legado apofático. A través de la lectura de un corpus de poesía latinoamericana y árabe moderna, en esta tesis argumento que el poema, cuya escritura reclama un cuerpo y una presencia para lo ausente y por lo tanto se rehúsa a separar la expresión de un indecible objeto, resiste la asimilación negativa de la trascendencia al interior del pensamiento moderno.

This dissertation examines the reconfiguration of the limits of representation in reference to the intermediary function of angels. The Modernist engagement with the figure of the angel entailed, primarily, a reconsideration of the problem of representation as well as an attempt to trace the contours of a poetics that plays itself outside the mimetic understanding of representation. My contention is that this transformation of literary referentiality was not simply a disengagement of art from reality but, rather, from the truthfalsity, reality-fiction, subject-object dichotomies. The angel, defined as the figure of passage par excellence, but also as the agency that induces the transformation of the visible in the invisible and vice versa, appears both as a model/archetype and as a guide towards the illumination of this intermediary aesthetic. Working with the joined perspectives from angelology, contemporary phenomenology, and poetics, this dissertation is an extended overview of the notion of intermediary spaces, as well as an attempt to probe the relevance of this concept for the field of literary studies. In the first case, this dissertation offers a theoretical background to the concept of intermediality, seen in its theological, phenomenological, aesthetic and ethical significances. In the second case, it presents the reader with a heuristic apparatus for approaching this problematic in the field of literary interpretation and provides examples of ways in which such an analysis can become relevant. The primary texts discussed here are all examples of attempts to redefine the notion of representation away from the truth-falsity or subject-object oppositions, as well as to create an aesthetic space with its own particularities, at the limit between visibility and invisibility, excessive presence and absence. Nicholas of Cusa’s “Preface” to The Vision of God proposes an ethics of reading defined by admiratio (the consubstantiation of immediacy and distance) under the aegis of the all-seeing icon of God. Louis Marin’s reading of the episode of the Resurrection reveals that history and narrative arise from the conjunction of the excessive absence of the empty tomb of Jesus and the excessive presence announcing the resurrection of Christ. Sohravardî’s “Recital of the Crimson Angel” is a presentation of the space-between of revelation, between cognitio matutina and cognitio vespertina. Walter Benjamin’s “Agesilaus Santander” restores the connections between the exoteric and the esoteric under the patient gaze of “Angelus Novus”. Paul Valéry’s Eupalinos, ou l’Architecte explores the aesthetic of “real appearance” in the space-between the image and the perceiving eye. Poe and Malamud’s short stories reveal the affinities between poetic language and angelophany. Elie Wiesel’s Les portes de la forêt expands the apophatic itinerary from the self to the radically other in a hermeneutical gesture which has the angel as its initial and final guide. Finally, Rafael Alberti’s Sobre los ángeles shows that the aphaeretic function of poetic language is very similar to the apophatic treatment of the world as representation; in this last sense too, the angels are indispensible guides.

This dissertation examines the reconfiguration of the limits of representation in reference to the intermediary function of angels. The Modernist engagement with the figure of the angel entailed, primarily, a reconsideration of the problem of representation as well as an attempt to trace the contours of a poetics that plays itself outside the mimetic understanding of representation. My contention is that this transformation of literary referentiality was not simply a disengagement of art from reality but, rather, from the truthfalsity, reality-fiction, subject-object dichotomies. The angel, defined as the figure of passage par excellence, but also as the agency that induces the transformation of the visible in the invisible and vice versa, appears both as a model/archetype and as a guide towards the illumination of this intermediary aesthetic. Working with the joined perspectives from angelology, contemporary phenomenology, and poetics, this dissertation is an extended overview of the notion of intermediary spaces, as well as an attempt to probe the relevance of this concept for the field of literary studies. In the first case, this dissertation offers a theoretical background to the concept of intermediality, seen in its theological, phenomenological, aesthetic and ethical significances. In the second case, it presents the reader with a heuristic apparatus for approaching this problematic in the field of literary interpretation and provides examples of ways in which such an analysis can become relevant. The primary texts discussed here are all examples of attempts to redefine the notion of representation away from the truth-falsity or subject-object oppositions, as well as to create an aesthetic space with its own particularities, at the limit between visibility and invisibility, excessive presence and absence. Nicholas of Cusa’s “Preface” to The Vision of God proposes an ethics of reading defined by admiratio (the consubstantiation of immediacy and distance) under the aegis of the all-seeing icon of God. Louis Marin’s reading of the episode of the Resurrection reveals that history and narrative arise from the conjunction of the excessive absence of the empty tomb of Jesus and the excessive presence announcing the resurrection of Christ. Sohravardî’s “Recital of the Crimson Angel” is a presentation of the space-between of revelation, between cognitio matutina and cognitio vespertina. Walter Benjamin’s “Agesilaus Santander” restores the connections between the exoteric and the esoteric under the patient gaze of “Angelus Novus”. Paul Valéry’s Eupalinos, ou l’Architecte explores the aesthetic of “real appearance” in the space-between the image and the perceiving eye. Poe and Malamud’s short stories reveal the affinities between poetic language and angelophany. Elie Wiesel’s Les portes de la forêt expands the apophatic itinerary from the self to the radically other in a hermeneutical gesture which has the angel as its initial and final guide. Finally, Rafael Alberti’s Sobre los ángeles shows that the aphaeretic function of poetic language is very similar to the apophatic treatment of the world as representation; in this last sense too, the angels are indispensible guides.