In the U.S. Congress, the authorization-appropriation process is the formal model that establishes the separation between legislative and funding bills. Additionally, it determines the jurisdiction of the congressional committees that oversee those bills. However, a number of scholars have concluded that the authorization-appropriations dichotomy is substantially different in practice than the model suggests. Research in this area has shown that broad changes over the years have altered the roles of the authorization and appropriations committees. At different times, members of the appropriations committees have been regarded as guardians of the federal treasury, advocates of federal funds for their congressional district, or partisans in support of a political agenda (Adler, 2000). In addition to these roles, appropriators evidently have become more active in policymaking -- a role that traditionally has been the domain of the authorizing committees. To further explore the policymaking role of appropriators, this dissertation used a case study approach that traced appropriators' interactions with the executive branch, focusing on a federal agency and its links with the appropriations subcommittees that have oversight and funding jurisdiction over the agency's programs. Specifically, the study analyzed the relationship between the House and Senate Subcommittees on Labor, Health and Human Services, Education, and Related Agencies (L/ HHS) and the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services' Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) during the period from 1989-2009. Through an examination of critical incidents and contextual elements, this dissertation examined whether the Subcommittees on L/HHS increasingly have become significant players in shaping AHRQ's policies and direction. In addition, the dissertation examined the impacts on AHRQ and possible reciprocal [Agency] influences on the Subcommittees. This research has the potential to build on existing works related to the dynamics of the authorization-appropriations process. Moreover, this research could provide a conceptual framework for analyzing the roles that the other congressional appropriations subcommittees play in relation to the executive branch agencies under their jurisdictions. / Ph. D.

À la suite des enquêtes menées par Annie Collovald et Erik Neveu dans Lire le noir, et par Christine Détrez et Olivier Vanhée dans Les mangados, sur les lectures de romans policiers pour l'une et de mangas pour l'autre, ce travail de thèse porte sur les lectures de littératures de l'imaginaire (catégorie éditoriale qui regroupe science-fiction, fantasy et une partie du fantastique). Après une étude de l'offre éditoriale française contemporaine, l'enquête de terrain, qui a été menée par entretiens auprès de lecteurs et lectrices âgés de 20 à 35 ans, a cherché à mettre en évidence leurs motivations, leurs appropriations de cette lecture et les réceptions qu'ils en font. Tout comme les mangas ou les romans policiers, la science-fiction, et plus généralement les littératures de l'imaginaire, constituent un genre dont la légitimité n'est pas acquise, souvent perçu comme une échappée hors du réel pour des amateurs parfois assimilés de façon péjorative à des exclus sociaux. Ces questions ont été abordées dans la recherche à travers différents angles d'approche : la réception des catégories éditoriales par les jeunes interrogé·e·s, les raisons de lire science-fiction et fantasy, les différents types de réceptions et appropriations du genre, les parcours de lecture en littératures de l'imaginaire, les pratiques culturelles et sociabilités qui prennent place autour de la lecture, le rapport des lecteurs et lectrices à la légitimité ambiguë du genre. / Following the research led by Annie Collovald and Erik Neveu on the reading of detective novels, and by Christine Détrez and Olivier Vanhée on the reading of mangas, this thesis studies the reading of the “littératures de l’imaginaire” (« imaginary / non realistic literature », or « speculative fiction »: a publishing category including science fiction, fantasy, and some fantastic stories). After a study of the currently available products on the French market, the field survey, which was conducted through interviews with readers aged 20 to 35, highlighted their reading motivations, appropriations, and receptions. Like mangas or detective novels, science fiction, and more broadly speculative fiction, form a literary genre whose legitimacy is not acquired. It is often perceived as an escape from the real for amateurs, and its fans are sometimes pejoratively assimilated to social outsiders. These questions were addressed in research through different prisms: the reception of publishing categories by the young adults who were interviewed, the reasons to read science fiction and fantasy, various types of receptions and appropriations of the genre, reading paths in speculative fiction, cultural and sociability practices that take place around reading, and the relationship of readers to the ambiguous legitimacy of the genre.

Concevoir et habiter un quartier dit durable. Injonctions écologiques et dynamiques collectives à Beauregard (Rennes) et Les Brichères (Auxerre) L'aménagement des villes constitue un enjeu crucial pour la mise en œuvre d'un développement durable. Les discours politiques font désormais de la ville durable l'horizon de la transition des espaces urbains actuels, en cherchant à davantage prendre en compte les enjeux écologiques, sociaux, économiques et de gouvernance. Dans ce contexte, les projets de quartiers dits durables se multiplient en France depuis quelques années, constituant tant des « vitrines » que des « laboratoires » d'expérimentation de ce développement urbain durable. Les concepteurs de ces quartiers dits durables cherchent à créer un « nouvel art de vivre ensemble », s'appuyant sur des modes d'habiter plus écologiques et valorisant la vie collective dans ces quartiers. Dans cette thèse nous interrogeons les principes de conception de ces projets, et notamment la projection des modes d'habiter, que nous confrontons aux pratiques réelles des habitants. Notre recherche croise trois niveaux d'analyse. Les appels à projets, en mettant en avant des « bonnes pratiques » et des objectifs d' « exemplarité », participent d'une standardisation de la conception autour de quelques principes et dispositifs, notamment techniques. Dans ces appels à projets comme dans les projets locaux, les quartiers dits durables ont pour ambition de faire évoluer les modes d'habiter. Ils sont pensés au travers de la figure d'un habitant-type adhérant au projet écologique, responsabilisé dans ses pratiques individuelles et investi dans la vie collective. Dans deux quartiers que nous avons analysés, à Beauregard (Rennes) et Les Brichères (Auxerre), des dispositifs d'incitation comportementale sont mis en œuvre. Leur appréhension par les habitants, et les formes d'appropriation dépendent des trajectoires sociales et résidentielles. C'est en effet selon qu'ils aient choisi ou non de s'installer dans ces quartiers que les habitants adhèrent au projet écologique véhiculé par le projet urbain. Quartiers durables ; développement durable ; vivre ensemble ; injonctions écologiques ; bonnes pratiques ; projet urbain ; mode d'appropriation / Designing and living in a sustainable neighbourhood. Ecological orders and collective dynamics in Beauregard (Rennes) and Les Brichères (Auxerre) Urban planning is a key issue to implement sustainable development. Political discourses make sustainable city the goal of the transition of today's urban spaces looking for a better coverage of ecological, social, economic and governance issues.In this context, the number of so-called sustainable districts projects has been growing in France for the last few years, being both “showcases” and “laboratories” of experimentation of this urban sustainable development. Designers of these so-called sustainable districts are aiming to create a “new art of living together” by relying on more ecological ways of inhabiting and by enhancing a neighborhood collective living. In this thesis, we question the design principles of these projects, and specifically the idea of the ways of inhabiting that we confront to the real practices of the inhabitants. Our research crosses three levels of analysis. Calls for projects, putting forward “best practices” and objectives of exemplarity”, contribute to a standardization of conception around a few principles and devices, especially technical ones. In these calls for projects as in local projects, so-called sustainable neighborhoods have the ambition to change the ways of inhabiting. They are considered trough a typical inhabitant ways, embracing the ecological project, made responsible in his individual practices and invested in the neighborhood collective life. In two neighbourhoods we analyzed, Beauregard in Rennes and Les Brichères in Auxerre, devices of behavior incitation are set. Their understanding and appropriation by the inhabitants depend on social and residential trajectory. Indeed, it's whether they have chosen to move in these neighborhoods that the inhabitants embrace the ecological project conveyed by the urban project. Sustainable neighborhoods; sustainable development; living together; ecological orders; best practices; urban project; mode of appropriation

No description available.

Thesis (M Social Work (Social Work))--University of Stellenbosch, 2007. / The welfare of communities depends to a large extent on the successful mobilisation of the voluntary contributions (manpower, time, money) by religious based organisations. Poverty and all the other social problems like unemployment and HIV/AIDS, that are associated with it, can only be addressed effectively if volunteers are empowered by social workers to handle the problems in a sustaining way (Annual report, Unit for Religion Development Research: 2002). In order to empower the volunteers, it is important that social workers understand their role in the empowerment process. The aim of the study is to clarify the task of the social worker regarding the empowerment of volunteers at religious based organisations. This study is a descriptive study, seeing that the empowerment of volunteers are described at the end of the research (Mouton, 2001:54). The study also contains elements of an exploring (investigation) study, seeing that the situation has been explored in practice. After completion of a literate study, an empirical investigation was done with the aim to investigate principles of empowerment in practice. For the purpose of this study, the universe is regarded as the social workers who work at religious based organisations in the working area of the Valcare Trust. Deliberate selection, according to the non-probability test sampling as described by Babbie and Mouton (2001:166-168) was used to obtain the test sample. The type of test sample selection is applicable where the researcher is conversant with the research problem and the universe (Rubin and Babbie, 1993). Deliberate selection is therefore based on the researcher’s judgement and the aim of the study (Rubin and Babbie, 1993). The researcher is well conversant with the universe, seeing that the social workers are working at religious based organisations that are registered on the database of the Valcare Trust. Questionnaires, consisting of structured questions were compiled after completion of the literate study for the purpose of the empirical study. The self administered questionnaires were supplied to the respondents. Thirteen respondents took part in the empirical study.

The purpose of this study was twofold. The first purpose was to determine the extent to which the 14 two-year institutions of the Tennessee Board of Regents system expended funds in functional categories equal to the amount of funds provided by the appropriations funding formula for the same functional categories. The second purpose was to determine the extent to which the 14 two-year institutions expended funds for direct instructional purposes for each academic program equal to the amount of funds provided by the appropriations funding formula for direct teaching purposes for each academic program. Using an archival research design, appropriations funding data and actual expenditure data were collected for the period 1990-91 through 1996-97 relative to the first purpose. Data for only the years 1995-96 and 1996-97 were used for the second purpose. For each of the two purposes studied, the data were adjusted to reflect comparable funding and expenditure data. The final evaluation involved a comparison of the percentage of funding expended by function and by college for the first purpose and the percentage of funding expended by academic program and by college for the second purpose. The evaluation of the percentage of funding expended by function revealed that most colleges and the system as a whole expended approximately 90% or more of the funding for the function for which funds were allocated by the appropriations formula. This level was determined to be positive, because some funding is typically set aside for transfers to plant funds for renewals and replacements. The evaluation of the percentage of funding expended for direct teaching purposes revealed that most colleges and the system as a whole expended approximately 60% or less of the funding for direct teaching purposes. This is permissible according to the policies of the TBR and THEC. The funding formula for direct teaching is based on enrollment and an average full-time faculty salary amount. However, most colleges use part-time faculty to teach a portion of its student-credit-hours; thus, excess funds accrue from this area and are available for use in other areas. Based on the findings of this study, two recommendations are offered. A review of the funding formula with regards to potentially needed modifications is recommended for the specific functions in which either substantially more or less than 100.0% of the funding was expended. Additionally, a formal analysis of the proportion of student-credit-hour enrollment taught by part-time faculty should be made to assist in determining if the funding formula calculation for direct teaching activities should include an element for the proportion of student-credit-hours taught by part-time faculty.

A la croisée de la sociologie des relations interethniques et des minorités et de la sociologie urbaine, cette thèse étudie dans leurs dimensions sociales et spatiales les recompositions, expansions et contractions des frontières entre groupes placés en situation minoritaire. Elle s’appuie sur les résultats d’une enquête qualitative, ethnographique et comparative menée au sein de trois marchés de la périphérie de Nice où se concentrent des individus minorisés et marginalisés. D’une part, elle analyse les rapports sociaux qui se jouent dans le fonctionnement et l’appropriation de ces espaces urbains marchands par des acteurs en situation minoritaire. Elle montre quels sont les effets concrets de telles appropriations sur le partage de l’espace, leurs relations, mais aussi les liens entre eux et leur environnement. D’autre part, elle décrit les formes d’expression publique des identités telles qu’elles se donnent à voir dans les interactions marchandes et non marchandes en cherchant à comprendre comment ces espaces de commerce orientent la façon dont les relations interethniques s’organisent dans la coprésence. En mettant en évidence l’intersection des différentes formes de domination en actes au sein de ces espaces, la thèse montre ainsi les variations de l’expérience minoritaire. / Combining the sociological study of interethnic relations and minorities and urban sociology, this thesis focuses on the reconfigurations, expansions and contractions of the boundaries between groups placed in a minority situation. This thesis draws on the results of qualitative, ethnographic and comparative investigation carried out in three marketplaces located on the outskirts of Nice where these minority groups and marginalized people are concentrated. First, this thesis studies the social relations at stakes in the functioning and appropriation of these marketplaces by minority groups. It allows to understand how this appropriation appears in the sharing of space, their relation and the links between them and their environment. Secondly, the thesis describes the various forms identities are expressed during market and non-market interactions, trying to understand how these commercial spaces orientate the way interethnic relations are organized in co-presence. By highlighting the intersection of the different forms of domination in action within these spaces, the thesis thus explores the multiplicity of minority experience.

This empirical study of governmental finances of Fairfax County, Virginia, for Fiscal Year 1971 compares revenues and expenditures for two types of communities within its boundaries -- Reston, a growing new town, and West Springfield, a conventional suburb. Among the ten services provided by the County to both communities, education accounted for the largest share of expenditures. On the revenue side the real estate tax was the principal source. Reston's fiscal impact, the ratio of revenues to expenditures, is more favorable for the County than that of West Springfield because of the commercial-industrial tax base present in a new town which is absent from the conventional suburb and because Reston's school-age population differed from West Springfield's. For FY71 West Springfield did not produce revenues equal to expenditures made for it. The reader is cautioned to not project from a single year's fiscal impact to other years or to other communities. Yet the results obtained from these contrasting types of communities within a single governmental jurisdiction cannot be ignored. Implications of this research and recommendations for Fairfax County, governmental decision-makers at local, state and federal levels, and for the Department of Housing and Urban Development are presented. Methodology for estimation of revenues and expenditures for Reston and West Springfield, criteria by which West Springfield was selected, and general descriptions of the two communities and services provided by the County are included. / Master of Urban Affairs

The word "offset" in the broad sense represents reciprocal trade advantages that result from economic agreements. However, as a result of increasing competition among suppliers due to the reduced global defense market, declining military budgets, and other aspects, buyers are able to influence the conditions under which major defense programs are obtained. Not only unions, defense industries, trade associations, and public, but also EU is involved. The Czech Republic as a member of these organizations has to follow their rules as well, and their views and policies regarding offsets might be different. The objective of this project is to examine what issues, if any, the Czech Republic faces concerning offsets implementation in international trade. This study will discuss briefly the history of the Czech Republic's participation in offsets, and its current policy, if any, towards using offset practices. The Czech Republic's goals in offset practices, and government support for them, would be another area of research. The Czech Republic is an EU member and therefore is obliged to follow policies implemented by these institutions. Whether there is any connection between the Czech government policy and EU policies will also be examined. Specifically, the project will focus on what should be done in future offsets implementation, and what to be aware of.

An analysis of Thai government expenditures demonstrates that they expanded rapidly between 1900 and 1969, due primarily to rising prices and the extension of government functions, particularly during the post-war period. In contrast, the war effect had little influence on the growth of expenditures. During the period under study, Thai government expenditures were devoted largely to general, social, and economic services, with emphasis on transportation and communication, defense, agriculture, and education. Current expenditures (for defense, education, etc.) represented a higher percentage of total government expenditures than did capital expenditures (for public construction, social services, etc.). In general, the case of Thailand indicates that levels of government expenditure were higher in conjunction with greater emphasis on economic and social development.