Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:55:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:05:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Dissertação (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP / FAPESP:06/58555-4

A instituição do patrimônio no Brasil, compreendida enquanto práticas de preservação, constitui-se a partir de conexões estabelecidas entre distintos atores e organizações. Divergências, disputas, negociações e consenso conformam tal processo. O estudo aqui exposto compreende a identificação e análise de fragmentos da referida instituição, relativos especificamente ao lugar do patrimônio arqueológico na trajetória e nas práticas do Instituto do Patrimônio Histórico e Artístico Nacional (IPHAN). / Cultural Heritages institution in Brazil, of established connections between different actors and organizations. Disagreements, disputes, negotiations and consensus are part of this process. This study consists of identification and analysis of that institution heritage fragments, related specifically to the archaeological heritage place in the history and practices of the Institute of Historical and Artistic Heritage (IPHAN).

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-11T13:56:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Final Weliton.pdf: 1767356 bytes, checksum: 32e43a1d913f35da45e4643c576ea69c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-08-25 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas / Anthopogenic Dark Earths (Terras Pretas de Indio) are soil horizons of dark color with high fertility and organic matter content. They could be found about different types of soils on the Amazon landscape, being more frequently next to water courses, presenting as a typical characteristic an anthropic horizon A, containing in its mass ceramic fragments, lithic material and charcoal. Understanding of its chemical characteristics and mineralogical composition could improve comprehension of it genesis, richness and sustainability. The present study was realized with the purpose of the evaluate the main chemical characteristics and mineralogical composition of clay and sand fractions of six soils in archeological sites with horizon A localized at the Sedimentary Basin of the Amazon and Solimões, between Coari-Manaus intervals, being those; Ena site, Comunidade S.J. Batista, Lago do Limão, Lauro Sodré, Jacuruxi and Pilão. Samples were collected prepared and submitted to granularymetric and chemical analysis realized at soil chemistry laboratories at UFAM and EMBRAPA, and mineralogical analysis at X-ray diffraction (XRD) UFAM laboratory. Results from chemical characterization has shown that in evaluated soils of archeological sites the pH in water varied between 5.1 and 7.05, displaying in most samples a moderate acidity; elements contents available and changeable as well presented high contents of P and Ca2+ and low potassium (K+) and aluminum Ca2+ contents. Meanwhile, in this study, soil from Jacuruxi site presented lower Ca2+ contents, high acidity, and high Al3+ contents, meantime, observed available P contents (mehlich-1) were high, varying from 42 to 113 mg kg-1 mineralogical soil composition evaluated by DXR has shown that argile from upland (terra firme) localized sites,(Comunidade S.J.Batista, ENA, Lago do Limão, Jacuruxi, and Pilão) are Kaolinite prevailed, wich is normally observed in soils of same geomorphologic surface in the Amazon. Anyhow, mineralogy of clay fraction at localized soil floodplain (várzea) ecosystem at Lauro Sodré, has shown a more heterogeneous mineral composition , composed by Kaolinite, goethite and type 2:1 minerals, enhancing current materials less intemperate in such environment. On the sand fraction there was a total predominance of quartz mineral in all evaluated soils independent of environment characteristic, meanwhile through mineral separation by dense liquid means in this fraction of two soils (Comunidade S.J. Batista and Jacuruxi), it was detected the appearance of hematite, rutile, anatase, ilmenite, zircon and maghemite ,and through magnetic separation , also on this fraction, in two soils (Comunidade S.J. Batista and Pilão) the analysis detected hematite (Hm) and maghemite (Mh) contents. The sulfuric acid attack done on evaluated samples has shown low iron contents, mainly at Jacuruxi site localized at hidromorphosis incidental area, that represents a removal environment of ferolise. The contents of P-total has shown the concentration magnitude of this elements on the anthropic soils horizons of archeological sites already evaluated, outstanding the floodplain site (Lauro sodré) with anthropic Horizon A beneath disposal layers of neo-soil at depth of 160 cm , achieving contents of 8840 mg kg-1 of P-total at this depth. / As Terras Pretas da Amazônia são horizontes de solo de cor escura, com elevada fertilidade e teor de matéria orgânica. Podem ser encontradas sobre várias classes de solos na paisagem amazônica, sendo mais freqüentes próximo aos cursos d água, apresentado como característica típica um Horizonte A antrópico, contendo em sua massa fragmentos de cerâmica e carvão. O entendimento de suas características químicas e da composição mineralógica pode melhorar a compreensão de sua gênese, riqueza e sustentabilidade. O presente trabalho foi realizado com o intuito de avaliar as principais características químicas e a composição mineralógica das frações argila e areia de seis solos de sítios arqueológicos com Horizonte A antrópico localizados na Bacia sedimentar do Amazonas e do Solimões, trecho Coari- Manaus, sendo eles: Sítio Ena, Comunidade S. J. Batista, Lago do Limão, Lauro Sodré, Jacuruxí e Pilão. As amostras foram coletadas, preparadas e submetidas a análises granulométrica e química realizadas nos Laboratórios de química do solo da UFAM e EMBRAPA, e mineralógicas realizadas no Laboratório de difração de raios-X da UFAM. Os resultados da caracterização química revelaram que nos solos de sítios Arqueológicos avaliados, os valores de pH em água variaram entre 5,1 e 7,05, revelando na maioria das amostras acidez moderada; os teores de elementos trocáveis apresentaram elevados teores de P e Ca2+ e baixos valores de alumínio trocável. Entretanto, neste estudo, o solo do sítio Jacuruxi apresentou menores teores de Ca2+, acidez elevada e altos teores de Al3+, enquanto os teores de P observados foram elevados, variando entre 42 e 113 mg kg-1. A composição mineralógica dos solos avaliados pela difratometria de raios-X, revelaram que a fração argila dos sítios localizados em ambiente de terra firme (Comunidade S. J. Batista, Lago do Limão, Jacuruxí e Pilão) é dominada por caulinita, à semelhança do que se observa normalmente nos solos de mesma superfície geomórfica na Amazônia. No entanto, a mineralogia dos sítios localizados em ambiente de várzea (Lauro Sodré e Ena), revela uma composição mineral mais heterogênia, composta por caulinita, goethita e minerais 2:1, realçando a presença de materiais menos intemperizados nesse ambiente. Na fração areia, houve o predomínio total do mineral quartzo em todos os solos avaliados independente das características do ambiente; entretanto, através da separação por líquido denso nesta fração em dois solos (Comunidade S. J. Batista e Jacuruxí), foi possível detectar além do mineral quartzo, também a presença de hematita, rutilo, anatásio, ilmenita, zircão e maghemita, e através da separação magnética também nesta fração em dois solos (Comunidade S. J. Batista e Pilão), detectou-se a presença de hematita e maghemita. O ataque sulfúrico realizado nas amostras avaliadas apresentou baixos teores de ferro, principalmente no sítio Jacuruxí localizado em área de ocorrência de Plintosso, que representa um ambiente de remoção de ferólise. Os teores de P-total revelaram a magnitude da concentração deste elemento nos horizontes antrópicos dos solos de sítios arqueológicos avaliados, destacando-se o sítio de várzea (Lauro Sodré) com Horizonte A antrópico enterrado sobre a camada de um Neossolo na profundidade de 160 cm, e que chegou ao teor de 8840 mg kg-1 de P-total nesta profundidade.

Les systèmes de corrosion du mobilier archéologique ferreux sous-marin et terrestre présentent des phases réactives et chlorurées. Leurs transformations au contact de l'air impliquent des dégradations majeures de l'objet en sortie de fouilles. Afin d'extraire le chlore en conservant l'intégrité des objets, des processus de stabilisation sont utilisés. Le traitement subcritique (NaOH, 180°C, 35 bars) accélère la déchloruration. Pour comprendre les transformations physico-chimiques induites un corpus d'objets archéologiques est étudié avant et après traitement par des techniques d'analyses complémentaires. La description multi-échelles de faciès de corrosion hétérogènes et complexes montre que la phase formée en milieu subcritique, dépend du degré d'oxydation de la phase d'origine. L'étude de systèmes modèles (oxyhydroxydes de fer synthétiques et archéologiques) montre que les tailles et formes de particules, les surfaces spécifiques, la composition chimique influencent leurs réactivités. Par ailleurs l'application d'une rampe de chauffe progressive conduit à un mélange goethite/hématite en-dessous de 150°C et d'hématite au-delà. L'étude de l'akaganéite, au taux de chlore variable, à différentes étapes de sa transformation, montre que le chlore adsorbé et une partie du chlore de structure est tout d'abord retiré. Ce phénomène, ajouté à une déshydroxylation sous l'effet de la température conduit dans un second temps, à la dissolution de la phase. Ces résultats permettent d'identifier la nature des transformations de phases et de proposer des mécanismes en vue d'améliorer les protocoles de stabilisation subcritique selon le type d'objet archéologique. / Iron archaeological artefacts from submarine and terrestrial origins have developed reactive and chlorinated corrosion systems. After excavation, their transformations in contact with air involve severe damages to the artefacts. In order to extract the chlorine and to maintain the artefacts’ integrity, stabilization processes are used. The subcritical treatment (NaOH, 180°C, 35 bars) accelerates the dechlorination process. Several artefacts are studied before and after treatment with subcritical techniques. The multi-scale description of heterogeneous and complex corrosion system shows that the phase precipitation in subcritical conditions depends on the precursor chemistry. The study of model systems (synthetic and archaeological iron oxyhydroxides) shows that particle sizes and shapes, specific surface area, chemical composition change their reactivity. The application of a heating ramp leads to the precipitation of goethite/hematite below 150°C and hematite above. The study of akaganeite at various stages of its treatment shows that the adsorbed chlorides and part of the structure ones are first removed. Then, a dehydroxylation under the effect of temperature leads to the phase dissolution. These results allowed to identify the nature of phase transformations and to propose mechanisms in order to improve stabilization protocols of archaeological artefacts by subcritical treatment.

The measurement of fluorine penetration into archeological flint artifacts using Nuclear Reaction Analysis (NRA) has been reported to be a potential dating method. However, the mechanism of how fluorine is incorporated into the flint surface, and finally transported into the bulk is not well understood. This research focuses on the study of the fluorine uptake phenomenon of flint mineral in aqueous fluoride solutions. Both theoretical and experimental approaches have been carried out. In a theoretical approach, a pipe-diffusion model was used to simulate the complicated fluorine transportation problem in flint, in which several diffusion mechanisms may be involved.

Object-based image analysis (OBIA) has been increasingly used to identify terrain features of archaeological sites, but only recently to extract subsurface archaeological features from geophysical data. In this study, we use a semi-automated OBIA to identify Archaic (8000-1000 BC) hearths from Ground-Penetrating Radar (GPR) data collected at David Crockett Birthplace State Park in eastern Tennessee in the southeastern United States. The data were preprocessed using GPR-SLICE, Surfer, and Archaeofusion software, and amplitude depth slices were selected that contained anomalies ranging from 0.80 to 1.20 m below surface (BS). Next, the data were segmented within ESRI ArcMap GIS software using a global threshold and, after vectorization, classified using four attributes: area, perimeter, length-to-width ratio, and Circularity Index. The user-defined parameters were based on an excavated Archaic circular hearth found at a depth greater than one meter, which consisted of fire-cracked rock and had a diameter greater than one meter. These observations were in agreement with previous excavations of hearths at the site. Features that had a high probability of being Archaic hearths were further delineated by human interpretation from radargrams and then ground-truthed by auger testing. The semi-automated OBIA successfully predicted 15 probable Archaic hearths at depths ranging from 0.85 to 1.20 m BS. Observable spatial clustering of hearths may indicate episodes of seasonal occupation by small mobile groups during the Archaic Period.

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No description available.

Esta dissertação aborda diferentes relações estabelecidas pelos migrantes no contexto do sudoeste amazônico, especificamente em Rondônia, com o patrimônio arqueológico e com o Centro de Pesquisas e Museu Regional de Arqueologia de Rondônia (CPMRARO), inaugurado em 2008. Diversas pesquisas têm colocado esta região em evidência para o entendimento de questões mais amplas da arqueologia amazônica. A chegada de migrantes a partir de 1960, suas aproximações e conflitos com as populações indígenas, seringueiros, ribeirinhos, entre outros, têm posto desafios para a interpretação de diferentes passados no presente. Foi utilizada a abordagem da história oral para o levantamento de impressões sobre o processo de migração, as relações com os objetos e sítios arqueológicos, a percepção da diversidade cultural e a criação do Museu. As narrativas produzidas revelam memórias individuais e coletivas que fornecem elementos para discussão sobre o patrimônio local. O Museu possui potencial para conjugar passado e presente, projetando um futuro, dessa forma a área da museologia passa a ser fundamental para a preservação e utilização do patrimônio como recurso para a população. Do mesmo modo, as histórias construídas pela arqueologia podem contribuir para a produção de memórias e identidades a partir da atuação do Museu. Procurou-se contribuir com o trabalho desenvolvido por essa instituição por meio da proposição de ações educativas e expográficas, potencializando seu espaço de fórum ao considerar as experiências de vida da população e o compromisso da arqueologia na construção de uma história indígena. / This dissertation addresses different relationships established by migrants in the southwestern Amazonian context, specifically in Rondônia, with the archeological heritage and the Research Center and Regional Archeology Museum of Rondônia (CPMRARO), opened in 2008. Several studies have placed this region in evidence to the understanding of broader issues of the Amazonian archeology. The arrival of migrants since 1960, their approaches and conflicts with indigenous peoples, rubber tappers, riverine population, among others, have posed challenges to the interpretation of various past in the present. The approach of oral history was used to survey the views on the migration process, the relations with objects and archaeological sites, the perception of cultural diversity and the creation of the Museum. The produced narratives reveal individual and collective memories that provide elements for discussions of the local heritage. The Museum has the potential to combine past and present, projecting a future, so that the area of museology becomes crucial for the preservation and use of heritage as a resource to the population. Similarly, the stories built by archeology can contribute to the production of memories and identities from the work of the Museum. We sought to contribute to the work of this institution through the proposition of educational and expographic activities, increasing its forum space by considering the life experiences of the local population and the commitment of archeology to build an indigenous history.

The aim of this study is to investigate characteristics of urban transformation in Antioch and Alexandretta during the French Mandate, 1920-1938. Contending that a purely formal analysis would fail to grasp complex politics of architecture and urbanism promoted by the French administration, this thesis seeks to explore the urban transformation of these cities in its political and representational context. In analyzing the French perception of the urban space especially in Antioch, this thesis devotes an extensive attention to the nineteenth century travelers who visited Antioch, by emphasizing the ways in which they described the urban make-up of the city. Moreover, it situates the case of Antioch and Alexandretta within the broader framework of French colonial architecture and urbanism by occassionally referring to French North Africa on the one hand, and other cities of the French Mandate in Syria and Lebanon on the other hand. Along with an analysis of the changing built environment in Antioch and Alexandretta, other visual and representational strategies such as the colonial exhibition, archeological works, scholarly endeavors, and tourism are discussed. It is the major premise of this thesis that a comprehensive portrayal of the architectural and urban transformation of these cities might be attained only through the inclusion of different forms of political and visual representation.