L’inhibition de l’arginase a été montrée pour le traitement de la dysfonction endothéliale dans plusieurs pathologies. Des inhibiteurs sont actuellement commercialisés (nor-NOHA, ABH et BEC) mais en dépit de leur potentiel, ils sont incompatibles avec un usage médical per os. L’obtention de nouveaux inhibiteurs reste donc un challenge pour le développement de candidats médicaments. La source naturelle et la voie hémisynthétique notamment, restent encore des axes peu explorés. Visant d’abord le développement d’un test fiable et reproductible pour l’évaluation de la capacité inhibitrice de molécules, nous avons optimisé un test existant et mis en place un essai colorimétrique miniaturisé et partiellement automatisé, utilisant une arginase mammifère commerciale, purifiée de foie de bœuf. Ce test a été validé via l’utilisation d’inhibiteurs de référence (CI50 : nor-NOHA 1,7 μM / BEC 3,3 μM), avant d’être utilisé pour l’évaluation biologique d’une série de polyphénols naturels, mettant en évidence les potentialités inhibitrices de l’acide chlorogénique (acide caféoylquinique / CI50 10,6 μM) et du picéatannol (stilbène / CI50 12,1 µM). Des études de cinétique enzymatique ont montré que l’inhibition était réversible et compétitive tandis que des études de docking moléculaire ont montré l’intérêt de la partie caféique pour l’activité inhibitrice. Nous nous sommes alors focalisés sur l’obtention de dérivés d’hémisynthèse. Dix-neuf dérivés dérivés cinnamides ont été préparés ainsi qu’une série de cinq composés esters. Les études de relation structure-activité ont montré le rôle important du groupement catéchol pour l’activité de ces molécules. Le composé (E)-N-(2-phényléthyl)-3,4-dihydroxycinnamide ou « caffeic acid phenyl amide » (CAPA) a présenté la meilleure activité (CI50 6,9 μM). C’est un inhibiteur réversible et compétitif de l’arginase étudiée et ses études de docking avec le site catalytique de l’enzyme ont confirmé les interactions du catéchol avec des résidus conservés du site actif et les ions manganèse. La préparation des dérivés de stilbènes cibles n’a pas été couronnée de succès mais grâce à des collaborations, deux stilbènes naturels, l’astringine et le picéide, ainsi qu’une série de stilbénoïdes synthétiques ont pu être évalués. Cependant, aucun de ces composés n’a révélé d’activité intéressante.Finalement, notre projet de thèse a mis en évidence les activités prometteuses de deux composés naturels, l’acide chlorogénique et le picéatannol, ainsi que celle d’un composé hémisynthétique dérivés cinnamide de l’acide caféique (CAPA). Ces molécules ont en commun, au niveau structural, la présence d’une partie 3,4-dhydroxycinnamique (caféoyle), révélant l’intérêt de ce motif pour la conception d’autres molécules à capacité inhibitrice d’arginase. Ces résultats obtenus in silico et in vitro sur l’arginase bovine b-ARG I devront être confirmés sur l’arginase humaine h-ARG avant d’envisager d’éventuelles études in vivo pour ces candidats-médicaments potentiels. / Inhibition of the enzyme arginase has been shown its evidences for the treatment of endothelial dysfunction in several pathologies. Some arginase inhibitors are currently being marketed (nor-NOHA, ABH and BEC) but despite their potency, they are incompatible with an oral administration. Research of new arginase inhibitors remains a challenge for the development of drug candidates. Natural source and semisynthetic compounds, in particular, still remain widely unexplored avenues.Firstly focusing on development of a reliable and reproducible in vitro assay for evaluation of arginase inhibitory capacity of molecules, we optimized a previously published protocol, which resulted in a colorimetric, miniaturized and partially automated assay by using a commercial mammalian arginase, purified bovine liver arginase (b-ARG I). This test was validated by evaluating the reference inhibitors (IC50: nor-NOHA 1.7 µM / BEC 3.3 µM). Then we used it for the biological evaluation of a series of natural polyphenols. The most active compounds were chlorogenic acid (caffeoylquinic acid / IC50 10.6 µM) and piceatannol (stilbene / IC50 12.1 µM). Enzyme kinetic studies showed that the inhibition mechanism of these two polyphenols was reversible and competitive, whereas molecular docking studies demonstrated the importance of caffeic moiety for the inhibitory activity. We then continued on synthesis and biological evaluation of semisynthetic derivatives, which were inspired by natural arginase inhibitors. Nineteen cinnamide derivatives and a series of five ester compounds were prepared. Structure-activity relationships (SARs) have shown the important role of catechol group for arginase inhibitory activity of these molecules. The compound (E)-N-(2-phenylethyl)-3,4-dihydroxycinnamide or "caffeic acid phenyl amide" (CAPA) showed the best activity (IC50 6.9 µM). This compound was characterisized as a reversible and competitive inhibitor of arginase by enzyme kinetics. Docking studies suggested several interactions between catechol function of CAPA with crucial residues of the arginase active site and manganese ions. The preparation of stilbene derivatives was not successful during this work. However thanks to collaborations, two natural stilbenoid glucosides (astringin and piceid), as well as a series of synthetic stilbenoid derivatives were evaluated for their arginase inhibition. Nevertheless, none of these stilbenoids has revealed an interesting activity.Finally, our thesis project showed potential arginase inhibitory activity of two natural compounds, chlorogenic acid and piceatannol, as well as a semisynthetic cinnamide derivative (CAPA). Considering their structures, these molecules have the presence of 3,4-dihydroxycinnamoyl (caffeoyl) moiety in common, revealing the importance of this moiety for the design of new arginase inhibitors. The results obtained from in silico and in vitro studies on bovine arginase (b-ARG I) should be confirmed on human arginase assay, before being evaluated in in vivo models for the druggable candidates.

Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) are a heterogeneous population of immature myeloid cells identified in mice as Gr-1+CD11b+ cells with the ability to inhibit T cell function. MDSC are emerging as important regulators of T cell mediated immune responses. Current paradigm suggests that despite heterogeneity, all Gr-1+CD11b+ cells are suppressive when exposed to inflammatory stimuli. In vitro evaluation shows MDSC from multiple tissue sites have suppressive activity, and in vivo inhibition of MDSCenhances T cell function. However, the relative capacity of MDSC present at localized inflammatory sites or in peripheral tissues to suppress T cell responses in vivo has not been directly evaluated. Using a tissue specific acute inflammatory prostatitis model, we demonstrate that MDSC inhibition of CD8+ T-cell proliferation is restricted to the inflammatory site.Further, MDSC from inflammatory sites possess immediate capacity to inhibit T-cell function, whereas those isolated from peripheral tissues (spleens and liver) were not suppressive without activation of iNOS by exposure to IFN-_.Using two mouse models of prostate cancer, we extend these findings to thetumor micro-environment. During a chronic inflammatory response induced by tumorgrowth, we show Gr-1+CD11b+ cells from the tumor site possess immediate capacity toregulate effector T cell function whereas those from the spleen do not. In both tumormodels and in our prostatitis model, long term culture of activated T cells with splenicGr-1+CD11b+ cells converted precursor cells into functional MDSC during standard in vitro suppression assays. These data highlight the importance of MDSC in the prostate, and demonstrate the function of MDSC during a localized inflammatory response isrestricted to the site of an ongoing immune responseGrowing evidence suggests that prostatitis associated with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS) is mediated in part by the loss of T cell and B cell tolerance to prostate antigens. Clinical data demonstrates the presence of T cell proliferative responses to prostate auto-antigens in CP/CPPS patients. However, the mechanisms leading to this loss of tolerance are not clearly understood, largely because of a lack of available animal models. We report the development of a new mouse model for the study of chronic prostate inflammation (CPI), the Prostate Ovalbumin Expressing Transgenic-3 (POET-3) model. Adoptive transfer of antigen specific OT-I T cells induces CPI characterized by infiltration of exogenous (OT-I) and endogenous T cells into the prostate persisting as long as 45 days after transfer. In vitro and in vivo data demonstrate inflammation induced loss of T cell tolerance to prostate auto-antigens. Auto-antibody responses to prostate antigens were detected in POET-3 mice after induction of CPI. These data have important therapeutic implications for treatment of CPI.

Thesis (Ph.D. in Toxicology) -- University of Colorado Denver, 2008. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 224-253). Free to UCD Anschutz Medical Campus. Online version available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations;

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 2006 / Typescript (photocopy)

Objetivo: o presente estudo prospectivo avaliou a presença de microrganismos periodontopatogênicos, os níveis salivares de arginase e de HBD-2 em indivíduos com gengivite e periodontite tendo como controle indivíduos periodontalmente saudáveis, correlacionando-os aos respectivos parâmetros clínicos. Também foi avaliada expressão gênica do PAR2 crevicular em indivíduos saudáveis e com periodontite. Método: Inicialmente, foram avaliados 89 indivíduos sem doenças sistêmicas, nunca fumantes, sendo 31 saudáveis (média de idade 25,06 5,97), 27 com gengivite (média de idade 33,22 12,09) e 31 com periodontite (média de idade 52,16 11,54), todos submetidos à terapia periodontal não cirúrgica. Coleta salivar para avaliação dos níveis de arginase (quantificada por meio de espectrofotometria) foi realizada no início do tratamento em todos os indivíduos, e naqueles com gengivite e periodontite respectivamente em 30 e 50 dias pós-tratamento. Avaliação clínica de profundidade de sondagem, perda de inserção clínica e índices de placa e gengival e microbiana (Campylobacter rectus, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tanerella forsythia, Treponema denticola e Prevotella intermedia) foram também avaliados nos mesmos tempos. Dentre os 89 indivíduos, amostras do fluido gengival foram coletadas em 10 indivíduos saudáveis e 10 com periodontite para mensuração da atividade do PAR2 crevicular por meio de RT-PCR. Como esta relação foi positiva, foi verificada a quantidade de HBD-2 salivar por meio de ELISA de todos os 89 indivíduos e sua relação com os parâmetros clínicos e microbiológicos. A significância de todas as relações e quantificações foi analisada por meio de testes estatísticos apropriados. Resultados: foi observada uma melhora estatisticamente significativa dos parâmetros clínicos e microbianos após o tratamento periodontal. A arginase salivar estava significativamente mais elevada nos indivíduos com periodontite em relação àqueles com gengivite, e nestes em relação aos saudáveis. O tratamento periodontal promoveu melhora dos indivíduos doentes, cujos parâmetros avaliados tornaram-se estatisticamente semelhantes aos dos saudáveis. Houve maior atividade do PAR2 nos 10 indivíduos com periodontite em relação aos saudáveis e, após o tratamento, houve uma redução estatisticamente significativa deste parâmetro. Por fim, foram observados níveis estatisticamente mais elevados de HBD-2 salivar nos indivíduos com periodontite comparados àqueles com gengivite e aos saudáveis. Não foi possível observar uma correlação entre HBD-2 salivar e os microrganismos analisados. Conclusões: com base nos resultados observados, podemos concluir que: a arginase salivar está significativamente aumentada nos indivíduos periodontalmente comprometidos em relação aos saudáveis; o tratamento periodontal promoveu melhora dos indivíduos doentes em relação aos parâmetros avaliados; indivíduos com periodontite têm maior expressão gênica do PAR2 do que aqueles saudáveis e o tratamento tornou esta expressão semelhante nos dois grupos; indivíduos com periodontite têm níveis estatisticamente mais significativos de HBD-2 salivar do que aqueles saudáveis e aqueles com gengivite; a saliva parece ser uma ferramenta útil para o diagnóstico periodontal e para o monitoramento da eficácia do tratamento periodontal. / Objectives: This prospective study evaluated the presence of periodontopathogenics microorganisms, as it also examined the salivary levels of arginase and HBD-2 from subjects with gingivitis and periodontitis and periodontally healthy subjects as controls, correlating them to relevant clinical parameters. The gene expression of PAR2 crevicular in healthy subjects and periodontitis was also assessed. Methods: Initially, 89 individuals without systemic diseases, who were never smokers, were evaluated. Out of the 89, 31 were healthy subjects (average age 25.06 5.97), 27 have gingivitis (average age 33.22 12.09) and 31 were with periodontitis (average age 52.16 11.54), all underwent nonsurgical periodontal therapy. Saliva was collected for assessing levels of arginase at baseline in all subjects (quantified by spectrophotometry), and repeated on those with gingivitis and periodontitis respectively at 30 and 50 days post treatment. Clinical evaluation of probing depth, clinical attachment loss, both plaque and gingival index as well as microbial evaluation (Campylobacter rectus, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tanerella forsythia, Prevotella intermedia and Treponema denticola) were also assessed at the same time. Among the 89 individuals, gingival fluid samples were collected from 10 healthy ones and from 10 with periodontitis to measure crevicular PAR2 activity by RT-PCR. As the results came out positive, the amount of HBD-2 salivary was tested by ELISA for all 89 subjects assessing its relationship with clinical and microbiological parameters. The significance of all relationships and quantifications were analyzed using appropriate statistical tests. Results: we observed a statistically significant improvement of clinical and microbial parameters after periodontal treatment. Salivary arginase was significantly higher in subjects with periodontitis than in those with gingivitis, and those with gingivitis had higher results than the healthy ones. Periodontal treatment promoted improvement of the non-healthy individuals whose parameters became statistically similar to the healthy ones. There was a greater PAR2 activity in 10 individuals with periodontal disease compared to healthy ones, and after treatment the results showed a statistically significant reduction in this parameter. Finally, we observed statistically higher levels of salivary HBD-2 in individuals with periodontitis compared to both those with gingivitis and those individuals in the healthy group. It has not been possible to observe a correlation between HBD-2 and salivary microorganisms analyzed. Conclusion: Based on the observed results, we can conclude that salivary arginase is significantly increased in periodontally compromised individuals relative to the healthy ones; periodontal treatment promoted improvement of individuals in relation to the assessed parameters; individuals with periodontitis have higher gene expression of PAR2 than those healthy and the periodontal treatment brought similar results to both groups; individuals with periodontitis have statistically more significant levels of salivary HBD-2 than those with healthy gums and gingivitis; and, finally, saliva, besides being useful for periodontal diagnosis, appears to be also helpful for monitoring efficacy of periodontal treatment.

Asthma is a chronic respiratory disease with a high prevalence in Western countries, including Canada, and increased exacerbations have been associated with ambient air pollution. The maintenance of airways tone is critically dependent on the endogenous bronchodilator, nitric oxide (NO). The nitric oxide synthase (NOS) isoenzymes produce NO from the amino acid, L-arginine, and competition for substrate with the arginase isoenzymes can limit NO production. Imbalances between these pathways have been implicated in the airways hyperresponsiveness (AHR) of asthma. The overall objective of this work was to determine whether arginase and downstream polyamine metabolites are functionally involved in airways responsiveness in animal models of asthma and the adverse responses of allergic animals to air pollution. To this purpose, the expression profiles of proteins involved in L-arginine metabolism were determined in lung tissues from human asthmatics and murine models of ovalbumin (OVA)-induced airways inflammation. Expression of arginase 1 was increased in human asthma and animal models. Competitive inhibition of arginase attenuated AHR in vivo. The roles of the downstream metabolites of arginase, the polyamines (putrescine, spermidine and spermine) were examined by administering them via inhalation to anaesthetized mice. It was demonstrated that spermine increases methacholine responsiveness in normal and allergic mice. Additionally, inhibition of polyamine synthesis improved AHR in a murine model. Thus, arginase and downstream polyamine metabolites contribute to AHR in asthma. Finally, the potential role of arginase in the exacerbation of asthma by air pollution was investigated. For this purpose, murine sub-acute and chronic murine models of allergic airways inflammation were employed, which exhibit inflammatory cell influx and remodeling/AHR, respectively, to determine the role of arginase in the response to concentrated ambient fine particles plus ozone. Allergic mice that were exposed to air pollution exhibited increased arginase activity and expression, compared to filtered air-exposed controls. Furthermore, inhibition of arginase attenuated the air pollution-induced AHR. Thus, the studies of the arginase pathway and downstream metabolites described in this thesis indicate that arginase inhibition may be a therapeutic target in asthma and may also protect susceptible populations against the adverse health effects of air pollution.

Asthma is a chronic respiratory disease with a high prevalence in Western countries, including Canada, and increased exacerbations have been associated with ambient air pollution. The maintenance of airways tone is critically dependent on the endogenous bronchodilator, nitric oxide (NO). The nitric oxide synthase (NOS) isoenzymes produce NO from the amino acid, L-arginine, and competition for substrate with the arginase isoenzymes can limit NO production. Imbalances between these pathways have been implicated in the airways hyperresponsiveness (AHR) of asthma. The overall objective of this work was to determine whether arginase and downstream polyamine metabolites are functionally involved in airways responsiveness in animal models of asthma and the adverse responses of allergic animals to air pollution. To this purpose, the expression profiles of proteins involved in L-arginine metabolism were determined in lung tissues from human asthmatics and murine models of ovalbumin (OVA)-induced airways inflammation. Expression of arginase 1 was increased in human asthma and animal models. Competitive inhibition of arginase attenuated AHR in vivo. The roles of the downstream metabolites of arginase, the polyamines (putrescine, spermidine and spermine) were examined by administering them via inhalation to anaesthetized mice. It was demonstrated that spermine increases methacholine responsiveness in normal and allergic mice. Additionally, inhibition of polyamine synthesis improved AHR in a murine model. Thus, arginase and downstream polyamine metabolites contribute to AHR in asthma. Finally, the potential role of arginase in the exacerbation of asthma by air pollution was investigated. For this purpose, murine sub-acute and chronic murine models of allergic airways inflammation were employed, which exhibit inflammatory cell influx and remodeling/AHR, respectively, to determine the role of arginase in the response to concentrated ambient fine particles plus ozone. Allergic mice that were exposed to air pollution exhibited increased arginase activity and expression, compared to filtered air-exposed controls. Furthermore, inhibition of arginase attenuated the air pollution-induced AHR. Thus, the studies of the arginase pathway and downstream metabolites described in this thesis indicate that arginase inhibition may be a therapeutic target in asthma and may also protect susceptible populations against the adverse health effects of air pollution.

Réalisé en cotutelle avec le Dr James G Martin de l'Université McGill (Meakins-Christie laboratories) / L’asthme chez l’homme et le souffle chez le cheval sont des maladies inflammatoires chroniques des voies respiratoires partageant plusieurs caractéristiques physiopathologiques dont la bronchoconstriction réversible, l’inflammation des voies respiratoires inférieures, l’hyperréactivité bronchique et le remodelage tissulaire. Les phénotypes cliniques d’asthme se caractérisent en partie selon le type d’inflammation affectant les voies respiratoires et la présence ou non d’allergie. Le souffle chez le cheval s’avère être un modèle adapté pour l’étude des mécanismes impliqués dans l’asthme neutrophilique, lesquels demeurent particulièrement mal compris, en contraste avec ceux associés avec l’asthme éosinophilique. La réponse immunologique sous-jacente au souffle implique entre autres l’expression de cytokines de type Th2, suggestives d’une réponse allergique (immunité acquise). La poussière environnementale qui provoque les symptômes du souffle contient également des agents non-spécifiques dérivés de bactéries, champignons et moisissures, susceptibles d’activer des mécanismes immunitaires innés chez les chevaux atteints du souffle. Nous avons étudié le rôle des neutrophiles dans l’inflammation associée à la réponse innée et acquise chez le cheval atteint du souffle. Dans un premier temps, l’effet de produits dérivés de bactéries sur l’activation des neutrophiles sanguins provenant de chevaux normaux et atteints de souffle a été étudié dans le but d’évaluer la contribution de la réponse innée dans la physiopathologie du souffle. Nous avons évalué l’effet de l’IL-4, une cytokine de type Th2, sur les neutrophiles des deux groupes de chevaux afin d’évaluer de quelle manière le neutrophile peut participer à la réponse acquise associée à la réponse allergique. Finalement, nous avons étudié l’expression des isoformes de l'arginase par les neutrophiles équins car cette enzyme métabolise la L-arginine et est potentiellement impliquée dans le bronchospasme et le remodelage tissulaire associés à l’asthme. Nos résultats suggèrent que les neutrophiles et les mononucléaires sanguins isolés des chevaux atteints du souffle possèdent une réponse inflammatoire exagérée en réponse aux lipopolyssacharides et peptides formylés et surexpriment les cytokines pro-inflammatoires IL-1β, TNF et IL-8. Cette réponse innée aberrante est associée à une inflammation systémique caractérisée par des concentrations sériques élevées de TNF chez les chevaux atteints du souffle en période de rémission clinique. De plus, nos résultats montrent que l’IL-4 active le neutrophile équin et favorise son chimiotactisme de manière autocrine. L’IL-4 induit un phénotype d’activation typique dans le neutrophile équin, caractérisé par l’expression accrue des cytokines pro-inflammatoires (IL-8 et TNF) ainsi que de récepteurs potentiellement impliqués dans la réponse allergique (IL-4Rα et CD23). Enfin, nous montrons que que l’arginase 1 n’est pas un marqueur de l’activation des neutrophiles équins par l’IL-4, mais que ces cellules expriment constitutivement l’isoforme 2 fonctionnelle de l’arginase. La surrégulation des deux isoformes au niveau des poumons périphériques semble être associée à la pathologie du souffle, ce qui est en accord avec les modèles d’asthme chez la souris, le rat et le cobaye. L'ensemble de ces travaux suggère que les neutrophiles sont des cellules effectrices importantes de la réponse innée et acquise dans la pathophysiologie du souffle, un modèle naturel d’asthme neutrophilique. / Human asthma and equine heaves are chronic pulmonary diseases sharing several pathophysiological properties including lower airway inflammation, reversible bronchoconstriction, bronchial hyperresponsiveness, and tissue remodeling. Clinical phenotypes of asthma are characterized in part by the inflammatory cell populations infiltrating the airways, and the presence or absence of allergy. Heaves is a suitable animal model for the study of the poorly defined pathophysiological processes leading to airway neutrophilia. The immune response in heaves involves Th2 cytokine expression, which is, among other features, associated to allergic inflammation (acquired immunity). Environmental dust exposure leading to clinical exacerbation of heaves contains non-specific agents derived from bacteria, molds or fungi which could also activate innate immune responses in heaves affected horses. We studied the role of neutrophils in innate and acquired immune responses in heaves affected-horse. First, innate immune responses of neutrophils isolated from normal and heaves-affected horses to bacterial-derived products were studied. We also assessed the effect of IL-4, a Th2 cytokine, on equine neutrophils isolated from both groups of horses. Finally, we evaluated the arginase isoforms expressed by equine neutrophils as this enzyme that takes part to the L-arginine metabolism and is thought to contribute to bronchospasm and tissue remodeling associated with asthma. Our results suggest that both neutrophils and mononuclear cells from heaves-affected horses, when compared to healthy horses, have an excessive inflammatory response to lipopolyssacharides and formylated peptides characterized by increased IL-1β, IL-8 and TNF expression. This altered innate response was associated with systemic inflammation in asymptomatic susceptible horses as high serum TNF concentrations were detected. Furthermore, we found that equine neutrophils are activated by IL-4 and release neutrophil chemotactic factors in response to this cytokine. IL-4 also induces a distinctive activation phenotype in neutrophils that is characterized by increased expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-8 and TNF) and receptors (IL-4Rα and CD23) potentially involved in the allergic response. Finally, we showed that arginase 1 is not a marker of IL-4-activated equine neutrophils although they constitutively express a functionally active isoform 2 of the enzyme. The up-regulation of arginase isoforms in the peripheral lungs of horses with heaves suggests a role for arginase in this model, as it is described in the mouse, rat and guinea pig models. Taken together, this work suggest that neutrophils could play an important role in both innate and acquired immune responses associated with heaves pathophysiology, a natural model of neutrophilic asthma.

L’asthme chez l’homme et le souffle chez le cheval sont des maladies inflammatoires chroniques des voies respiratoires partageant plusieurs caractéristiques physiopathologiques dont la bronchoconstriction réversible, l’inflammation des voies respiratoires inférieures, l’hyperréactivité bronchique et le remodelage tissulaire. Les phénotypes cliniques d’asthme se caractérisent en partie selon le type d’inflammation affectant les voies respiratoires et la présence ou non d’allergie. Le souffle chez le cheval s’avère être un modèle adapté pour l’étude des mécanismes impliqués dans l’asthme neutrophilique, lesquels demeurent particulièrement mal compris, en contraste avec ceux associés avec l’asthme éosinophilique. La réponse immunologique sous-jacente au souffle implique entre autres l’expression de cytokines de type Th2, suggestives d’une réponse allergique (immunité acquise). La poussière environnementale qui provoque les symptômes du souffle contient également des agents non-spécifiques dérivés de bactéries, champignons et moisissures, susceptibles d’activer des mécanismes immunitaires innés chez les chevaux atteints du souffle. Nous avons étudié le rôle des neutrophiles dans l’inflammation associée à la réponse innée et acquise chez le cheval atteint du souffle. Dans un premier temps, l’effet de produits dérivés de bactéries sur l’activation des neutrophiles sanguins provenant de chevaux normaux et atteints de souffle a été étudié dans le but d’évaluer la contribution de la réponse innée dans la physiopathologie du souffle. Nous avons évalué l’effet de l’IL-4, une cytokine de type Th2, sur les neutrophiles des deux groupes de chevaux afin d’évaluer de quelle manière le neutrophile peut participer à la réponse acquise associée à la réponse allergique. Finalement, nous avons étudié l’expression des isoformes de l'arginase par les neutrophiles équins car cette enzyme métabolise la L-arginine et est potentiellement impliquée dans le bronchospasme et le remodelage tissulaire associés à l’asthme. Nos résultats suggèrent que les neutrophiles et les mononucléaires sanguins isolés des chevaux atteints du souffle possèdent une réponse inflammatoire exagérée en réponse aux lipopolyssacharides et peptides formylés et surexpriment les cytokines pro-inflammatoires IL-1β, TNF et IL-8. Cette réponse innée aberrante est associée à une inflammation systémique caractérisée par des concentrations sériques élevées de TNF chez les chevaux atteints du souffle en période de rémission clinique. De plus, nos résultats montrent que l’IL-4 active le neutrophile équin et favorise son chimiotactisme de manière autocrine. L’IL-4 induit un phénotype d’activation typique dans le neutrophile équin, caractérisé par l’expression accrue des cytokines pro-inflammatoires (IL-8 et TNF) ainsi que de récepteurs potentiellement impliqués dans la réponse allergique (IL-4Rα et CD23). Enfin, nous montrons que que l’arginase 1 n’est pas un marqueur de l’activation des neutrophiles équins par l’IL-4, mais que ces cellules expriment constitutivement l’isoforme 2 fonctionnelle de l’arginase. La surrégulation des deux isoformes au niveau des poumons périphériques semble être associée à la pathologie du souffle, ce qui est en accord avec les modèles d’asthme chez la souris, le rat et le cobaye. L'ensemble de ces travaux suggère que les neutrophiles sont des cellules effectrices importantes de la réponse innée et acquise dans la pathophysiologie du souffle, un modèle naturel d’asthme neutrophilique. / Human asthma and equine heaves are chronic pulmonary diseases sharing several pathophysiological properties including lower airway inflammation, reversible bronchoconstriction, bronchial hyperresponsiveness, and tissue remodeling. Clinical phenotypes of asthma are characterized in part by the inflammatory cell populations infiltrating the airways, and the presence or absence of allergy. Heaves is a suitable animal model for the study of the poorly defined pathophysiological processes leading to airway neutrophilia. The immune response in heaves involves Th2 cytokine expression, which is, among other features, associated to allergic inflammation (acquired immunity). Environmental dust exposure leading to clinical exacerbation of heaves contains non-specific agents derived from bacteria, molds or fungi which could also activate innate immune responses in heaves affected horses. We studied the role of neutrophils in innate and acquired immune responses in heaves affected-horse. First, innate immune responses of neutrophils isolated from normal and heaves-affected horses to bacterial-derived products were studied. We also assessed the effect of IL-4, a Th2 cytokine, on equine neutrophils isolated from both groups of horses. Finally, we evaluated the arginase isoforms expressed by equine neutrophils as this enzyme that takes part to the L-arginine metabolism and is thought to contribute to bronchospasm and tissue remodeling associated with asthma. Our results suggest that both neutrophils and mononuclear cells from heaves-affected horses, when compared to healthy horses, have an excessive inflammatory response to lipopolyssacharides and formylated peptides characterized by increased IL-1β, IL-8 and TNF expression. This altered innate response was associated with systemic inflammation in asymptomatic susceptible horses as high serum TNF concentrations were detected. Furthermore, we found that equine neutrophils are activated by IL-4 and release neutrophil chemotactic factors in response to this cytokine. IL-4 also induces a distinctive activation phenotype in neutrophils that is characterized by increased expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-8 and TNF) and receptors (IL-4Rα and CD23) potentially involved in the allergic response. Finally, we showed that arginase 1 is not a marker of IL-4-activated equine neutrophils although they constitutively express a functionally active isoform 2 of the enzyme. The up-regulation of arginase isoforms in the peripheral lungs of horses with heaves suggests a role for arginase in this model, as it is described in the mouse, rat and guinea pig models. Taken together, this work suggest that neutrophils could play an important role in both innate and acquired immune responses associated with heaves pathophysiology, a natural model of neutrophilic asthma. / Réalisé en cotutelle avec le Dr James G Martin de l'Université McGill (Meakins-Christie laboratories)

Le sepsis est à l’origine d’une dysfonction immunitaire prolongée responsable d’infections nosocomiales et d’une mortalité tardive élevée. Sa physiologie complexe demeure mal connue et il n’existe aucun traitement spécifique en dehors de l’antibiothérapie et des thérapeutiques de suppléance d’organes. Nous nous sommes intéressés au rôle des cellules myéloïdes dans cette dysfonction immunitaire. Nous avons pu montrer qu’il existe chez les patients atteints de sepsis une augmentation du nombre de cellules suppressives d’origine myéloïde monocytaires (M-MDSC) CD14+HLA-DRlow/- et granulocytaires (G-MDSC) identifiées comme des granulocytes de faible densité CD14-CD15+. Ces cellules sont responsables d’une activité Indoléamine 2,3-dioxygénase (IDO) et arginase 1, et leur déplétion permet de restaurer la prolifération des lymphocytes T in vitro. L’augmentation précoce des G-MDSC prédit la survenue ultérieure d’infections nosocomiales. De même, l’augmentation de l’activité IDO et de l’arginase 1 plasmatique sont associées à un mauvais pronostic. Au total, nous avons pu démontrer que les cellules myéloïdes acquièrent un phénotype suppresseur en partie responsable de l’immunodépression acquise et du pronostic péjoratif chez les patients septiques. Afin de restaurer les capacités immunitaires des patients, les MDSC pourraient devenir une future cible thérapeutique. / Sepsis results in a sustained immune dysfunction responsible for poor prognosis and nosocomial infections. Sepsis physiology remains poorly understood and no treatment exists currently, excepted from antibiotherapy and life-support techniques. We asked if myeloid cells could play a role in this sustained immune dysfunction. We demonstrated that Peripheral CD14+HLA-DRlow/- monocytic-myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and CD14-CD15+ low-density granulocytes identified as granulocytic- (G-)MDSCs were increased in septic patients. In vitro, arginase and IDO activities relied on MDSCs and depletion of both subsets restored T-cell proliferation. The initial proportion of G-MDSC predicted occurrence of nosocomial infections. Similarly, high plasma Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) activity and arginase 1 level were associated with poor outcome. Altogether, our results demonstrate that myeloid cells acquire suppressive functions during sepsis, partially responsible for the sustained immune dysfunction and poor outcome. MDSCs may become a future therapeutic target to restore the immune capacities of septic patients.