Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-02-01Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:35:06Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 moreira_af_me_ilha.pdf: 2273819 bytes, checksum: 1e78bc9d82277d9e226607de07b8a4a9 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O objetivo deste trabalho é verificar a influência da atmosfera protetora nas características geométricas do cordão de solda, na susceptibilidade a formação de porosidades e inclusões, na microestrutura, na dureza e nas taxas de deposição e diluição do metal de solda obtido através das soldagens GMAW e FCAW, com arame sólido AWS E70S-6 e tubular AWS E309LT-1, respectivamente, visando otimizar o processo de recuperação por soldagem de turbinas Francis de aço carbono danificadas por erosão cavitacional. Para tanto, foram feitas deposições “bead on plate” com arames de 1,2 mm de diâmetro sobre chapas de aço carbono ASTM A-36. Utilizou-se como gás de proteção: Argônio puro, CO2 puro, misturas binárias Argônio/CO2, Argônio/O2 e uma mistura ternária Argônio/CO2/O2. No caso da soldagem FCAW, a taxa de deposição parece não ter estrita relação com o tipo de gás empregado, parecendo ser mais dependente da corrente de soldagem. Já parâmetros como largura, altura, penetração, taxa de diluição, nível de porosidades/inclusões e fração de ferrita parecem sofrer influência direta da composição química do gás de proteção empregado. No caso da soldagem GMAW, a taxa de deposição, largura, altura, penetração, taxa de diluição e nível de porosidades/inclusões demonstraram estar diretamente relacionados ao tipo de gás de proteção empregado. Não foi observada uma significativa variação nos valores de dureza do metal de solda obtidos com o processo FCAW devido a mudança na composição química do gás de proteção. Já os picos de dureza encontrados na ZTA para esse processo podem ser decorrentes da formação de carbonetos de cromo. No caso da soldagem GMAW, o que se pode observar foi uma queda na dureza desde o metal de solda até o metal de base. Os elevados valores de dureza do metal de solda para esse tipo de soldagem... / The goal of this study is to verify the influence of shielding gas composition in the geometric aspects of weld metals like width, height and depth, besides dilution and deposition rates. Besides this analyses were made upon the volumetric fraction of porosities/inclusions and upon the ferrite fraction to the austenitic weld metal. Additionally was withdrawn microhardness Vickers profiles from weld metal up base metal. Weld metals have been made with “bead on plate” deposition of wires AWS E309LT-1 and AWS E70S-6, both with 1,2 mm diameter, upon carbon steel ASTM A-36 plates by FCAW and GMAW welding process, respectively. The shielding gases employed were: pure Argon, pure CO2, binary mixtures of Argon/CO2, Argon/O2 and shielding gas containing Argon/CO2/O2. Related to the FCAW process, the deposition rate didn’t show a direct relationship with the chemical composition of shielding gas, being more dependent of the welding current. Parameters like width, height, depth, dilution rate, porosity/inclusion levels and ferrite fraction showed to keep a direct relation to the chemical composition of the shielding gas. To the GMAW process, deposition rate, width, height, depth, dilution ratio and porosity/inclusion levels maintained a direct relation to the chemical composition of shielding gas. It wasn’t observed a significative variation upon microhardness values of the weld metals produced with FCAW process because of the change in the shielding gas employed. In the GMAW welding, it was observed an abatement on the microhardness profile from the weld metal upto the base metal because, of, probably, the quenching increase in this area by the dilution of a metal with a high quantity of Manganese manganese coming from wire composition.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:46:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:05:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 07494.pdf: 2575009 bytes, checksum: ef57996bcc391004d1ab919499f11556 (MD5) / Dissertacao (Mestrado Profissionalizante em Lasers em Odontologia) / IPEN/D-MPLO / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares, IPEN/CNEN-SP; Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo

Orientador: Vicente Afonso Ventrella / Banca: Juno Gallego / Banca: José Roberto Berretta / Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho é verificar a influência da atmosfera protetora nas características geométricas do cordão de solda, na susceptibilidade a formação de porosidades e inclusões, na microestrutura, na dureza e nas taxas de deposição e diluição do metal de solda obtido através das soldagens GMAW e FCAW, com arame sólido AWS E70S-6 e tubular AWS E309LT-1, respectivamente, visando otimizar o processo de recuperação por soldagem de turbinas Francis de aço carbono danificadas por erosão cavitacional. Para tanto, foram feitas deposições "bead on plate" com arames de 1,2 mm de diâmetro sobre chapas de aço carbono ASTM A-36. Utilizou-se como gás de proteção: Argônio puro, CO2 puro, misturas binárias Argônio/CO2, Argônio/O2 e uma mistura ternária Argônio/CO2/O2. No caso da soldagem FCAW, a taxa de deposição parece não ter estrita relação com o tipo de gás empregado, parecendo ser mais dependente da corrente de soldagem. Já parâmetros como largura, altura, penetração, taxa de diluição, nível de porosidades/inclusões e fração de ferrita parecem sofrer influência direta da composição química do gás de proteção empregado. No caso da soldagem GMAW, a taxa de deposição, largura, altura, penetração, taxa de diluição e nível de porosidades/inclusões demonstraram estar diretamente relacionados ao tipo de gás de proteção empregado. Não foi observada uma significativa variação nos valores de dureza do metal de solda obtidos com o processo FCAW devido a mudança na composição química do gás de proteção. Já os picos de dureza encontrados na ZTA para esse processo podem ser decorrentes da formação de carbonetos de cromo. No caso da soldagem GMAW, o que se pode observar foi uma queda na dureza desde o metal de solda até o metal de base. Os elevados valores de dureza do metal de solda para esse tipo de soldagem... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The goal of this study is to verify the influence of shielding gas composition in the geometric aspects of weld metals like width, height and depth, besides dilution and deposition rates. Besides this analyses were made upon the volumetric fraction of porosities/inclusions and upon the ferrite fraction to the austenitic weld metal. Additionally was withdrawn microhardness Vickers profiles from weld metal up base metal. Weld metals have been made with "bead on plate" deposition of wires AWS E309LT-1 and AWS E70S-6, both with 1,2 mm diameter, upon carbon steel ASTM A-36 plates by FCAW and GMAW welding process, respectively. The shielding gases employed were: pure Argon, pure CO2, binary mixtures of Argon/CO2, Argon/O2 and shielding gas containing Argon/CO2/O2. Related to the FCAW process, the deposition rate didn't show a direct relationship with the chemical composition of shielding gas, being more dependent of the welding current. Parameters like width, height, depth, dilution rate, porosity/inclusion levels and ferrite fraction showed to keep a direct relation to the chemical composition of the shielding gas. To the GMAW process, deposition rate, width, height, depth, dilution ratio and porosity/inclusion levels maintained a direct relation to the chemical composition of shielding gas. It wasn't observed a significative variation upon microhardness values of the weld metals produced with FCAW process because of the change in the shielding gas employed. In the GMAW welding, it was observed an abatement on the microhardness profile from the weld metal upto the base metal because, of, probably, the quenching increase in this area by the dilution of a metal with a high quantity of Manganese manganese coming from wire composition. / Mestre

O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar a variação do comprimento de onda na fotoativação de resina composta com Laser de argônio, por meio, dos testes de microdureza Vickres, variação de temperatura durante o processo de polimerização, grau de conversão e ablação. Os experimentos de microdureza foram conduzidos utilizando o aparelho MMT-3 Hardness Tester (Buehler Lake Bluff, IlIinois USA) equipado com diamante Vickers. Para medir a temperatura foi utilizado um termistor de alta precisão conectado a multímetro onde foram medidos valores de resistência em (Ohm). Para medir o grau de conversão utilizou-se o Espectrofotômetro FTIR BOMEM, modelo MB-102, na faixa espectral de 4000 a 400 cm-1. As amostras foram ablacionadas com o laser de Er:YAG pulsado, no regime de microssegundos, após a ablação os diâmetros e profundidades foram medidos com uma lupa com aumento de 40X e um relógio comparador. As amostras foram ablacionadas com Laser Libra-S (Coherent, Pala Alto, CA, EUA), no regime de femtossegundos, e medidos os diâmetros das microcavidades por meio de uma imagem gerada pelo microscópio eletrônico de varredura MEV (DSM 960, Zeiss, Jena, Germany). As imagens foram processadas em um programa matemático, onde foram calculados os diâmetros e com isso, calculada a intensidade threshold de ablação. As amostras foram confeccionadas em resina composta do tipo microhíbrida Z-250 (3M-Espe) fotoativada com o laser de argônio (Coherent, Innova 200-20, USA). Foram utilizados os comprimentos de ondas de 476.5,488.0, 501.7 e 514 nm, com tempos de exposições de 15, 40, 60, 300, 900 segundos. Considerando os testes realizados o melhor comprimento de onda para a fotoativação foi 488.0 nm, conforme pôde ser visto nos experimentos abordados nessa dissertação. / The aims this work to investigate the variation of the wavelength in the photoactivation of composite resin with argon, by means, them tests of microhardness Vikres, variation of temperature during the polymerization process, degree of conversion and ablation. The microhardness experiments were lead using device MMT-3 Microhardness Tester (Buehler Lake Bluff, Illinois the USA) equipped with Vickers diamond. To measure the temperature rise the multimeter was used a thermister of high precision hardwired where values of resistance in (Ohm) were measured. To the degree of conversion was used Spectrophotometer FTIR BOMEM, model MB-102, in the spectral band of 4000 to 400cm-1. The samples were ablateds with the Er:YAG Laser, in the regimen of microseconds, the ablation the diameter and depth has been after measured with a magnifying glass with increase of 40X and comparing a clock. The sample were ablated with Libra-S Laser (Coherent, High Palo, CA, U.S.A.), in the regiment femtosecond, and measured the diameter of the microcavities, by means, of a image generated for the electron microscope of sweepings SEM (DSM 960, Zeiss, Jena, Germany). The images were processed in a mathematical program, where the diameters were calculated and with this, calculated the threshold intensity of ablation. The samples had been confectioned in composed resin of the photo-activad Z-250 (3M-ESPE) microhibrid type with the argon laser (Coherent, Innova 200-20, the USA). The wavelength of 476.5, 488.0, 501.7 and 514.5 nm were used, with exposure times of 15, 40, 60, 300, 900 seconds. Considering the five carried through tests optimum wavelength for the photo-activation was 488.0 nm, o it could be in the boarded experiment in this dissertation.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:46:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:05:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 07494.pdf: 2575009 bytes, checksum: ef57996bcc391004d1ab919499f11556 (MD5) / Dissertacao (Mestrado Profissionalizante em Lasers em Odontologia) / IPEN/D-MPLO / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares, IPEN/CNEN-SP; Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo

Le présent travail de thèse a consisté en un diagnostic d’une colonne de plasma d’un mélange d’argon et de CO2, créée par une décharge éclatant dans un réacteur cylindrique, entre deux électrodes pointues en tungstène, sous une tension d’amorçage de 10KV, un courant de 100 à 300mA, et à pression atmosphérique. Le diagnostic du plasma a été réalisé à l’aide d’un laser Hélium Néon (raie 632.8nm), d'un interféromètre de Mach-Zehnder et d’un spectromètre à fibre optique. Après calcul de la composition du mélange d’Argon et de CO2 en fonction de la température par la méthode de minimisation de l’enthalpie libre de Gibbs, on a déterminé la densité des espèces. Utilisant les propriétés des particules soumises à une onde électromagnétique, et la relation de Gladstone Dale qui lie l’indice de Réfraction d’un Gaz à sa densité et à sa température, nous avons calculé l’évolution de la réfractivité du milieu. Ensuite nous l’avons mesurée pour obtenir les profils radiaux de température par la transformée de Fourier et l’inversion d’Abel, des cartes de phase obtenues par interférométrie optique. Ce travail a été complété par une analyse par spectroscopie optique moléculaire d’émission. Utilisant le système de Swan de la molécule C2 (d3!g – a3!u) comme pyromètre, notamment les bandes 01(5635.2 Å) et 12 (5585.5 Å), nous avons déterminé les températures vibrationnelles et rotationnelles du plasma. Un programme en FORTRAN a été mis au point, pour la simulation des bandes moléculaires. Nous avons diagnostiqué la colonne de plasma sur toute sa largeur et dressé un profil de température radial. Les températures vibrationnelles et rotationnelles nous ont permis de calculer l’écart à l’équilibre thermodynamique. / This work of thesis consisted of a diagnosis of a column of plasma of a mixture of argon and CO2 created by a discharge bursting in a cylindrical engine, between two pointed tungsten electrodes, under a voltage of 10KV, a current of 100 to 300mA, at atmospheric pressure. The diagnosis of plasma was carried out using a laser Helium Neon (line 632.8nm), of an interferometer of Mach-Zehnder and a spectrometer with optical fibre. After calculation of the mix design of Argon and CO2 according to the temperature by the method of minimization of the free enthalpy of Gibbs, one determined the density of the species. Using the properties of the particles subjected to an electromagnetic wave, and the relation of Gladstone Dale which binds the index of Refraction of a Gas to its density and its temperature, we calculated the evolution of the refractivity of the medium. Then we measured it to obtain the radial profiles of temperature by the Fourier transform and the inversion of Abel, of the charts of phase obtained by optical interferometry. This work was supplemented by an analysis by molecular optical spectroscopy of emission. Using the system of Swan of the molecule C2 (d3!g – a3!u) like pyrometer, in particular the bands 01(5635.2 Å) and 12 (5585.5 Å), we determined the vibrational and rotational temperatures in the plasma. A Fortran program was developed, for the simulation of the molecular bands. We diagnosed the column of plasma over all its width and drew up a radial profile of temperature. The calculation of the vibrational and rotational temperatures enabled us to calculate the variation with thermodynamic balance.

O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o efeito da utilização de película de metilcelulose e das atmosferas de acondicionamento com ar atmosférico, vácuo e argônio sobre a conservação de batatas minimamente processadas (MP) e também sobre sua qualidade após fritura. Tubérculos foram selecionados, lavados, sanificados, cortados na forma de palitos e tratados com ácido cítrico. As batatas foram imersas em solução filmogênica contendo metilcelulose (1%) e sorbitol (0,75%) como plastificante, com posterior secagem, acondicionadas sob ar atmosférico, e modificada com argônio (20seg. e 230mmHg), além de vácuo (15seg. e 54mmHg). O produto MP armazenado a 8°C durante 12 dias foi avaliado em intervalos de 3 dias mediante análises microbiológicas, fisiológicas, físicoquímicas e físicas. A cada 3 dias as batatas MP foram também fritas e avaliadas quanto à perda de umidade, absorção de óleo, textura instrumental e avaliação sensorial. O acondicionamento sob ar atmosférico foi efetivo em reduzir a perda de massa das batatas MP. As embalagens sob vácuo foram mais efetivas para o produto MP sem película, pois mantiveram o pH, acidez titulável, teor de amido e de açúcares mais próximos do dia do início do experimento, como também mantiveram baixo o índice de escurecimento. O acondicionamento sob vácuo, entretanto, não seria indicado quando a finalidade fosse a fritura, pois foi o tratamento que apresentou maiores perdas de umidade e maior absorção de óleo. O acondicionamento sob atmosfera de argônio também foi mais efetivo nas batatas MP sem película, sendo fator determinante em reduzir os teores de CO2 no interior da embalagem, apresentou menor taxa respiratória, menor índice de escurecimento tanto antes como após a fritura, reduziu a perda de umidade durante a fritura, manteve mais a firmeza do produto frito e também minimizou a absorção de óleo a partir do 3° dia de armazename nto. A utilização de película foi efetiva em reduzir a respiração do produto MP até o 6° dia. Já no produto frito, foi fator determinante na retenção de umidade das batatas, como também na redução, ao longo do armazenamento, da absorção de óleo / The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of methylcellulose as edible coating and packaging atmospheres with atmospheric air, vacuum and argon on the conservation of minimally processed (MP) potatoes as well as on their quality after frying. Tubers were selected, washed, sanitized, cut in the shape of sticks and treated with citric acid. Potatoes were immersed in a filmogenic solution of methylcellulose (1%) with sorbitol (0,75%) as a plasticizer, dehydrated, and then packaged under atmospheric air, and modified with argon (20seg. e 230mmHg), and vacuum (15seg. e 54mmHg). Stored MP product at 8°C for 12 days was assessed at intervals of 3 days by microbiological, physiological, physicochemical and physical analyses. Every 3 days the MP potatoes were fried and evaluated for moisture loss, oil absorption, instrumental texture and sensory evaluation. Packaging under atmospheric air was effective in reducing the mass loss of MP potatoes. The vacuum packaging was more effective for the MP product without edible coating, because they kept the pH, acidity, starch and sugar level more similar to the first day experiment, as well as low browning rate. The vacuum packaging, however, would not be appropriate when the purpose is frying, because this treatment showed the greatest loss of moisture and increased oil absorption. Packaging under argon atmosphere was also more effective for the MP product without edible coating, and it was an important factor to reduce CO2 levels inside the package, showed lower respiratory rate, lower browning index both before and after frying, reduced moisture loss during frying, kept fried product firmness better and also minimized oil absorption from the 3rd day of storage. The use of edible coating was effective in reducing the respiration of MP product until the 6rd day. For the fried product, the use of coating was a determining factor for moisture retention during frying of potatoes, and also to decrease oil absorption along the potato storage.

The project compares the technology of welding of CO2 laser and fiber laser in terms of engineering study, the welds will be made by same welding conditions on two materials (S235JRG2 a X5CrNi 18-10), by using different protective gases (Helium and Argon). In the terms of literal background research both the technologies and questions of laser welding are described. The geometry of welds is carried out in the experimental part. The final results of the experiment are concluded at the end of the diploma thesis.

The aim of this thesis is diagnose post-discharge nitrogen plasma with optical emission spectroscopy. There is long interest of investigated of nitrogen post-discharge plasma and study how to use it in theory as well as in practice. All results were measured with method of optical emission spectroscopy of post-discharge plasma. Discharge was generated by direct-current voltage generator with flowing regime. In this thesis was used for different series of experiments. First experiment was performed with adding water vapour into argon plasma. Measuring was processed at constant current 140 mA, voltage 1.5 V and pressure 1 000 Pa. It was changed flow rate and for each individual flow rate was measured in range 1–25 cm from end of active discharge. Second experiment was with adding nitrogen into argon plasma. Measuring was processed at constant current 140 mA, voltage 1.5 V and pressure 1 000 Pa. We were changing flow rate of nitrogen (0,2 sccm, 0,4 sccm and 0,8 sccm). For each individual flow rate was same experiment with changing distance from active discharge. Third experiment was about adding mercury vapour into nitrogen post-discharge. Measuring was processed at constant current 120 mA, voltage 3.5 V and pressure 1 000 Pa. Measuring was performed with two configuration: with diaphragm and without it. Last experiment was about adding air into argon plasma. Measuring was processed at constant current 140 mA, voltage 1.0 V and pressure 1 000 Pa. Temperature of outer face of tube was measured by thermocouple and infrared thermometer, was measured for last two experiments (argon – air and nitrogen). During experiments with pure nitrogen was visible phenomenon called pink afterglow which is manifested by noticeable increase pink coloration. Optical emission spectrums post-discharge was take at various range of wavelength. At argon with water vapour was 280–600 nm and at adding nitrogen into argon was at range 320–500 nm. At added mercury vapour into nitrogen was 320–600 nm. For experiment argon – air was wavelength range 320–600 nm. From results of experiments were designed dependencies of calculated intensity from measured spectra on distance from active discharge. Also were constructed dependencies of measured temperature on distance from active discharge.

La détermination d’âges absolus est nécessaire pour calibrer la chronologie relative martienne basée sur la densité de cratères d’impact. Dans ce but, nous avons développé au laboratoire GEOPS un prototype pour la datation in-situ des surfaces planétaires par la méthode K-Ar. Cette installation, financée dans le cadre d’un programme de recherche CNES-CNRS, est basée sur l’ablation laser permettant la vaporisation d’un volume reproductible de roche. La composition chimique de la matière ablatée, et en particulier la teneur en potassium (K), est estimée par Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) et la quantité d’argon (Ar) libérée est mesurée par spectrométrie de masse quadripolaire (QMS). La détermination de l’âge K-Ar requiert en outre la quantification précise de la masse d’échantillon ablatée. Après une phase importante de développement instrumental visant à améliorer la précision et la sensibilité de la technique, nos efforts ont porté sur la calibration du dispositif. Pour ce faire, une collection d’échantillons de référence (micas, feldspaths, amphibolite, basaltes) a été réalisée et analysée (chimie totale et mesures d’âges par les techniques K-Ar et ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar classiques). Ces échantillons présentent des teneurs en K de 0,15 à 11% et des teneurs de 1 à 100x10¹⁴ atomes d’⁴⁰Ar* par gramme, équivalent à des basaltes martiens âgés de 700 Ma à 3 Ga pour 0,4%K. Les résultats obtenus ont permis de définir une corrélation entre le temps d'ablation et la masse ablatée selon le type de phase minérale ciblée. Afin de valider cette corrélation, des mesures ont été menées « en aveugle » sur plusieurs échantillons, en particulier un basalte microlitique (Trapps de Viluy) similaire aux basaltes composant la surface de Mars. L’âge K-Ar in-situ de 401 ± 41 Ma obtenu par notre approche est consistant avec l’âge de 381 ± 5 Ma mesuré indépendamment sur populations de minéraux. Plus généralement, cette étude a permis d’obtenir des âges K-Ar mesurés par notre méthode de datation in-situ avec une incertitude inférieure à 15%, y compris sur des roches peu potassiques et relativement jeunes comparées aux roches martiennes. / Absolute age determination is necessary to check and calibrate the relative Martian chronology presently available from meteoritic crater counting. For this purpose, we have developed an in-situ K-Ar dating prototype for planetary surfaces at GEOPS laboratory. This instrument, supported by a CNES-CNRS research program, is a laser ablation-based system built to vaporize a reproducible volume of rock or mineral. It quantifies potassium content (K) by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) and argon (Ar) by quadrupole mass spectrometry (QMS). The K-Ar age determination also requires accurate quantification of the ablated sample mass. Following an important period of experimental set-up development to improve precision, accuracy and sensitivity of the technique, our efforts focused on the calibration of the different parts of this instrument. To that purpose, a collection of reference samples (micas, feldspars, amphibolite, basalts) was done and analyzed (total chemistry and age measurements by K-Ar and ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar conventional techniques). These samples show a K content between 0,15 and 11% and an Ar content between 1 and 100x10¹⁴ ⁴⁰Ar* atoms per gram, corresponding to Martian basalt from 700 Ma to 3 Ga for 0.4% K. The results obtained evidence a correlation between the ablation time and the ablated mass depending on the mineral phase analyzed. In order to check this correlation, measurements were conducted on several samples, in particular a microlitic basalt (Viluy basalt) similar to Martian basalts. The K-Ar in-situ age of 401 ± 41 Ma obtained by our approach is consistent with the age of 381 ± 5 Ma measured indepedently on mineral populations. More generally, this study allows to obtain K-Ar ages measured by our in-situ dating method with uncertainties lower than 15%, on relatively low-K and young samples compared to Martian rocks.