No description available.

No description available.

<p>An <i>in vitro</i> method was developed for measuring aromatase, based on binding of competitive aromatase inhibitor [¹¹C]vorozole to the active site of the enzyme. [¹¹C]Vorozole displayed high, specific binding <i>in vitro</i> to human placenta and human granulosa cells (GC), both fresh and frozen/thawed cells, provided correct procedures were used. High, specific binding was also observed in pig and rat ovaries, whereas binding in other tissues was unspecific and usually low. Aromatase concentrations measured by [¹¹C]vorozole binding correlated well to aromatase activity measured by [³H]water release from 1β[³H]androstenedione. </p><p>In human GC <i>in vitro</i>, low concentrations of 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT), but not of other androgens, stimulated aromatase activity measured by [³H]water release but had no effects on aromatase concentration measured by [¹¹C]vorozole binding. DHT may interact with aromatase differently than other androgens, perhaps by changing aromatase affinity to precursor. </p><p>In the rat estrous cycle, aromatase activity in ovarian homogenate, measured by [³H]water release, together with serum androstenedione and estradiol-17β, peaked between 6 and 13 h after onset of the light period of proestrus, the former activity being independent of radioactive substrate concentration. [¹¹C]Vorozole binding characteristics changed more rapidly than <i>de novo</i> synthesis of the enzyme. [¹¹C]Vorozole binding K_dshowed close inverse correlation to aromatase activity in ovarian homogenate and to serum estradiol-17β. Rapid changes in substrate affinity rather than changes in substrate concentration or <i>de novo</i> synthesis of the enzyme may thus be important for regulation of ovarian aromatase. </p><p>The [¹¹C]vorozole <i>in vivo</i> technique yields additional information compared with traditional in vitro techniques. </p>

Laromatase est un enzyme-clé qui catalyse la conversion de la testostérone en stradiol. Cette conversion constitue une étape limitante dans le contrôle du comportement sexuel mâle. Bien quencore partiellement incompris aujourdhui, différents mécanismes de contrôle de lactivité aromatasique ont été mis en évidence par de récentes études. Dune part, l'activité aromatasique du cerveau peut être modifiée par une action lente, génomique et synergique des androgènes et des strogènes agissant via leurs récepteurs intracellulaires spécifiques. Ce mécanisme relativement lent implique que la variation de la biodisponibilité en strogènes et, en dernière analyse, le comportement sexuel soient corrélés à des variations à long terme des taux plasmatiques de stéroïdes telles que les variations saisonnières ou développementales. Cet effet génomique des strogènes sur le comportement sexuel est aujourdhui communément accepté: lexpression du comportement sexuel consommatoire mâle ainsi quun des indices du comportement sexuel appétitif mâle (réponse apprise de proximité sociale) chez la caille sont strictement dépendants de laromatisation de la testostérone en stradiol. Dautre part, la production d'strogènes dans le cerveau peut être modifiée de façon rapide, non-génomique, par des processus qui impliquent des phosphorylations sous l'action de certains neurotransmetteurs tels que le glutamate et la dopamine. Lexistence dune telle régulation rapide de lactivité aromatasique, et donc de la production subséquente doestrogènes, est en adéquation avec les effets rapides des strogènes dans le cerveau rapportés par de nombreuses études au cours des 20 dernières années. Cette thèse a donc été consacrée à la caractérisation des effets génomiques et non-génomiques des strogènes dans le contrôle du comportement sexuel mâle et à lidentification des substrats neuroanatomiques qui sous-tendent ces deux types deffets dans le contrôle du comportement reproducteur. Dans ce cadre, notre travail sest articulé en trois parties distinctes mais fonctionnellement liées. Dans une première partie, nous avons dabord exploré plus avant le contrôle hormonal dun indice de la motivation sexuelle : les contractions rythmiques des muscles cloacaux (RCSM) en réponse à la vue dune femelle. Nous avons donc montré que lexpression des RCSM dépend de laromatisation de la testostérone en stradiol. Par la suite, nous avons démontré que les composantes appétitives et consommatoires du comportement sexuel mâle étaient contrôlées par des réseaux neuronaux en partie distincts mais incluant de façon proéminente laire préoptique médiane, et plus spécifiquement le noyau préoptique médian. La deuxième partie de cette thèse a été consacrée à lanalyse plus approfondie du contrôle hormonal dune réponse sexuelle conditionnée - les contractions rythmiques des sphincters cloacaux conditionnées (RCSM conditionnées) et des sites nerveux responsables de lactivation de cette réponse. Nous démontrons que les RCSM conditionnées dépendent également de laromatisation de la testostérone en strogènes, comme cela est le cas pour leur versant inné. Par la suite, nous avons montré que lexposition à un stimulus sexuel conditionné avant la copulation provoque une activité neuronale accrue dans des régions cérébrales jouant un rôle-clé dans le contrôle du comportement sexuel, laire préoptique médiane et la partie médiane noyau du lit de la strie terminale (BSTM). Finalement, dans une troisième partie, nous nous sommes attachés à létude de la modulation rapide du comportement sexuel mâle par les strogènes. Dans ce cadre, nous avons montré que la régulation positive et négative des concentrations cérébrales en strogènes affectent rapidement lexpression du comportement sexuel mâle chez une espèce aviaire (caille) et une espèce murine (souris). Ce dernier modèle nous a de plus permis de valider la spécificité neuroendocrinienne des effets comportementaux rapides observés.

An in vitro method was developed for measuring aromatase, based on binding of competitive aromatase inhibitor [11C]vorozole to the active site of the enzyme. [11C]Vorozole displayed high, specific binding in vitro to human placenta and human granulosa cells (GC), both fresh and frozen/thawed cells, provided correct procedures were used. High, specific binding was also observed in pig and rat ovaries, whereas binding in other tissues was unspecific and usually low. Aromatase concentrations measured by [11C]vorozole binding correlated well to aromatase activity measured by [3H]water release from 1β[3H]androstenedione. In human GC in vitro, low concentrations of 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT), but not of other androgens, stimulated aromatase activity measured by [3H]water release but had no effects on aromatase concentration measured by [11C]vorozole binding. DHT may interact with aromatase differently than other androgens, perhaps by changing aromatase affinity to precursor. In the rat estrous cycle, aromatase activity in ovarian homogenate, measured by [3H]water release, together with serum androstenedione and estradiol-17β, peaked between 6 and 13 h after onset of the light period of proestrus, the former activity being independent of radioactive substrate concentration. [11C]Vorozole binding characteristics changed more rapidly than de novo synthesis of the enzyme. [11C]Vorozole binding Kd showed close inverse correlation to aromatase activity in ovarian homogenate and to serum estradiol-17β. Rapid changes in substrate affinity rather than changes in substrate concentration or de novo synthesis of the enzyme may thus be important for regulation of ovarian aromatase. The [11C]vorozole in vivo technique yields additional information compared with traditional in vitro techniques.

Enzyme-catalyzed reactions are important to regulate steroidogenesis and nuclear receptor activation. The present investigation examines the role of steroid metabolism catalyzed by CYP7B1 for regulation of hormone receptor activation and the effects of vitamin D on enzymatic regulation of steroidogenesis. The study reports data indicating that CYP7B1 can regulate estrogenic signaling by converting estrogens into inactive or less active metabolites. Similar results were obtained for CYP7B1-mediated metabolism of some androgen receptor ligands, indicating that CYP7B1 can be involved also in the regulation of androgenic signaling. CYP7B1 substrates and metabolites were found to exert androgenic effects in a cell line-specific manner. Furthermore, cell line differences were observed in the expression pattern for androgen receptor comodulators. This thesis reports that 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 alters the gene expression and enzyme activity of CYP21A2 and CYP17A1 leading to suppressed production of aldosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone and androstenedione in adrenocortical cells. These are novel findings on vitamin D action. A mechanism is reported for the vitamin D-mediated regulation of the CYP21A2 gene. Data indicate that vitamin D receptor interacting repressor (VDIR) and Williams syndrome transcription factor (WSTF) are key comodulators in this novel vitamin D receptor (VDR)-mediated mechanism. Furthermore, the results indicate that altered expression levels of VDIR and WSTF can shift the suppressing effect of vitamin D to a stimulatory effect. Also, epigenetic components were found to be involved in the effects of vitamin D on CYP21A2 transcriptional rate. In addition, a functional vitamin D response element was identified in the CYP21A2 promoter. This study also reports that 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 affects sex hormone production in a tissue-specific way. Gene expression and enzyme activity of aromatase were found to be downregulated in cells derived from breast, but not in cells derived from prostate and adrenal cortex. The production of estradiol and dihydrotestosterone was altered in a tissue-selective manner following vitamin D treatment. These findings are of importance for the discussion on vitamin D as a potential anti-breast cancer agent.

No description available.

<p> This thesis focuses on an examination of cortical and trabecular bone density and geometry at the radius and tibia in postmenopausal women, primarily women with history of breast carcinoma, while also assessing musculoskeletal changes in postmenopausal breast cancer patients after treatment with the Aromatase Inhibitor, Anastrozole. The first sub-study is an investigation of the reproducibility of the pQCT measurement parameters at the radius and tibia in healthy pre-and postmenopausal women. Results indicated that the reproducibility was good at the radius and even better at the tibia for all parameters measured. The second study is an appraisal of the level of osteoporosis knowledge in a cohort of postmenopausal women. The participants were assessed via the Facts on Osteoporosis Quiz, a well validated questionnaire, and the data revealed significantly lower test scores among the breast cancer subjects in comparison with healthy postmenopausal women. In the remaining group of studies, pQCT technology was utilized to describe trabecular and cortical bone at the radius and tibia in postmenopausal women and women with a history of breast carcinoma whom had been prescribed Anastrozole. The following measurement sites were significantly lower in the breast cancer subjects: TOT_DEN and TOT_CNT at the 4% radius; CRT_DEN, TOT_CNT, and CRT_CNT at the 20% radius; TOT_DEN at the 4% tibia; and CRT_DEN at the 38% tibia. With respect to time on Anastrozole, TOT_CNT at the 4% radius (r=-0.36); TOT_CNT (r=-0.33), CRT_CNT (r=-0.34) and CRT_DEN (r=-0.44) at the 20% radius; and CRT_DEN (r=-0.39) and CRT_CNT (r=-0.27) at the 38% tibia were significantly negatively correlated with days on Anastrozole. Furthermore, after two years of Anastrozole treatment in a small cohort of breast cancer subjects, there was a significant decrease in CRT_DEN (p=0.025) at the 20% diaphyseal radius and also at the 38% diaphyseal tibia (p=0.051). Together, the sub-studies that comprise this thesis demonstrate that there are noteworthy deficiencies in osteoporosis knowledge among postmenopausal women, particularly those with a history of breast carcinoma, and yet, these are the same women that have an increased need to understand the preventative and treatment options regarding this disease as they demonstrate reduced bone density at all measurement sites. It also appears that time on Anastrozole primarily affects cortical bone density in these women. In summary, this thesis provides novel details regarding cortical bone in breast cancer subjects and emphasizes the need for a normative database of bone quality parameters at different skeletal sites in order to gain a better understanding of the utility of each skeletal site with regard to fracture risk prediction. </p> / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Tesis por compendio / European eel (Anguilla anguilla, L., 1758) is suffering a strong population decrease and at the same time it is a very appreciated species and by now it has not been possible closing its cycle life. In fact, this species does not mature in captivity unless hormonally induced. So all the production is up to the natural population. All these factors together make urgent achieving the closing of the productive cycle and for this aim it is important to understand the reproductive physiology and the reasons of this development blockage. The present thesis wants to be a new contribution to the knowledge of reproductive physiology in female European eel submitted at hormonal treatment. To achieve this goal, expression of genes not previously studied in this species (cyp19a1, ara, arb, gnrhr1a, gnrhr1b, gnrhr2, zpb and zpc) was analyzed in eels reared under a constant thermal regime, accordingly to the usual rearing conditions. Also, the effect of rearing temperature on gene expression and steroid profile (T, 11-KT and E2) was studied. In fact, eels migrate to Sargasso Sea to reproduce and during the travel experiment temperature changes, while traditionally they are reared at a constant high temperature which could affect vitellogenesis progression and final oocyte quality. For the study it was necessary cloning and characterizing some genes which have not still been sequenced in European eel. Gene expression was studied by qPCR after designing primer and optimizing the qPCR race. Steroid profiles were analyzed by immunoassays and the gonadal development stages were established by histology. The first result obtained at the end of the study were six new genes characterized in European eel. The analysis of gene expression allowed to understand the involvement of specific genes during vitellogenesis (arb, gnrhr1b and gnrhr2) in different brain regions. The temperature was conformed as a crucial environmental factor affecting vitellogenesis. On one hand, eels matured at lower starting temperatures showed better reproductive parameters which could have an influence in the final oocyte quality. On the other hand higher temperatures are necessary to achieve further vitellogenetic stages / Mazzeo, I. (2014). Effect of thermal regime on the expression of key reproductive genes during hormonally-induced vitellogenesis in female European eels [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/48490 / Compendio

<p>U ovoj doktorskoj disertaciji&nbsp; razvijen&nbsp; je fluorescentni test u kvascu za identifikaciju potencijalnih prirodnih ili sintetičkih liganada&nbsp; ER&alpha;, ER&beta; ili AR i kvantifikaciju&nbsp; njihovog&nbsp; afiniteta&nbsp; vezivanja sa mogućno&scaron;ću testiranja čitavih biblioteka modifikovanih steroida i ksenoestrogena. Takođe, opisana&nbsp; je primena optimizovanog biosenzora&nbsp; za&nbsp; procenu&nbsp; estrogenog&nbsp; potencijala sintetskih steroida i odabranih biljnih ekstrakata bogatih jedinjenjima fitoestrogenih osobina. U cilju potpunijeg sagledavanja mehanizma&nbsp; delovanja&nbsp; odabranih&nbsp; modifikovanih&nbsp; steroida&nbsp; ispitana&nbsp; je&nbsp; njihova antiproliferativna aktivnost prema ćelijskim&nbsp; linijama estrogen receptor pozitivnog kancera dojke&nbsp; (MCF-7) i kancera prostate (PC-3), dok su&nbsp; in silico metodom molekularnog&nbsp; dokinga&nbsp; predviđene&nbsp; energije&nbsp; i&nbsp; geometrije&nbsp; vezivanja&nbsp; ovih&nbsp; jedinjenja za ligand-vezujuće&nbsp; domene&nbsp; ER&alpha; i ER&beta;. Drugi deo ovog rada obuhvata razvoj testa za&nbsp; ispitivanje aktivnosti humanog enzima aromataze,&nbsp; heterologno eksprimiranog u ćelijama&nbsp; kvasca&nbsp; Saccharomyces cerevisiae&nbsp; i/ili&nbsp; bakterija Escherichia coli, u prisustvu&nbsp; ili&nbsp; odsustvu&nbsp; inhibitora.&nbsp; Interakcije modifikovanih&nbsp; steroida, odabranih na osnovu strukture,&nbsp; sa&nbsp; aromatazom&nbsp; ispitane&nbsp; su&nbsp; osetljivim spektroskopskim metodama, praćenjem promene spinskog stanja Fe iz hem grupe ili promene fluorescencije ostatka&nbsp; triptofana&nbsp; iz&nbsp; aktivnog&nbsp; centra usled konformacione&nbsp; promene&nbsp; proteina, izazvane interakcijom sa ligandom. Razvijeni in vitro testovi bez upotrebe radioaktivnih izotopa su, osim&nbsp; visoke efikasnosti&nbsp; i&nbsp; bezbednosti&nbsp; po&nbsp; korisnika&nbsp; i&nbsp; okolinu, pokazali&nbsp; specifičnost&nbsp; i&nbsp; ekonomičnost&nbsp; u preliminarnom&nbsp; skriningu&nbsp; liganada&nbsp; steroidnih receptora&nbsp; i inhibitora aromataze. Jedinjenja&nbsp; kod kojih je detektovana&nbsp; značajna biolo&scaron;ka aktivnost mogu potencijalno poslužiti kao osnova za razvoj terapeutika u lečenju hormon-zavisnih bolesti i stanja, koja danas predstavljaju globalni zdravstveni problem.</p> / <p>In&nbsp; this&nbsp; doctoral&nbsp; dissertation,&nbsp; a&nbsp; fluorescent&nbsp; assay&nbsp; in&nbsp; yeast&nbsp; was&nbsp; developed&nbsp; for&nbsp; identification&nbsp; of&nbsp; potential&nbsp; natural or synthetic ligands of ER&alpha;, ER&beta; or AR and<br />quantification&nbsp; of&nbsp; their&nbsp; binding&nbsp; affinity,&nbsp; as&nbsp; well&nbsp; asevaluation&nbsp; of&nbsp; the&nbsp; estrogenic&nbsp; potential&nbsp; of&nbsp; synthetic steroids&nbsp; and&nbsp; selected&nbsp; plant&nbsp; extracts&nbsp; rich&nbsp; in phytoestrogen&nbsp; content.&nbsp; The&nbsp; assay&nbsp; could&nbsp; be&nbsp; used&nbsp; to&nbsp; screen&nbsp; libraries&nbsp; of&nbsp; modified&nbsp; steroids&nbsp; and xenoestrogens.&nbsp; In&nbsp; order&nbsp; to&nbsp; better&nbsp; understand&nbsp; the biomedical&nbsp; potential&nbsp; of&nbsp; selected&nbsp; modified&nbsp; steroids, results&nbsp; were&nbsp; compared&nbsp; to&nbsp; antiproliferative&nbsp; activity against&nbsp; estrogen&nbsp; receptor&nbsp; positive&nbsp; breast&nbsp; cancer (MCF-7)&nbsp; and&nbsp; prostate&nbsp; cancer&nbsp; (PC-3)&nbsp; cell&nbsp; lines. Binding&nbsp; energies&nbsp; and&nbsp; the&nbsp; geometry&nbsp; of&nbsp; binding&nbsp; of these&nbsp; compounds&nbsp; for&nbsp; ER&alpha;&nbsp; and&nbsp; ER&beta;&nbsp; ligand&nbsp; binding domains&nbsp; were&nbsp; predicted&nbsp; in&nbsp; silico&nbsp; by&nbsp; molecular&nbsp; docking&nbsp; methods.&nbsp; The&nbsp; second&nbsp; part&nbsp; of&nbsp; this&nbsp; study includes development&nbsp; of&nbsp; an&nbsp; assay&nbsp; for&nbsp; study&nbsp; of&nbsp; aromatase&nbsp; activity&nbsp; in&nbsp; the&nbsp; presence&nbsp; or&nbsp; absence&nbsp; of inhibitors&nbsp; by&nbsp; heterologous&nbsp; expression&nbsp; of&nbsp; human aromatase&nbsp; in&nbsp; Saccharomyces&nbsp; cerevisiae&nbsp; and/or Escherichia&nbsp; coli&nbsp; cells,&nbsp; as&nbsp; model-organisms. Furthermore, interactions between modified steroids, selected&nbsp; according&nbsp; to&nbsp; their&nbsp; structure,&nbsp; and&nbsp; aromatase were&nbsp; tested&nbsp; using&nbsp; sensitive&nbsp; spectroscopic&nbsp; methods based on ligand-induced changes&nbsp; in&nbsp; the&nbsp; spin state of Fe&nbsp; from&nbsp; the&nbsp; heme&nbsp; group&nbsp; or&nbsp; changes&nbsp; in&nbsp; the fluorescence&nbsp; of&nbsp; a&nbsp; tryptophan&nbsp; residue&nbsp; in&nbsp; the&nbsp; active site.&nbsp; The&nbsp; non-radioactive&nbsp; in&nbsp; vitro&nbsp; assays&nbsp; developed&nbsp; here, besides high efficiency, user and environmental safety,&nbsp; also&nbsp; have&nbsp; greater&nbsp; specificity&nbsp; and&nbsp; are&nbsp; more cost-effective&nbsp; for&nbsp; preliminary&nbsp; screening&nbsp; of&nbsp; steroid receptor&nbsp; ligands&nbsp; and&nbsp; aromatase&nbsp; inhibitors. Additionally,&nbsp; compounds&nbsp; identified&nbsp; to&nbsp; express significant biological activity can serve as a basis for the&nbsp; development&nbsp; of&nbsp; potential&nbsp; therapeutics&nbsp; in&nbsp; the treatment&nbsp; of&nbsp; hormone-dependent&nbsp; diseases&nbsp; and conditions, a global health issue today.</p>