L’État de droit peut se définir comme un système institutionnel dans lequel la puissance publique est soumise au droit. Cette notion, a été redéfinie au début du vingtième siècle par Hans Kelsen comme : « un État dans lequel les normes juridiques sont hiérarchisées de telle sorte que sa puissance s’en trouve limitée ». Un tel système qui pose la soumission des patients à la règle, présuppose outre la légitimité de ses agents, la traduction objective de la normativité qui en est issue. Pour autant il appert de l’observation des dispositifs qui en résultent, des anomalies structurelles et fonctionnelles dont les effets cliniques constitutifs d’un syndrome, pointent les dysfonctionnements d’un espace juridictionnel essentiellement abandonné aux individualités. En conséquence, les interactions entre les agents et les patients (justiciables, défendeurs, demandeurs) ne sauraient être dissociées de l’analyse de ces manifestations spécifiques au droit continental, notamment français contemporain. C’est donc, après avoir procédé à l’identification du syndrome et à l’analyse du « concept dispositif », fait le constat d’un paradoxe régulatoire constant et relevé les signes cliniques des affections, que nous en avons déduis les vecteurs. Toutefois, le constat qui en est résulté conduisait, soit à considérer le phénomène inéluctable et à l’intégrer, soit à en rechercher les causes originelles et les voies susceptibles d’en atténuer les effets. Par suite, c’est à l’aune d’un paradigme constant, propre au droit continental, qu’après avoir relevé les effets et identifié les causes des affections ainsi révélées par le syndrome du dispositif, que nous avons imaginé le concept de résidualisme. Partant, après en avoir aperçu tant les fondements que la stratégie, nous en avons recherché les premières pistes susceptibles d’en réduire la portée et de conduire à l’élaboration d’un dispositif « assisté », visant tant à obtenir l’adhésion effective des agents et des patients, qu’à décharger le juge d’une responsabilité normative qui n’est pas la sienne. / The two bodies of the judge and the syndrome of the device: study on the causes of the normative incompleteness, legal scope and its other consequences in contemporary French continental law.The rule of law can be defined as an institutional system in which the public authority is subject to the law. This notion has been redefined in the early twentieth century by Hans Kelsen as: "a State in which legal standards are prioritized so that its power is limited. Such a system that asks patients to the rule submission, presupposes the legitimacy of its agents, in addition to objective translation of normativity which from. So far it appears from the observation devices resulting, structural and functional abnormalities with the constituent clinical effects of a syndrome, that point the dysfunctions of a jurisdictional space essentially abandoned to individualities. As a result, the interactions between agents and patients (litigants, defendants, plaintiffs) cannot be separated from the analysis of these events specific to the continental law, including contemporary french. It is therefore, after identification of the syndrome and the analysis of the 'system concept', made the observation that for a constant regulatory paradox and noted the clinical signs of disease, that we examined the vectors. However, the observation that resulted was driving, consider the inevitable and to integrate it, either search for the original causes and ways to mitigate the effects. Accordingly, it is in the light of a paradigm of constant, clean to the continental law, after having noted the effects and identified the causes of disease as revealed by the syndrome of the device, we have created the concept of residualism. Therefore, after to have seen both the foundations that the strategy we sought in the first tracks likely to reduce the scope and lead to the development of a "guided" device, both aiming to get effective accession of agents and of the patients, to unload the judge of a normative responsibility is not hers.

Aim This study contends and explains why discrimination in the workforce is a growing problem that has affected thousands of organisations, large and small, operating in today's global marketplace. The research is aimed at describing the perceived experiences of discrimination as well as its effects on employees within the organisation. Method Using a qualitative research design, interviews were used to facilitate the informal sharing of experiences amongst employees. The purpose of this was to understand the different experiences employees had and the impact discrimination had on the individual performance within the organisation. Results Results reveal that employees experience three broad categories of activities that led to experiences of discrimination, namely activities that relates to management and supervision, daily interaction between various groups from diverse backgrounds and unfair general human resource functions. Conclusion The results of the empirical study were discussed according to the themes of Supervision/ Management, Human Resources/ Employee relations and Interactions. It was found that employees were exposed to different types of discrimination, which are explored in the literature review. / Thesis (M.B.A.)--North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2010.

Introduction: Producing on a global scale is attractive for multinational corporations (MNCs) due to production cost savings and the proximity as well as simplified access to new high growth markets. In order to be successful in foreign markets it is vital for MNCs to understand the local market conditions. In particular stakeholders, also referred to institutions, and their diverse demands are likely to vary among differently industrialized country markets. Additionally, sustainability has emerged as an inevitable topic for businesses and countries alike. Purpose: Therefore, the purpose of this thesis is to describe and analyze different institutions and their demands in differently industrialized countries. Moreover, the aim is to describe and analyze capabilities that manufacturing companies can use to respond to these institutional demands in order to achieve a more sustainable production. Methodology: The research method employed is a single embedded case study consisting of one Scandinavian multinational machinery and construction equipment manufacturer with three production units located in Sweden, Bulgaria and China. Semi-structured interviews with managers, a supplementary questionnaire and a literature review on institutional and capability theory serve as sources for primary and secondary data collection. Findings: There are differences between institutional demands among differently industrialized countries. The research found that manufacturing units in developed and ECMs can respond to these institutional demands through different capabilities. Next to institutional demands there are certain institutional influences that are beyond the control of the MNC and can only be absorbed. By having a diverse set of economic-, natural- and social capabilities which are difficult to copy and that are corresponding to various institutional efficiency and legitimacy demands as well as influences manufacturing companies can create a more sustainable business. Research and practical implications: Future qualitative research could seek to explore whether the results of this study are congruent for companies operating in other industries and other countries. Next, future research could seek to explore whether there are more evident natural and social based capabilities existing in the field.Within praxis, it is critical for managers to be aware that each country has its distinctive context and that it is necessary to locally adapt in order to satisfy the prevailing market conditions. Besides it is essential not only to satisfy the customer demands but also to identify and respond to other institutional demands to create a more sustainable production. Keywords: Capabilities, institutions, efficiency and legitimacy demands as well as influences, differently industrialized country markets, sustainability, economic-, social- and natural value, imitability, manufacturing, MNC, global sustainable production

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Since the 1980s, public sector entities have been exposed to accounting reforms under an umbrella of New Public Management (NPM). The main purpose of adoption of accounting reforms is to increase efficiency in decision-making by producing useful accounting information. However, it is argued that the adoption of accounting reforms by public sector entities in developing countries is attributed to the seeking of financial legitimacy, rather than increasing organisational efficiency (Mzenzi, 2013; Mkasiwa, 2011; Adhikari and Mellemvik, 2011; Tambulasi, 2007; Sarker, 2006). Therefore, it is the interest of this study to research the use of accounting information by public sector entities in developing countries. This study is based on an interpretative approach and employs an exploratory case study strategy with two cases (LGAs) in order to accomplish four specific objectives. The roles and responsibilities of LGAs and their multiple actors in delivering public services to the citizens, and their roles in budgetary decision-making attributed by the adopted accounting practices, represent the major motivation of this study. Institutional theory and its three branches, which are Old Institutional Economics (OIE), New Institutional Sociology (NIS) and New Institutional Economics (NIE), were used in the process of developing the initial model, and the overall interpretation of findings. The findings of this study revealed three dimensions of instrumental-conceptual use, which included conceptual use, decision relevant, and recommendations use of accounting information in decisions related to estimations and collections of own source revenue. Furthermore, the study’s findings showed that legitimating use was the main dimension of the symbolic use of accounting information in the budget approval, as well as in the decision about estimating and collecting revenue from external sources. It further identified 22 factors influencing the use of accounting information in the budget decision-making processes. The study findings also revealed that instrumental-conceptual use of accounting information increases both an organisation’s budget efficiency as well as its external financial legitimacy. On the other hand, the symbolic use of accounting information decreases the organisation’s budget efficiency and the actual external financial legitimacy but increases the promised external financial legitimacy. This is attributed, mainly, by external institutional pressures that result in decoupling behavior in the use of accounting information in budgetary decision-making processes. In addition, the findings revealed that budget efficiency and acquired financial legitimacy are interdependent. This means that the high financial legitimacy acquired can indicate high budget efficiency in the situation the instrumental-conceptual use exists than the symbolic legitimating use of accounting information. The study proposes a model of the determinants of the use of accounting information in budget decision-making processes for budget efficiency and external financial legitimacy. It informs reformers, practitioners, policy-makers and researchers about the necessary measures to undertake to make sure that NPM reforms, especially accounting reforms, enhance both efficiency and financial legitimacy in the public sector organisations through the use of accounting information.

Avanços na área da tecnologia de informação proporcionaram mudanças em diversas áreas da atividade humana. A comunicaço cientifica e uma destas áreas. Periódicos científicos, que tradicionalmente utilizam como meio de divulgação a mídia impressa, possuem agora como alternativa a midia eletrônica. Alguns periódicos científicos lançados no final do século XX estão disponíveis exclusivamente no formato eletrônico. Esta tese de Doutorado analisa de forma específica as dinâmicas de acesso e uso dos periódicos científicos eletônicos brasileiros na área da Ciência da Informação. Discutem-se diversos tópicos fundamentais para a compreensão deste assunto. O estudo do acesso dos usuários aos periódicos foi realizado através da análise dos arquivos de log de acesso gerados pelos servidores web onde estão hospedados os periódicos selecionados para a pesquisa. O estudo relacionado ao uso que os usuários fazem dos periódicos foi realizado através da análise de um questionário enviado para os docentes dos programas de pós-graduação em Ciência da Informação, credenciados pela Coordenação de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior CAPES, até a data de 30 de junho de 2001. A pesquisa identifica vários comportamentos dos usários quando do acesso aos periódicos científicos eletrônicos brasileiros, bem como algumas barreiras para uma utilização mais efetiva deste recurso. As conclusões da pesquisa sao relevantes para a elaboraço de novos periódicos cientificos eletrônicos. O prototipo de um sistema de informação eletrônico, voltado para o gerenciamento do processo de elaboração de um periódico científico eletrônico, e apresentado em sugestões para futuras pesquisas. Este protótipo materializa algumas das idéias discutidas ao longo do texto. / Electronic journals, Scientific Communication, Information Science, Information Technology

The aim of this study was fourfold. Firstly the nature of training for Foundation Phase student teachers in Life Skills had to be determined. Secondly, the outcomes for Life Skills training for Foundation Phase student teachers had to be ascertained. Thirdly, effective teaching-learning methods for training had to be identified to achieve outcomes in the most effective way. New methods of presentation and assessment had to be exploited to address the new challenge of reduced contact time. Lastly, the nature of Life Skills training at other higher teaching institutions in South Africa had to be determined so that general outcomes and guidelines for effective training of Foundation Phase student teachers in Life Skills could be established. A literature study was done to determine the nature of Life Skills for Foundation Phase student teachers. Four outcomes were identified were identified from this study, namely health promotion, promotion of the environment, development of human potential and the promotion of moral, cultural and religious values as main components of Life Skills. In addition a literature study was done on effective teaching-learning methods which should be applied to ensure effective Life Skills training for student teachers. The four most important components or essential features that should be considered during the facilitation of Life Skills for Foundation Phase student teachers, namely the lecturer, student, learning environment as well as the aim of teaching, including teaching content and assessment were set out. After questionnaires regarding the nature of training for Foundation Phase student teachers in Life Skills were sent to institutions for higher education and the responses were statistically analysed, it was possible to make a number of findings and recommendations. From the empirical research it became clear that the identified outcomes were also valued and applied by lecturers at other institutions for higher education. Furthermore, it became apparent that active teaching learning-methods and self-regulated learning are valued as important aspects of effective teacher training. Skills should not only be practised during contact sessions, but learning environments should be extended. It should include a variety of contexts like community service, practical teaching experience at schools under supervision of mentors as well exposure to diverse and multicultural teaching learning-environments. By effective planning and organising, it is possible for lecturers to guide students to become self regulated and effective learners within the context of reduced contact time. / Thesis (M. Ed.)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2005.

The aim of this study was fourfold. Firstly the nature of training for Foundation Phase student teachers in Life Skills had to be determined. Secondly, the outcomes for Life Skills training for Foundation Phase student teachers had to be ascertained. Thirdly, effective teaching-learning methods for training had to be identified to achieve outcomes in the most effective way. New methods of presentation and assessment had to be exploited to address the new challenge of reduced contact time. Lastly, the nature of Life Skills training at other higher teaching institutions in South Africa had to be determined so that general outcomes and guidelines for effective training of Foundation Phase student teachers in Life Skills could be established. A literature study was done to determine the nature of Life Skills for Foundation Phase student teachers. Four outcomes were identified were identified from this study, namely health promotion, promotion of the environment, development of human potential and the promotion of moral, cultural and religious values as main components of Life Skills. In addition a literature study was done on effective teaching-learning methods which should be applied to ensure effective Life Skills training for student teachers. The four most important components or essential features that should be considered during the facilitation of Life Skills for Foundation Phase student teachers, namely the lecturer, student, learning environment as well as the aim of teaching, including teaching content and assessment were set out. After questionnaires regarding the nature of training for Foundation Phase student teachers in Life Skills were sent to institutions for higher education and the responses were statistically analysed, it was possible to make a number of findings and recommendations. From the empirical research it became clear that the identified outcomes were also valued and applied by lecturers at other institutions for higher education. Furthermore, it became apparent that active teaching learning-methods and self-regulated learning are valued as important aspects of effective teacher training. Skills should not only be practised during contact sessions, but learning environments should be extended. It should include a variety of contexts like community service, practical teaching experience at schools under supervision of mentors as well exposure to diverse and multicultural teaching learning-environments. By effective planning and organising, it is possible for lecturers to guide students to become self regulated and effective learners within the context of reduced contact time. / Thesis (M. Ed.)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2005.

Avanços na área da tecnologia de informação proporcionaram mudanças em diversas áreas da atividade humana. A comunicaço cientifica e uma destas áreas. Periódicos científicos, que tradicionalmente utilizam como meio de divulgação a mídia impressa, possuem agora como alternativa a midia eletrônica. Alguns periódicos científicos lançados no final do século XX estão disponíveis exclusivamente no formato eletrônico. Esta tese de Doutorado analisa de forma específica as dinâmicas de acesso e uso dos periódicos científicos eletônicos brasileiros na área da Ciência da Informação. Discutem-se diversos tópicos fundamentais para a compreensão deste assunto. O estudo do acesso dos usuários aos periódicos foi realizado através da análise dos arquivos de log de acesso gerados pelos servidores web onde estão hospedados os periódicos selecionados para a pesquisa. O estudo relacionado ao uso que os usuários fazem dos periódicos foi realizado através da análise de um questionário enviado para os docentes dos programas de pós-graduação em Ciência da Informação, credenciados pela Coordenação de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior CAPES, até a data de 30 de junho de 2001. A pesquisa identifica vários comportamentos dos usários quando do acesso aos periódicos científicos eletrônicos brasileiros, bem como algumas barreiras para uma utilização mais efetiva deste recurso. As conclusões da pesquisa sao relevantes para a elaboraço de novos periódicos cientificos eletrônicos. O prototipo de um sistema de informação eletrônico, voltado para o gerenciamento do processo de elaboração de um periódico científico eletrônico, e apresentado em sugestões para futuras pesquisas. Este protótipo materializa algumas das idéias discutidas ao longo do texto. / Electronic journals, Scientific Communication, Information Science, Information Technology

Enligt WHO ökar den psykiska ohälsan globalt, i bakgrund till detta har vi valt att fördjupa oss i hur individer med psykisk ohälsa upplever att de blir bemötta och handlagda av följande myndigheter Arbetsförmedlingen, Försäkringskassan och Socialförvaltningen. Ansatsen i studien har varit en kvalitativ metodansats med hermeneutisk ingång som genomfördes via fem kvalitativa intervjuer. Syfte med denna studie är i första hand att få insikt på hur myndigheterna uppfyller de lagar och regleringar som finns lagstadgat angående psykisk ohälsa samt belysa myndigheternas hantering och bemötande. Våra teorier har varit system och livsvärld, organisationsteori och roller/rollkonflikter. Resultatet indikerar att myndigheterna följer anvisade lagar och riktlinjer, att målen är att kunna bistå de klienter de dagligen möter på ett professionellt sätt. Vi kan konstateras att förhållandet mellan individen och myndigheterna präglas av vissa oklarheter kring handläggande. / According to the WHO, mental health increases globally, in the background to this we have chosen to immerse ourselves in how individuals with mental ill-health feel that they are treated and handled by the following Arbetsförmedlingen, Försäkringskassan and Socialförvaltningen. The approach of this study has been a qualitative metodansats with a hermeneutic entrance, which was carried out five qualitative interviews were conducted. The purpose of this study is to gain insight in how the authorities are complying with the laws and regulations that are legislated on the subject of mental illness, as well as to highlight the authorities ' management and staff. Our work has been in the system, and pain, as well, organizational theory and the role/research. The results indicate that the comply with the designated laws, regulations, and guidelines, and that they are able to provide assistance to the clients, and they meet every day in a professional manner. We can conclude that the relationship between the individual and the public authorities are characterised by a certain lack of precision about the process.